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Biblical Interpretation: Genres and Figures of Speech

Categories: Literary Genres

  • Words: 3284

Published: Jul 25, 2024

The idea of reading the whole Bible, to many, can seem just as foreign or improbable as the reality of fairytale endings corning true. However, when one learns and begins to understand the many intrinsic parts of each book in the Bible, it allows for them to successfully complete a full exegesis of each book and begin to see the Bible's original intention and context as well as its purpose and context in a modern-day 21st century culture. Although the Bible is a seamless story dating back thousands of years, kingdoms, and generations, it is undeniably a collaborative collection of a variety of books written over several people over periods of time in a multitude of genres, sub-genres, and figures of speech.

A large portion of the Old Testament is portioned off into a genre called: the Prophecy Literature. This section includes: Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Daniel Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi. The books have been identified as the Prophecy Literature because of several very specific features. Many people have the misconception that prophets only predicted the future, however, prophecy actually pertains to the past, present, and future, and in these literary books, the authors bring forth a divine message from God regarding the Israelites and their past behaviors, their present circumstances, as well as their eminent futures through a variety of forms: the lawsuit, the woe, the promise, the enactment of prophecy, and the messenger speech. The most common prophecy was the messenger speech, or the prophecy of disaster. This was how the Old Testament prophets would deliver their messages from God to the people of Israel. They would identif y the sins of Israel, call the people into repentance and obedience, and then warn them of eminent danger or disaster as a result of their evil ways. The prophets were "covenant enforcement mediators" (Fee & Stuart, 2014). The prophets also identified God's love for His people and would also predict God's blessings in return of Israel's obedience. Their message was never their own, it was not an original message, rather they just reiterated the Mosaic covenant and their commitment to obedience, as well as reminded them of God's promises to bless and curse obedience and disobedience. In order to understand and accurately interpret the prophecy literature, one must remember that it must first be understood in its original context. These books are historical and the events have already passed. These prophecies are not foretelling the future that is yet to come. Once the reader understands the original context, he will then be able to apply the context to current situations that have similarities. By using multiple study bibles, commentaries, and other similar resources, one can easily identify the original context as well as the second meaning of the context (which is most often applicable in current circumstances).

Unlike other biblical genres, the Apocalyptic Literature is extremely complicated and due to the writing styles, are difficult to accurately interpret. These books are narratives that are filled with vivid imagery and poetic phrases (Fee & Stuart, 2013). The apocalyptic literature is a more specific form of prophecy, however, the full meanings of each prophecy are withheld and only portions of the meanings are revealed through symbols (often numeric) and imagery (often fantasy). Because the full meanings are sealed and withheld, these narratives and prophecies remain extremely difficult to interpret. Common features of the apocalyptic books are: they often foretold of corning judgernent and salvation, focusing on the return of Christ and the end of history; they were literary works from the beginning and unlike the prophets who first spoke what they saw, John (the author of Revelation) was commanded to write what he saw; the apocalyptic content was revealed through dreams and visions of cryptic symbols and imagery; unlike the prophetic literature that commonly used realistic visuals, the apocalypses use fantasy images like beast with wings and multiple heads, each part with its own specific meaning; the apocalypses had a great presence of symbolic numbers that were often used to divide things into numbered sets. The apocalyptic book of Daniel parallels the book of Revelation. Many of the predictions in Daniel were fulfilled in the New Testament and confirmed in Revelation (i.e. the fulfillment of the New Covenant through Jesus Christ, Jesus' crucifixion and resurrection, Jesus sits on the throne in Heaven, etc.). In order to properly understand the apocalyptic literature, one must follow a specific hermeneutical process. Much like the prophecies and the epistles, one must remember the historical context of the apocalypses. Even though it is a foretelling of the future,  it is history and these times have already passed. So the first key to understanding is knowing the historical context. One must also remember that the pictures in the apocalypses are just pictures and cannot be directly translated as reality. Another important key to understanding is, even though the visuals depict a "not so far off" future, it is merely illustrating the certainty of what Jesus is going to accomplish (i.e. the certainty of throwing the devil into the lake of fire), but the exact hour is unknown. One must also be aware that Revelation was not intended to interpret the current events. "The book was not intended to prophesy the existence of Communist China, for example, or to give us literal details of the conclusion of history" (Fee & Stuart, 2014). And finally, even though there is most likely a second meaning "yet-to-be-fulfilled" (Fee & Stuart, 2014), there is no way for one to have an exact interpretation or clear understanding of what that meaning is.

Each genre is written with a specific style that is much diff erent from the others, and it is the different styles and features that create their own uniqueness. There are two very important known facts about the Gospels that makes this genre unlike the others. First, although the Gospels are written about Jesus, they were not written by Jesus. The Gospels comprise of 4 books, all of which are very similar in content. The first three Gospels: Matthew, Mark, and Luke, otherwise known as the synoptic (definition: a general or common view) gospels, are very much alike including several identical stories about the life of Christ. Mark is believed to be the earliest New Testament book written, and both Matthew and Luke follow Mark's timeline.

Although each Gospel tells the story about the life of Jesus, "only one-the Gospel of John­ claims to be an eyewitness account" (Biblical Archaeology Society Staff, 2018). Matthew, Mark, and Luke follow Jesus for about a year in His ministry before His crucifixion, whereas, John gives a detailed record of approximately 2-3 years span of Jesus' ministry. Despite the differences between the synoptic gospels and John, they are all equally valuable and equally authoritative. They each recorded the history of who Jesus, what He did, and what He said. They told the story of who Jesus was before crucifixion and after He was raised to life, as well as who Jesus is now. The Gospels were written in a way that could be retold to many different cultures that were unfamiliar with the Jewish culture (i.e. the gentiles). The Gospels were intended to be share in all cultures and in different contexts, even in the current 21sr century context. "The Gospels can all stand side by side in equal value because they all tell the facts about Jesus, share the teachings of Jesus, and bear witness to Jesus" (Fee & Stuart, 2014). When studying the Gospels one must: be aware of the parallels between each gospel, consider not only the historical context and the historical Jesus, but also the present form of the Gospels, and finally, consider the Gospel as a whole.

One of the most commonly misinterpreted genres is the Episdes . Considering that the epistles (letters) are occasional documents: meaning written for specific occasions and specific recipients, they are often taken out of context. But the epistles were letters, some more specific than others, that were intended for a specific person or person. Some of the most common features of the epistles: each epistle opened with a specific salutation; all were from the first century; they were all written for specific occasions (i.e. corrections of behavior, misguided doctrine, or simple misunderstandings); and they were never an overview of theology, rather "implied theology, but is always "task theology" -theology being written for or brought to bear on the task at hand" (Fee & Stuart, 2014). The epistles were always written with a standard first century template, "Typically, the ancient letters opened with an identification of the sender and the addressee, followed by a salutation or greeting ... and adding the element of prayer, which could contain a health wish" (Kostenberger, 2018). Kostenberger states that the epistles were not only occasion, but also normative because "it is inevitable to conclude that the teachings offered to the churches facing certain circumstances are applicable to any church or individual facing similar situations throughout the ages" (Kostenberger, 2018). Once the epistles are properly understood in the author's intended historical context, one can begin to see the similarities between the historical occasions and the current situations and begin to apply and translate into a current context.

When learning how to accurately interpret the Bible and each genre, one must be aware of the multiple forms that words are used, otherwise known as figures of speech. "It consists in the fact that a word or words are used out of their ordinary sense, or place, or manner, for the purpose of attracting our attention to what is thus said" (Bullinger, 1896). Several parts of the Bible are written figuratively in order to illustrate what the teacher was trying to say and can often be misinterpreted in the literal sense. It is important to understand the different figures of speech to accurately interpret them. There are several different figures of speech and the following are explanations and examples of a few. A synecdoche is when a part is made to represent the whole, or the whole is made to represent a part; or when one noun replaces another/ For example: "For we are not fighting against flesh and blood," (Ephesians 6:12 NLT). Flesh and blood is replacing people. A hyperbole is an extremely common figure of speech, and it is simply an over exaggeration by using extreme word selections. For example: "My steps were awash in cream, and the rocks gushed olive oil for me" (Job 29:6) when Job was merely saying that he

was abundantly blessed. Irony is a statement that means the contrary of what is being said. For example: "Look, the human beings have become like us, knowing both good and evil" (Genesis 3:22). Of course Adam and Eve did not actually become LIKE God, it was actually quite the opposite that had occurred. An ellipsis is when words, or nouns, are intentionally left out, this figure of speech is not commonly used in modern translations. For example: "For this corruptible must put on incorruption, and this mortal must put on immortality" (1 Corinthians 15:53 KJV) is much different than the modern translation that includes the missing nouns, " For our dying bodies must be transformed into bodies that will never die; our mortal bodies must be transformed into immortal bodies" (1 Corinthians 15 :53 NLT) . Without properly understanding the different figures of speech that are used in the Bible, it would be easy to misinterpret the text.

"Hermeneutics ...is like a cookbook and exegesis is the preparing and baking of the cake and exposition is serving the cake" (Beville, 2017). The Bible is the foundation for Christian theology and it is the blueprint of the Christian faith. It is with a solid interpretation of the Word of God that Christians are able to have sound theology and practice theological disciplines within their lives.

References

  • Beville, K. (2017). Why is Hermeneutics Important? Retrieved from: https://christianpublishinghouse.co/2017/05/12/why-is-hermeneutics-important/         
  • Biblical Archaeology Society. (2018). Gospel of John Commentary: Who Wrote the Gospel of John and How Historical Is It? Retrieved from: https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-topics/new-testament/gospel-of-john-commentary-who-wrote-the-gospel-of-john-and-how-historical-is-it/
  • Bullinger D.D., E. W. (1898). Figures of Speech Used in the Bible: Explained and Illustrated. New York: Messrs. E. & J. B. Young & Co. Retrieved from: https://levendwater.org/books/figures of speech/index.htm
  • Fee, G. D. and Stuart, D. (2014). How to Read the Bible for All It’s worth. Fourth Edition. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan. Kostenberger, A. (2018). Literature: Genre. Retrieved from: https://www.biblicalfoundations.org/literature-genre/

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In addition to visual imagery, Cisneros also employs sensory imagery to enhance the reader's experience of the novel. Throughout the story

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