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When one considers the history of the west, they may recall one of the most popular media portrayals, "The Old West." This collection featured late-twentieth-century  films primarily about cowboys, and it presented a skewed perception of western history. It depicted the origins of American characteristics, such as expanding land and spreading civilization. Which is what Fredrick Jackson Turner interpreted in his 1893 essay, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History," in which he claimed that the taming and expansion of the west played a key role in the development of American individualism. That, however, may not be the case. The western frontier was not responsible for America's characteristics and uniqueness, the west was not an uncivilized land that completely lacked culture.     First and foremost, prior to the western frontier, the west was a civilized land. The west was thought to be wild, untamed, and uninhabited land. That, however, was not the circumstance. Both men are dressed in "civilized" clothing, shirt and pants, as seen in Picture A, "Fur Trappers on the Missouri," which depicts a French fur trapper and another man of Indian descent. In Picture B, "Marguerite Wadin McKay McLaughlin (1780-1860)," a woman of French, Native, and American ancestry is dressed civilly. Finally, Picture C depicts "Pio Pico and Family," a family portrait of Alta California's former governor, all very sophisticated and civilized people. These three images demonstrate that the west was civilized prior to western expansion, and that the land was not vacant.   In addition, Turner also believed that the expansion was responsible for America's   strength and power. The transcontinental railroad was thought to represent American strength and power. The majority of the people in the celebratory photograph of the two railroads meeting are White Americans. The image, however, does not depict the fifteen to twenty thousand Chinese laborers who also worked on the west railroads. The second image shows only Chinese laborers who worked on the west side of the railroad. It begs the question of why the Chinese were not visible in the first famous picture. Perhaps they did not fit into what American characteristics were and what the railroad stood for, American strength, power, and ingenuity. In September 1885, twenty-eight Chinese immigrants were killed and fifteen were injured as a result of anti­ Chinese pessimism. Many Americans were prejudiced against Chinese immigrants after they arrived in the west in the mid-nineteenth century.     Finally, the west possessed culture and intelligence. Turner's depiction of the west in his essay described Indians who resided there as savage, uncultured, and uncivilized humans. They were, however, far from it. Source 3 depicts two photos, the first of which was taken by Edward Curtis in 1910. Little Plume and his son Yellow Kidney are surrounded by native culture and relics in this image. Meanwhile, the published image has been edited.  In the first photo, there was a clock between them; however, in the second photo, the clock has disappeared. The clock represented American ingenuity and intellect. A symbol of modernity, which contradicts Turner's theory about the west. Overall, it is critical to revise Turner's theory because some key details appear to be invalid. The west was viewed as a wilderness, unoccupied, and uncultured land. Turner claimed that after the western frontier, White people were the ones who tamed and inhabited that once­ wild land. However, photos and factual Western history show that those claims are not entirely accurate. While the characteristics of America are true, it is important to note that they did not emerge as a result of the western frontier, rather, they were already present.  

  Race has played a gigantic role in Texas history. In my essay I will convey multiple examples on how race shaped the history of the great state of Texas. I chose this theme because to me this was the best way to relate to the assignment and present the information. I believe race is one of the most important components to understand Texas history. The race is a categorization of people based on shared physical and social traits into discrete groups within a particular culture. Initially, the phrase was meant to refer to users of a shared language; later, it has been used to relate to national loyalties. For over 14,000 years ago, diff erent races began to arrive in what is now known as the Americas. Over centuries, a varied group of American Indians established empires on the continent of Texas, establishing sophisticated cities and creating complicated trading networks and complex social structures (Smith, 2009). However, Europeans changed this when they first landed on what was to become the Texas Gulf Coast throughout the 16th Century; such long-standing Native American cultures were upended. Several prominent American Indian tribes were displaced and destroyed. In contrast, many more were destroyed due to the loss of control over resources, such as food and land, by the United States government. Early races in Texas   The notion of race in indigenous Texas may be traced back to the earliest forms of civilization. The Karankawas were among the very first Native Americans in Texas to come into contact with Europeans. In 1528, the remnants of a Spanish catastrophe included explorer Alvar Nez Cabeza de Vaca, who washed up on the shore and lived among the indigenous people for six years (La Vere, 2004). Greater than three hundred years later, by 1685, the Karankawas invaded and destroyed the little French town of Fort St. However, over many decades after European colonization, more racial segregation occurred. Europeans captured and enslaved an increasing number of Red Indians, with many slaves arriving from   Africa. The continual influx of new tribes impacted the survival of the first races in the state of Texas. Upon the arrival of European settlers, the residents of Central Texas did not belong to the indigenous inhabitants of Texas. The Tonkawa and Caddo were among the two most significant indigenous races in Central Texas (La Vere, 2004). When Europeans invaded the region, the Caddo territory reached only much further west as the escarpment, while the Tonkawa range covered the Edwards Plateau region. The Caddo people had huge communities, farming, and well-developed urban culture. At the same time, The Tonkawa belonged to a semi-nomadic community of buffalo hunters who practiced minor cultivation and settled in sparsely populated areas. The latter hunted mammoths on Buttermilk Creek but had probably come a few hundred to thousands of years before European settlers. The Atakapa, Mariame, Karankawa, and Akokisa were a few American Indian races who lived along the Texas Gulf Coast. They lived near the beach during half of the year and moved up to 30 to 45 miles inland the rest of the year, although they were also semi-nomadic. Hunting, fishing, and foraging for tubers and other fruits and vegetables allowed them to adapt eff ectively to living on the ocean's edge. It wasn't long before they came up with inventive solutions to common problems, such as smearing their bodies in alligator and shark grease to ward off mosquitoes. Finally, most western and eastern states have indigenous populations and traditions, both contemporary and traditional. These peoples and distinct cultures are prominent and apparent in the public domain. There are only three small reservations left in Texas. The Alabama-Coushatta in East Texas and the Kickapoo, mostly on the Rio Grande - were established for migrants Native Americans. This means the survivors of tribes who were compelled into Texas from original homes and lands in the eastern parts of the United States. Although they were originally from now New Mexico, many of the Tigua Indians who live   on Texas' third reservation, which is in the El Paso region, were, in fact, immigrants from that state, people who fled their homelands during the Pueblo Revolt in 1680.   The beginning of the 19th century would be the beginning to a long period of violence and war in Texas that would almost lead to the removal of Hispanic presence. In 1800 Napoleon Bonaparte, French military leader, forced Spain to give up power of Louisiana as a part of his grand scheme to have his own French empire in North America. When his plan succeeded, he sold the territory back to the United States in 1803. This sale of land was called the famous Louisiana Purchase. A lot of conflict would begin to occur after the Louisiana purchase such as the Mexican War of Independence. There were many deadly battles throughout the war but the bloodiest battle to ever occur on Texas soil happened in 1813 and led to the deaths of thousands of Tejanos. This bloody battle left Nacogdoches completely abandoned and left San Antonio in ruins. Mexico was able to gain independence after winning the war against Spain.   This period after Mexico gained independence is most known as Mexican Texas. Mexico had been struggling for independence for about a decade and this long fight had left the nation in a dire situation. Throughout the war hundreds of thousands of lives had been lost and injured leaving most of the country in grief of their loved ones. With so many lives being lost the country was uneasy. Apart from that, agriculture was completely ruined, and this was a huge problem for the entire country as this is something that everyone relies on. Mexico was trying to build their empire back up and one of the things they needed to do was form a solid national government. In 1823 the country decided to move from a centralized monarchy to a federal republic. In 1822, Father Refugio de la Garza (San Antonio's parish priest) arrived in Mexico City as Texas's delegate to the Imperial congress, and he came with a list of things that Texas   needed to improve. One of the things that he had on his list was that Texas needed a military campaign to stand against the Indians. He also stated that they would need to build a barrier to protect them from both Indian and foreign intruders. Father Refugio de la Garza had a small amount of success as some of the colonization and secularization laws that he supported was passed but most were not. He was unable to get the government to take him serious enough to address the troops that were already situated in Texas let alone expand their military power and get more troops. When Stephen F Austin left for Mexico City in 1833, there was an influx of people from the United States illegally crossing the Sabine and not acknowledging the Law of April 6. These people were influenced by a book on Texas by Mary Austin Holley who is Austin Connecticut's cousin. In this book she depicted what it was like to live in Texas in the Anglo colonies at that time. She used convincing language throughout her book like "even privations become pleasures" and "people become ingenious in overcoming difficulties." People now looked at Texas as a land of wealth. The Spanish and Mexican officials saw the Anglo-American  colonization as a great opportunity to improve Mexico after its devastation after the war. They also saw it as an opportunity to diminish the threat of US expanding. Although everything looked like it was going to go plan by 1830 the immigration from the United States was way out of Mexico's control and with Mexico losing control that gave America room to move in. Race played an enormous part in America's expansion into Texas. Just think about this you were a certain skin color you were taken out of your home and everything in your world that you worked for has crumbled just because of the color of your skin. Your way of life was altered without their consent just because someone wanted to better their family, they tear down another.   After the 1819 Adarns-Onis Treaty defined the U.S.-Mexico boundary, Spain began actively encouraging Americans to settle their northern province. Texas was sparsely settled, and the few Mexican farmers and ranchers who lived there were under constant threat of attack by hostile Indian tribes, especially the Comanche. This shows that two races were already there that they came and uprooted them and their loved ones.   Texas was annexed by the United States in 1845 and became the 28th state. Until  1836, Texas had been part of Mexico, but in that year a group of settlers from the United States who lived in Mexican Texas declared independence. The annexation of Texas contributed to the corning of the Mexican American War. Essentially that's what the war was, the name of it is the evidence." Mexican American" sounds like a race war to me. U.S. President James K. Polk, who believed the United States had a "manifest destiny" to spread across the continent to the Pacific Ocean. A border battle along the Rio Grande started the fighting and was followed by a series of U.S. victories. When everything was said and done, Mexico had lost about one-third of its territory. Now that is a clear example of one side conquering another side, I.E. Mexican American. "The Mexican government seemed equally determined to avoid losing any part of her national domain" Western Historical Quarterly Vol. 1, No. 2 (Apr. 1970), pp. 161-174 (page 1).   This shows you that they were ready to do whatever it took to succeed. This race war was over territory that ended up being settled by government officials after the American warpath.   In April 1836 gained Texas its independence. Texas requested immediate admission into the United States, but opposition from the North to the addition of another slave state to the Union. The last time I checked slavery was the ownership of a human being used for work without pay. So, Americans owed people of color to expand the United States all   because one race felt more superior than another to take them and use them anyway, they saw fit. What do you mean by expanding? you may ask, let me elaborate. African Americans did all the dirty work so America could be where it is today.   Race has been a huge influence on the expansion of America. Since the start, it was us verse them. When I say that expression, I mean the Americans versus whoever they wanted to trounce. Race is embedded into the United States, the examples that I've given in this text are proof that race played a gigantic part in expanding America into Texas. With that expansion came with the oppressing of a certain demographic of people that where enslaved because of it.   Texas is one of the states that reveals a great history of slavery in the United States. Throughout the entire state, Texas acts as a condensed version of the slavery practice as an entity. Texas had urban and rural environments where slavery was treated diff erently based on the circumstances and rulers' altitude towards the African Americans. Even if slavery had begun to fall apart in various parts of the Southern United States, Texas had rigidly embedded slavery in its fabric. The African Americans had been inextricably tied to the history of Texas since its past colonization days. Despite the African, American Texans being a subject of racism and oppression, violence, slavery, and discrimination created their culture and community. Through their valuable cultural and historical contributions, they developed the Texas state.   Texas was a unique state as it had both mixed rural plantations and urban environments where slavery was first practiced and was made a vital activity of the state's economy. According to Calvert et al. (2020), 30% of the Texas population were slaves in these rural plantations in 1860. Slavery was treated as an economic institution because it was profitable to most Texas landowners who acquired slaves. Slavery for Africa Americans was     not practiced in the Northern part of America despite being the most industrialized part of America. The Northern natural environment was efficient because the landowners harvested large amounts of cotton (Calvert et al., 2020). The cotton plantation was the primary source of passive income throughout the Texas state because goods were produced and manufactured from the plant. Due to these production and manufacturing mechanisms in the cotton industry, African American slavery continued to become a vital cog.   As per Beamish (2017), slavery began to end in some parts of the urbanized South before the civil war was raised. However, this is not the case in Texas; there was rampant militancy of the slave owners, especially in the urban areas. Unlike other slaves in the U.S who had given up on being treated violently by the whites, the Texan Black slaves did not resolve social control across the state as they had the willingness to endure and persist torture in the plantations. In the white patriarchal culture, it was embedded that the Mexicans were taken out of Austin upon being charged with interrupting the city slaves (Buenger, 2016). Mexico had outlawed the practice of slavery earlier ago thus, and Texas acquired its unique virtue of identity that separated the Hispanic population from the whites and practiced subsequent assimilation in the U.S (Beamish, 2017). Slavery was part of the Texas lifestyle for the Hispanic population. On Juneteenth, Arnette Gordon Reed tells personal tales about Texas and American racism by taking us through the unrelenting racism hidden in Texas history. Gordon-Reed combines the history of America, family chronicle dramas, and searing memoir episodes to give a historian view of Texas's long journey to Juneteenth. Gordon-Reed further recounts the origin of slavery in Texas and illustrates the vast challenges that African Americans went through during the 19th century (Gross, 2021). Gordon-Reed is aware of the cowboys, ranchers, oilmen narratives that dominated the Lone Star State lore; thus, she forges her home state narrative with the implications of all the enslaved people driven to Texas.   Ultimately, Texas was much more conservative than in other U.S Southern parts where slavery was rampant. There were fewer chances of anti-slavery laws liberalization before the civil war began. Slaves were the link to handling all types of production and were merely visible society members in Texas because the state was poorly mechanically industrialized compared to the North. The Texas slaves were willing to endure slavery, violence, and discrimination no matter painful the torture was. The whites successfully encouraged slavery because the slave population rapidly increased than the other population, and both the urban and rural industries became highly dependent on slavery labor.   In my paper I have provided an abundant amount of evidence that shows race has aff ected Texas history. Some of it good some bad but none the less shaped the history. Without these components Texas wouldn't be Texas and you ask so what? So, what if slavery didn't happen well let me tell you. One there wouldn't be so much division in the world today as there is. Two African American would not be looked upon as a lesser species than others and last it would have made the United States a better nation. Work Cited     Beamish, I. (2017). Capitalism and Second Slavery in Texas.     Buenger, W. L. (2016). Texas and the South. Major Problems in Texas History, 3.     Calvert, R. A., De Leon, A., & Cantrell, G. (2020). The history of Texas. John Wiley & Sons.     Gross, T. (2021). "On Juneteenth" Historian Examines The "Hope" And "Hostility" Toward Emancipation.  NPR.org.  https://www.npr.org/2021/05/25/ 1000131568/on-juneteenth­ historian-examines-the-hope-and-hostility-toward-emancipation   La Vere, D. (2004). The Texas Indians (No. 95). Texas A&M  University Press.   Smith, F. T. (2009). Historic Native Peoples of Texas by William C. Foster. Southwestern Historical  Quarterly, 112(3), 315-316.  

Week 6 Reflection Journal The ultimate meaning and purpose of human history Human history in simplistic terms refers to the creation of humankind, his fall and redemption. It is a mark through which important events have occurred since the time man was created, ultimately revealing God's sovereignty on earth. The major events that have occurred throughout history are essential and purposeful, especially for humans who are made in the image and likeness of God, with a sense of knowledge. In particular, the events in human history have a purpose for their lives as they depict God's sovereignty over the world. In this essence, history displays an important message to humans that God Has a plan and purpose for everything and ultimate destiny for everything He created. Is there a beginning and the end to everything, or is history just one ongoing “circle of life”? There is an ultimate beginning of everything through creation, and consequently, there will be an end. According to the biblical worldview, God Has a plan for all His work. In the end, the world will end, and God will judge every human being according to their actions when they lived on earth. The Scripture talks about characteristics of end times, such as the presence of anti-Christ, implying that human history will at one time come to an end. At the same time, redemption will serve human history the best purpose as God will have mercy on them and provide them with eternal life in their souls. But, by then, everything is projected to come to an end. What is the “meaning” of it all? The ultimate meaning of the beginning and the end justifies that God exists and Had a plan right when He created the universe. It implies that God controls everything and that humans need to glorify His creation as it serves as His manifestation to humans.

Over time, science has bolstered the process of understanding the universe through knowledge organization, hypotheses testing, and multiple predictions over the future of the earth. These advancements keep on changing as scientists acquire new skills and techniques for conducting their researches. The earliest scientific evidence is traceable to the 3000 BCE in regions such as Mesopotamia where the Greek began introducing various ideologies to explain topics such as mathematics, religion, and the astronomy. With this background, this paper will focus on primary sources of literature to outline the history of science in the 20th century and the varied political, social, and cultural contexts. The 20th century marks one of the greatest periods in the history of science. The era is remarkable for the immense contributions in all research fields. These efforts are attributable to other factors such as the diverse study methods available to the researchers and the integration of technology in major aspects of life. Each investigation is largely focused on meeting some multidisciplinary demands that can push people to infinity and progress the developments made in the past era. The 20th century, therefore, makes attempts to understand the working of the universe. Illustratively, science in this period is characterized by initiatives such as the human landing on the moon by Neil Armstrong in 1969 (Kennedy, 1963, 1). The Academy of Science has also played an indispensable role in outlining predictability in the field, the evolution of species, the human brain, and astronomy. As a result, 20th-century science aimed at enhancing the knowledge of the human race. More in-depth questions are being raised like the origin of physics and its influence in modern times. For instance, there is an increased understanding of the universal structure, matter and its components, and the guiding principles on notions such as motion. The Newtonian laws and theories have led to the development of advanced weapons most of which are nuclear. As a result, there has been the development of astrophysics that unifies the various physics’ concepts. Astronomy In astronomy, there was a greater space exploration that resulted in a deeper grasp of evolution. Ideologies such as the Big Bang theory were popularized with scientists discovering more planets in the universe. Pluto was identified as the smallest planet but was soon cut out as a planetoid. Further, researchers discovered that life was inexistent in the other heavenly bodies. However, the concept was still underdeveloped since the 21st century has led to the possibility of life in Mars. People like Victor Safronov wrote publications with several astronomical questions that have since been resolved by new advancements. The landing on the moon mission was propelled by the tensions between America and Russia. Additionally, more nations became involved in the occasional space probe in which artificial satellites roamed the earth’s space without the engagement of any human onboard. These actions improved military intelligence, climate monitoring, communication, and geographic analysis among other crucial fields. Gibson Roy, the Director-General of the European Space Agency explains in an interview that the rise in the use of nuclear weapons led to the International Atomic Energy Agency discussions to ensure that all the countries involved adopting safer practices (Gibson, 2010, 1). He further outlines that such scientific developments led to suspicions due to the involvement of Russia and America. There were also concerns over the wellbeing of the employees working in the delegation and the need to join the European Space Research Organization for a better overview of scientific matters. Biology In biology, the 20th century has seen the growth of genetics through the use of DNA. Researchers have been able to identify the life processes and gene mutation to aid in explaining the diversity of organisms and to prevent others from destruction. The scientists were able to clone a mammal towards the end of the century through an analysis of the gene sequencing and the Human Genome Project. Sexual reproduction and its role to organisms were better understood and concepts such as bacteria became common. Antibiotics were then popularized to minimize the mortality rates caused by these organisms. Doctors have been successful in eradicating disease like polio. More vaccines were developed for conditions like measles, influenza, chickenpox, hepatitis, tetanus, and diphtheria, among other diseases. Multidisciplinary actions have helped in elaborating evolution, and thus it is now possible to conduct tests through placebos, randomized control trials, and other advanced research methods. Tools such as X-rays became popular in the diagnosis of diseases ranging from infections to cancers. Soon enough, the scientists developed more diagnostic options like magnetic resonance imaging. Treatments also improved for conditions such as mental health illnesses with more centers and antipsychotics for depression and hallucinations. Science in the 20th century also included the acknowledgment of hazardous drugs like tobacco linked to the escalation in cancer cases. Other hard substances that were finally illegalized included cocaine and heroin. As a measure, their prices increased tremendously, but addicts turned to black markets for the same products. As a result, there was a need for more research into the effectiveness of chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Considerations like tissue typing, blood transfusion, organ transplants, and immunosuppressive drugs were also accepted despite the resistance from some members of the church who perceived the act as detrimental to the sanctity of life. People could get artificial hearts through pacemakers and hence they could prolong their lives. Some of the notable figures linked to the biological development include Joseph Needham, a biochemist and embryologist. Needham is remembered for his contribution to induction in embryos and the numerous publications he wrote during his visits to China. His efforts aimed at bridging the gap between Europe and Asia resulted in the rest of the world learning more about the Chinese and their civilization (Navis, 2007, 1). The University of Cambridge Digital Library supports the role played by Needham through an illustration of pictures for his visit from the Northwestern part of Chungking to Djiayukuan in Ganzu province (Needham, 1944, 1). Finally, the history of science in the 20th century involves the identification of new farming methods. These practices included the genetic modification of seeds to make them resistant to damage by pests and diseases. This measure would in turn increase the likelihood of a good harvest. Such improvements meant that the population would have more food for sustenance in both the rainy and dry seasons. Unfortunately, there was an unexpected population increase forcing researchers to develop contraceptives as a population growth control measure. This move foresaw the rise in premarital sex especially in regions where such acts were forbidden. Generally, improved hygiene led to a minimization of mortality rates among communities. Information Technology In information technology, data has become a valued commodity with many aiming to communicate better with their friends, family, and colleagues. Further, they seek to stay in touch with current trends. The integration of technology in the 20th century has led to the discovery of new treatment choices in the medical field. Previously life-threatening ailments are manageable through safer practices like organ transplants and the use of robots in various forms of therapy. Technology has also ushered in airplanes, electricity, and various forms of automobiles. The Whittle Power jet Papers affirm the role played by individuals like Frank Whittle in ensuring that people enjoyed the luxury brought about by the use of turbo-jet engines (Evans, 2016, 1). The approach works by guaranteeing propulsion from the ejection of gas from an engine’s nozzle. This innovation was an improvement to the former piston engines and is held in high regard especially since it was developed during a war. Despite coming from a humble background, Whittle was determined to see his dreams actualize and consistently put in the work to prove his thesis on the future of airplanes. Chemistry In Chemistry, the era began with an invention of the chromatography as an analytic element. It was also discovered that atoms contain electrons in the nucleus. With the knowledge in atomic structures, Fritz Haber established the Haber process essential in the production of Ammonia through the combination of hydrogen and nitrogen. The product was utilized in fertilizers and thus contributed to the world food supply. Haber is also known for the introduction of chemical warfare in which poisonous gases were used as weapons during wars. After his era, Albert Einstein helped in confirming the atomic theory through Brownian motion. Subsequently, others suggested alterations to the atomic structure models which contributed to the creation of products such as plastic which have adversely damaged the environment specifically the marine life. The century also comprised of studies like the oil drop experiment to assess any variations in the electron's charges in multiple atoms. Einstein’s proposal on the relationship between timing and energy led to the development of a photoelectric reinforcement in analyzing Planck’s concept. Scientists identified the methods of gauging acidity and employed the periodic table through a proper organization of atoms in various compounds. The art of crystallography explained the crystalized structure of some items. It is also during this era that quantum mechanics became popularized. Bohr stated that electrons existed in orbits Justas the planets revolved around the sun. The negatively charged electrons often orbit a positively charged nucleus. Concerns These scientific developments in the 20th century have also raised many concerns such as the role of science in society especially with the environmental changes that make the earth more vulnerable to extinction. Key to this question is the follow up on ethical considerations and the focus on cultural or religious thoughts even as science seeks to improve communities. Nonetheless, the concept has grown to more of a human need and right as compared to previous years. A publication edited by Toss Gascoigne and colleagues presents the growth of science as a key solution to many of the problems the world faces (Broks et al., 2020, 2). As a result, more people are speaking upon the need for the communication of any findings while countries are investing many resources to ensure that their countries have the best research facilities. The book further outlines the unfairness in the access to study material as only the rich nations have been able to meet the scientific materials’ costs of production (Broks et al., 2020, 10). The disparity is echoed by a photo of a science class in Brazil as captured by the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) (HOSLAC, 2011, 1). The students studying Biology have in the past lacked the exposure to some of the instruments ready to promote scientific innovation. The hope in the picture affirms that the education system in Brazil focuses on other courses such as mining, applied sciences, agriculture, and engineering. Even though these courses are vital, Brazil cannot be classified in the same state as those with an active engagement in research initiatives. Further, the students end up losing focus in scientific courses due to the high possibility of unemployment upon their completion. The book, therefore, resolves to collect as much scientific communication from around the globe to gain the equality necessary in the field. Also, the aim is to expose more people to science despite the numerous volume of available content. Through knowledge creation, these individuals will be educated to address important matters like environmental conservation, healthcare delivery, and the successful integration of technology in all industries. Apart from the mentioned categories, the primary sources on the history of science in the 20th century have proven the effect on contexts namely the social, political, and cultural. Politically, they prove the uneven growth in government structures as influenced by aspects such as war. Most of the figures interested in governance ended up becoming presidents while others are remembered for their sober inputs into issues influencing the existing social facts and realism in understanding human beings. A key contribution is a publication titled The Process of Government by Arthur Bentley. This 1908 article is instrumental in opposing abstractions for a more observable approach determined by different groups. How each of these groupings interacted pre-established the laws, leaders, and population behaviors and reactions. Other philosophers came up with the reconstruction method in which statistics would be used to enhance the findings made by the observations. Alternatively, there was the quantification of human elements such as the subconscious and rationality for a more concise inference on political behaviors. There are issues with the politicization of science in situations such as the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (Burr, 2005, 1). The atomic bombs used as a means to end the pacific war and meet the interests of the American population still has a great impact in modern times due to its ethical concerns. Many people lost their lives even though it is clear that the Japanese wanted to surrender before the bombs were dropped on their land. The primary sources include intercepted communications of the emperor’s intentions (Burr, 2005, 1). Many have been left wondering whether there would have been a different outcome in case the course of action was delayed or stopped altogether. Culturally, some of the scientific developments modified the cultural practices of the communities by viewing their actions as outdated. According to Bud et al. (2018), many people were inclined to artistic presentations as the core exclamation points for various phenomena until mathematical expressions became them the viable way of comprehending concepts (14). Fortunately, the emergence of new developments was akin to the creation of new traditions in which more people were interested in notions such as technology, modern architecture, and engineering. These effects translate into the social sphere in which the primary literature sources present the increased interactions among individuals due to the need to communicate scientific findings. Also, individuals recognize the impact of emerging technologies and strive to ensure that the benefits of existing science outweigh the risks. In conclusion, the primary sources were elaborative on the history of science in the 20th century. Before the era, science was still instrumental in helping human beings understand different facets of their universal existence. Dating back to the domination of the Greek, people have always been inquisitive to know more about the planet and other heavenly bodies. Science in the 20th century is evident in all many fields such as astronomy, biology, chemistry, and information technology. The medical system has seen major developments in the available treatment options while there is an increased variety of food products through genetic modification attempts. However, the primary sources also highlight issues such as the impact of climate change due to the adversity caused by the use of plastics. Also, the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki whose effects are still evident in current times. It is therefore important to ensure that scientific developments are in reasonable measures for the sustainability of populations.   References Broks, P., Gascoigne, T., Leach, J., Lewenstein, B.V., Massarani, L., Riedlinger, M. and Schiele, B., 2020. Communicating Science: A Global Perspective. Bud, R., Greenhalgh, P., James, F. and Shiach, M., 2018. Being modern: the cultural impact of science in the early twentieth century (p. 438). UCL Press. Burr, W., 2005. The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II A Collection of Primary Sources. The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II: A Collection of Primary Sources. Available at: https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB162/index.htm [Accessed December 8, 2020]. Evans, R.L., 2016. Peterhouse: Peterhouse, Whittle Power Jet Papers. Available at: https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-WHITTLE-00001/1 [Accessed December 8, 2020]. Gibson, R., 2010. Oral history of British science. Sounds. Available at: https://sounds.bl.uk/Oral- history/Science/021M-C1379X0019XX-0005V0 [Accessed December 8, 2020]. HOSLAC, 2011. Teaching the Basic Sciences in Brazil. HOSLAC. Available at: https://mypages.unh.edu/hoslac/book/teaching-basic-sciences-brazil [Accessed December 8, 2020]. Kennedy, J.F., 1963. We choose to go to the Moon. Speech presented at Address at Rice University on the Nation's Space Effort in Rice University, Houston (1962, September 12). Navis, A.R., 2007. Joseph Needham (1900-1995). Embryo Project Encyclopedia. Needham, J., 1944. Joseph Needham: NW - Northwest journey. Cambridge Digital Library. Available at: https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/PH-NRI-00002-00010-00001-00001-00002 [Accessed December 8, 2020].