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There has been a close relationship between literature and other arts and craft such as music, gardening, painting, and needlework among others. Since time in memorial, literature has used other arts and crafts in order to express itself. More so, other arts like music, film have been used in the development of literature works. Many writers in literature have been influenced by the manner in which the films have been written, thus films influenced the growth of literature positively. Some literature works in the 19th century have been written using the structure employed in movies. Literature expresses its self through music, paintings, crafts and other forms of art. This essay evaluates the manner in which literature uses others forms of art and crafts with special reference to music. It is a common occurrence that literature used music to express itself. For example, the book Thus Spake Zarathustra by Friedrich Nietzsche was expressed by music composed by Richard Strauss. The literal work provided the song with its lyrics, thus, expressed its self. Many ballets and dances are based on literature works by different authors. In some cases, dances and music have texts that are chanted in form of chorus. Art and craft has been a tool that has cross- fertilized music through parallel strategies. That has been achieved by rational dissociation of art, like the abstract expressionists paintings. The abstract expressionists’ paintings were instrumental in shaping some literature works some that were written while others were not recorded. The expressionists played a key role in shaping literature between 1950s and 1960s. Many scholars have argued that literature is a combination of genres. The theories employed in literature are derived from other forms of art and craft. Most of the literature works of 19th century and late 18th century are based on the people’s way of living that entailed their paintings, songs, and crafts. The songs of praise to the heroes and personal songs inspired writers because they could use the content in writing of literature either fictional or books based on real life stories (Ferris, 1986). Through the use of art like paintings, literature has been able to express some intellectual movements like Romanticism. This was mainly expressed after relations between art and literature emerged. Thus, literature has been used to express personality and freedom. Among the authors that have been instrumental in writing literature based on art and craft, include Chateaubriand and Victor Hugo. Among the music composers and painters that inspired the authors include Beethoven and Caspar Friedrich respectively. This is a clear indication of how literature used art as a guiding tool to the literature works. The manner in which literature uses art and craft in the late 18th century and in 19th century, is very diverse. This period is marked as the Victorian era. During this period, among the popular movements includes classicism, impressionism, romanticism, and post-impressionism. Classicism was most popular during the period and it happens to be the opposite of romanticism. Classicism focused on the expression of emotions instead of reason. Among the popular paintings in romanticism, include Liberty Leading the People by Eugene Delacroix. The expressionist movement painters include Camille Pissarro and Claude Monet among others. The differences in the paintings were displayed in the brightness of the colors and other color effects. Various painters were influenced by the paintings that were done during the Victorian era. Among the popular authors who were inspired by the paintings, include William Yeats, Charlotte Bronte, and Joseph Conrad among others. The painters transformed realism to symbolism in that way. Through that, the poetry and literature as transformed. The diversity of art and craft has been expressed through language by literature. The passionate violence or the imagery in the paintings by Delacroix and other painters was displayed in the subsequent literature. Among the great authors influenced by paintings, include Edgar Allan Poe. The live model was a particularly popular influence for both the artists and literature. There was a complex link between the visual art and literature. The models were mainly parisienne, Italians, and Jews. These models greatly influenced the visual artists and authors as evidenced through the gender structures. Recognized writers like Honore de Balzac and Emile Zola among others display this. The literature was a key tool that was used to show how the society was being transformed from time to time. Craft was used to display the cultural values of a society. Through the organization of the society, literature was used to promote the values displayed by the crafts design. The existence of craft and their unique designs was promoted by the literature. For example, “The treasures in our museums now are only the common utensils used in households of that age, when hundreds of medieval churches - each one a masterpiece - were built by unsophisticated peasants” (Nihon, 1991, p.14). That displays the conflict between the artisans and the leaders of the time who opposed the existence of craft designs. The impact of the artisans and the conflict with industrial revolution was highly expressed through literature works. There has been close relationship between literature and art. The themes expressed in music, paintings and crafts have been a used in literature. Literature uses the power of written word to express ones emotions. In the late 18th century and 19th century, there were many changes in the society. The changes were mainly expressed through paintings, music, and other forms of craft. Literature was the key tool used to connect all the features of the humanity. Through literature, the early music and paintings are used to display the early movements across the globe. The changes in the society are revealed in the literature. The authors either wrote stories based on real life stories or fiction to catch the audience. However, through literature, one can understand the art and craft that existed in the respective period. The paintings of the time played a critical role in shaping the literature world. The relationship between the arts and crafts and literature is not complex. The use of music, painting and other forms in craft in literature has greatly been played a critical role in understanding the changes that have taken place overtime. References Ferris, W. R. (1986). Afro-American folk art and crafts. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. Nihon Mingeikan. (1991). Mingei: Masterpieces of Japanese folkcraft. Tokyo: Kodansha International.

Introduction Music generally is part of the art. In this world, music is as old as the human being. It helps in making our life perfect. Music to humanity is a divine donation. In the world, there is various music genre. These include rock, classic, country rap blues, and others. Music is listened daily by human beings, hence part of our life. Music is played all times, both in happy moments and woe times. It influences the human mind by making our minds relax and fresh. For instance, many listen to music so as to forget their sorrows and problems. Most musicians are talented and are professionally able to perform on any instrument. They learn from their church bands or even from music classes and emerge out successful as a group or as an individual artist. This paper highlights various music genres and the instrumental elements used in this music. In addition, the purpose of these music genres to the community as well as in business world has also been highlighted. Music genres This is the form or type of music. There are several forms of music internationally. These include; rock, jazz, blues, classical, R& B and pop. These forms are different from each other. Genre helps to organize and categorize various types of music. There are various significances of music genres. It helps identify the cultures of people and differentiate from others. In addition, it gives music a sense of identity. The rock music is characterized by the dynamics, tempo and the instruments. On the other hand, jazz  music  involves  swing  patterns  on  drums,  trumpet,  saxophones,  and  unusual  time signatures. When people hear the sound pattern of these instruments, they identify it as jazz music.in another way, it helps categorize the music instrument involved in a particular genre. Country music is a genre associated with Western and the Americans. This music consists of dance tunes and ballads with simple harmonies and forms which accomplished using acoustic and electric guitars, banjos, harmonicas, and fiddles. Cajun and zydeco had significant influence on both rock and country music. Bluegrass is a banjo, fast mandolin and fiddle based music popularized by Bill Monroe. He was a singer, composer, instrumentalist and band leader. Flatt's vocals and their contribution to song writing gave them progressive sound. They performed Anglo-American songs using guitars and autoharp. Their music was inspirational. Honky-Tonk music had the greatest influence on the country music.  It embraced drinking, loving, dancing and loosing of the loved one. They majorly used pianos for the music and later a guitar was introduced. Western consists of the Hollywood cowboy and the Western cowboy campfire Ballads. Both brought the commercial country music to prime time America.  Gene Autry an American performer gained fame on the movies, television and radio in 1907-1998 just as 'The Singing Cowboy'. His songs were light themed and swinging cowboy music with a string orchestra and a chorus. Autry created the Cowboy Code. These includes; he must always say the truth, no going back to his word and the Cowboy should never shoot first. Western swing was a band that improvised the country music using jazz. James Robert an American country musician, band leader and a songwriter whose band became super in this music genre. They used banjo upright bass, horns, steel guitar and reed instruments. Roy Acuff was the king of country music. He played the harmonica and his music became very attracted. He also included fiddle in his music work. Hank Williams was the most influential country artist of all time. He was a songwriter and guitarist. He developed his career from influence of Williams. He ushered country music into the modern era. His music had an influence on the rock and folk music. His career was ruined by alcohol taking in which he was fired in numerous shows. Nashville sound was most famous county music in 1950s and early 1960. It overtook Honky Tonk by winning back the youth which had turned into roll and rock music. They played a 'pop' version of country music using string instruments and lead vocals. Outlaw country in 1970s became famous through Waylon Jennings music. They introduced the movement objective for its members to be self-declared which was Nashville sound reaction. They introduced life and restored raw foundation in country music. Their music was on hard working men, honky-tonk heroes, drugs and drinking. Blues is a musical form and genre that developed from roots and spirituals. Blues are characterized by its lyrics, instrumentation and bass lines. Banjo was the most used instrument at early ages but guitar and piano where added later. It is based on African tradition. The melody of blue song came from dance songs and slave work songs. Its note has a lower pitch as compared to Western music. The spiritual, rhythm and melodic nature of blues were influenced from the African culture. It involves harmony that focuses on the first, fourth and fifth cords. Its melody emphasis on the third, fifth and seventh notes. The rhythm of blue music is based on 48-beat which is repetitive and a 12-bar.Blues were published by William Handy is credited as among the o first people to distribute print music. Marnie Smith was an African - American singer, an entertainer and a dancer who made several films. Smith is known to be the first in recording real 'race record'. Her music was more of a jazz than blue. Classic blues was introduced Charley Patton. He brought guitar into prominence. He had influence on the blues which can be considered as the early roller and rock music. Folk blue music has its origin to traditional popular cultures. It is characterized by a lack of written rules and set principles though it has a special pattern. Other features include; song repetition with the rhyme maintained in other lines, questionnaire form lyrics, they are associated with mythological characters of many gods and the lyrics of folk songs are fluent and natural. The early blues are different from the Chicago blues. The early blues where acoustic and were performed by a single artist while the Chicago blues are urban electric blues. The Chicago blues is played using the electric guitar, harmonica, piano and drum in form of a band. The blues gave rise to R & B and gave the possibility of the production and sales of records. These include race and chess records. Race music was a music designation for African­ American community while chess record was associated with the blues and the emerging of roll and rock music. This came into fame in 1991. Rock and roll music described sex and dancing models. Sun records were developed at this age. In 1958, charts and the Billboard Hot 100 emerged. Televisions became affordable to the Americans. This contributed to the success of the rock music and the artists by then. In addition, the introduction of 45 revolution per minute records also accelerated the success of rock and roll music. The recording company includes; RCA (radio cooperation of America), Decca, Columbia and Capitol. American Bandstand was the American TV show which was most popular in promotion of roll and rock entertainment. This enhanced the growth of many rock artist. Ray Charles is being considered as the rock and roll innovator to soul genre. Fork music is being described as music by the people for the people. It introduce traditional, community and political themes in the music world. Doo-wop is a music genre with its origin by African American youth in New York. It is characterized by little or no instrumentation, simple lyrics, and vocal melody with an engaging melodic line. They are usually about love. Tin Pan Alley music has its origin at New York which is a collective sound consisting of cheap upright pianos. Aldon music was a company in New York for publishing music. It played a key role in shaping the Brill Building Sound. Phil Spector is an American sound producer, songwriter, and a musician. He made use of piano, vocals, and guitar to play pop and rock music. Surf music is a rock music from surf culture found in southern California. It is characterized by drenched electric guitars that were played to evoke crashing sound waves and instrumental surf. Dick Dales and his band Del-tones are the pioneers of surf music. British invasion was a term used to describe the British wave of the rock bands. Skiffle music was a British rock equivalent music that was influenced by folk, blue and jazz music.  The "Mersey Beat" was a Liverpool band sound which later became standard roll and rock music. The Beatles revolutionized the pop music by use of a guitar. It generated throughout the world and inspired several generations on youth pop culture. The rolling stones in the history are the greatest roll and rock bands. They maintained their popularity with each generation. They had a background steeped in blues. The Who was a band which was part of the hip 'Mod' scene. They broke many barriers such as excessive volumes, themes for lyrics and stage antics. The smashing instruments became relevant during the era of this band. Motown involved a Jobete music publishing company, three record labels (Tamla, Motown, and Gordy), a style of music and a family of singers, musicians, songwriters and producers. They were under Berry Gordy as the director. The Funk brothers were integral part of the Motown. They are known for perfection in tracks recording usually in a live studio setting. Soul music was a music genre that evolved in South America. It was an expression for the need of social change. It had the elements of jazz, folk and blue music. Acid rock is a music genre defined by the lyrics with drug differences, distorted and heavy guitars and improvised jams. For instance, the 'Summer of Love'. Hippie movement are some of the social elements in this songs. This genre did not last too long. Power trios and Heavy metal involved guitarist playing both rhythm and lead roles. Blues was their music style output. Punk rock is a genre that originated in the United States in 1950s. This music genre is characterized by hard-edged melodies, singing styles, short paced songs, and anti­ established lyrics, often political and stripped-down instrumentation. Conclusion Music genre meaning and its purpose to the society deals with the aspects of culture, identity and the role it plays so as to help in distinguishing different music styles. The genre of music enables people to identify the music form and its composition based on the instrumentation, beat, and rhythm of the music. The genre has a role in identifying people's culture since it gives people idea on the time period when the music was common and the demographic origin.   Reference Cataltepe, Z., Yaslan, Y., & Somnez, A. (2007). Music genre classification using MIDI and audio features. EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing, 2007(1), 036409. King, B. B., & Ritz, D. (1996). Blues all around me: The autobiography of BB King (p. 23). New York: Avon Book. McKinney, M., & Breebaart, J. (2003). Features for audio and music classification.

  Reflection Journal   What happens to us after we die?   A new life starts after we die. Christians have convictions on the existence of a second life that begins after one dies. It is, however, enjoyed by those who have repented their sins and accepted Jesus as their Savior. Is there a heaven and hell? If so, what lands someone in one place over the other, or does everyone ultimately land in Heaven? Yes. Heaven and hell exist and particularly are destination places for those who have died and started their second phases of life. Hell belongs to sinners who, despite knowing or hearing about Jesus, deny repenting their sins and accepting Him, who came to save humankind. On the other side, Heaven belongs to the children of God. Despite being proclaimed as sinners, these are believers who repent and accept Jesus Christ as their Saviors. Additionally, they uphold Christ’s teachings and live by the will of the Lord. Do we die, and that's it, only to become a pile of eternal compost?   Probably yes. Eternal life is a human second life. It ultimately begins when one dies. That is the moment those who have repented their sins and accepted Jesus as their Savior get granted everlasting lives. Do our bodies die while our "energy" or "life force" lands in some other human or non- human life form, or maybe float in space for all eternity? Human bodies die, but the soul or spirit does not. Instead, the soul or "life force" remains active and is judged by the Creator based on the actions of the immediate human being while they were alive. It is believed Heaven exists where all those who accepted Jesus would ultimately live in everlasting life.     Can multiple answers to this question from various people all be equally valid?   It cannot be possible that every answer from multiple people about Heaven, hell, and eternal life be true. However, there is a common conviction that the second phase of life exists out of the earthly human life after one perishes from the earth.

  Respond to each of the following prompts. Word count should be at least 750 words total. Include a works cited page. You must incorporate/cite the Dunaway reading. Submissions that do not cite it will receive a ZERO, but may be resubmitted for a capped grade of up to 70%.   How does Dunaway define ‘political music’? Do you agree? Why, or why not? What are the 3 characteristics of political songs as artefacts?   According to our reading, the author notes that “music may be said to be political when its lyrics or melody evoke or reflect a political judgement by the listener” (Dunaway, 1987, p. 269). He also states that an important context of political music is “the function of a particular work in a particular setting at a particular place in time” (Dunaway, 1987, p. 269). I agree with the definition, but I do think it is too broad. Political judgement by the listener solely is not adequate to make the piece political. A song can interpreted and used in many ways, but in essence, the purpose that the artist or writer meant for it makes it what it is. However, when listeners agree on one purpose that they think the song should serve, that piece automatically becomes political music in their eyes and the original purpose no longer holds importance. I agree with the second statement that I quoted as it shows how fluctuating music can be over time and space. One song can mean very differently for someone who lives across the world from you or someone who is much older than you are. I believe that people’s experiences, background, culture, tradition, and personality play major roles in how they perceive words. In the case of music, lyrics can imply so many messages than one can imagine, but people stick to what they know to interpret it. Therefore, political music has a different meaning to everyone and each one could be the correct one.   The three characteristics of political songs as artefacts are as follow. Firstly, “the lyrics of the songs inevitably express the world view of their authors and singers.” The second characteristic is that the tunes themselves act as historical indicators.” And lastly, songs should display dynamics and history of a community, providing cultural insight to the group (Dunaway, 1987, p. 272-273)   What are some presidential campaign songs in American history? Name at least 2 from   the early 20th century. Going beyond the reading, doing individual research, identify at   least one popular song that was used during a 21st century U.S. presidential campaign. How was it used? What was the artist’s reaction to its use in this way?   The reading highlighted several presidential campaign songs in American history. While there were many presidents who made use of music to boost their campaigns, “the candidates to use songs most effectively were Franklin Roosevelt” (Dunaway, 1987, p. 280) with Happy Days are Here Again and We’ve Got Franklin D. Roosevelt Back Again. Both of these songs came to become symbols of his era. After 1948, campaign songs, along with face-to-face campaigning, became a shadow with the presence of media and advertising. Songs such as Happy Landin’ with Landon, We’re Madly for Adlie, and Go with Goldwater quickly became historical artefacts (Dunaway, 1987, p. 280).   One popular song that was used during Joe Biden’s presidential campaign was Shallow by Lady Gaga. She performed it at one of President Biden’s campaigns in Philadelphia and Pittsburgh. Lady Gaga was trying to get people to vote as she supports President Biden with her live performance of the song. Her message was that “this is not political, this is not red or blue,   this is about the people, this is about heart” (NBC News, 2020). She said that voting was a way to fight for what you believe for.   Choose a contemporary popular song that you believe is political in some way. What type(s) of song do you think it is (according to Dunaway’s types, see page 286)? What function(s) does the song serve (according to Dunaway’s model, see page 286-7)? Cite excerpts of the song’s lyrics to support your answers. Discuss the songs in terms of: mood, genre, instrumentation, voice/speaker, poetics (metaphors, slang, double meanings, etc.), imagery, historical context, & themes.   A contemporary popular song that I believe is political in some way is Freedom performed by Beyoncé and Kendrick Lamar, co-written by Carla Marie Williams. According to an interview The Fader had with Carla Williams, it turns out that the song is much more than it seems. This song fits into five types out of twelve on Dunaway’s list on page 286.   The first is “protest and complaint against exploitation and oppression” as they wrote this after Philando Castile and Alton Sterling were killed by police brutality. Kendrick Lamar’s rap verse said:   Eight blocks left, death is around the corner Seven misleadin' statements 'bout my persona Six headlights wavin' in my direction Five-o askin' me what's in my possession Yeah I keep runnin', jump in the aqueducts Fire hydrants and hazardous   The second is “aspiration towards a better life, a more just society” for the mothers of those men, and other men that can become victims of police brutality one day.   Smoke alarms on the back of us     But mama don't cry for me, ride for me     And when they carve my name inside the concrete     I pray it forever reads     The third is “campaign songs of particular parties and movements” with the song supporting the Black Lives Matter movement and becoming an anthem after Trump was elected.   I can't move Freedom, cut me loose Singin', freedom     The fourth is “commemoration of popular struggles past and present” to highlight the historical trauma of slavery and present trauma of violence against African American people.   'Cause I need freedom, too I break chains all by myself Won't let my freedom rot in hell Hey! I'ma keep running 'Cause a winner don't quit on themselves   The fifth is “protest against racial stereotyping,” or more explicitly, racism and oppression, against African American people.   Like yeah, open correctional gates in higher desert Yeah, open our mind as we cast away oppression Yeah, open the streets and watch our beliefs     Freedom serves four out of eight purposes on Dunaway’s list on page 286-287. The first is to “solicit or arouse support for a movement” as she makes herself a model of someone who will not quit in this movement:   I'ma wade, I'ma wave through the waters Tell the tide, "Don't move" I'ma riot, I'ma riot through your borders Call me bulletproof   The second is to “create cohesion, solidarity, and morale for members of this movement” and third is to “recruit individuals into a specific movement” as she reminds them of the historical trauma that their people all shared—slavery—in movements advocating for justice for the African American community:   Freedom Where are you? 'Cause I need freedom, too     The fourth is to “describe a social problem in emotional terms” as Kendrick Lamar tells the painful truth of how the community is treated:   Stole from me, lied to me, nation hypocrisy Code on me, drive on me Wicked, my spirit inspired me   The genres that Freedom belongs to are hip-hop, contemporary R&B, and gospel music. The song infused many instruments, most notably is drums and electrical keyboard, with the use of a choir. Beyoncé’s voice was powerful and shows commitment, pain, like a cry for help, for a change. There were many metaphors in Kendrick Lamar’s rap verse, including his counting from 10 to 5 to tell the story of how men are treated by the police. In her beginning verse, Beyoncé also sang “painting white flags blue,” implying that now it’s not just about black versus white, it’s black versus blue, the police. The historical context here is clear as oppression and racism against the African American community, though went unnoticed for a while by some people, is still very blatant and impactful against the community.     Works Cited     Cliff, A. (2017, November 9). What writing "freedom" with Beyoncé was really like. The FADER. Retrieved January 19, 2023, from https://www.thefader.com/2017/02/10/beyonce- freedom-carla-marie-williams-interview     Dunaway, D. K. (1987). Music and Politics in the United States. Folk Music Journal, 5(3), 268–   294. https://doi.org/JSTOR     NBC News. (2020, November 2). Biden campaigns with Lady Gaga in Pittsburgh | NBC News.   YouTube. Retrieved January 19, 2023, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?   v=OWJHyYKVcoE

The North and South were the two major parts of the US in the 1800s. The South had farms, while the North had factories. The North was more crowded and had a bigger population. Slavery had died out in the North while the population in the South was a big number. Therefore, the South had more farms, slaves, and land, while the North was more crowded, had no slaves, and had factories. The economies of the North and the South were different. The economy of the North was pretty good because of the railroad tracks. This made transportation easier, which made the economy better. On the other hand, the southern economy was behind. Farms and slavery impeded the development of industries and cities. This made the economy of the South be bad. Therefore, the northern economy was better than the southern economy. Daily life in the South was hectic. The men worked all day long in the fields unless they were rich. Most children would not receive an education. Daily life in the North was also busy. Men would go to work, and children would go to school. In conclusion, the economy and daily life between the North and South were different.