Information Science and Technology
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Paradigm
Abstract
When working with a specific programming language or program, programming paradigms offer various organizational structures that can be utilized. Each paradigm has its own unique set of structures, attributes, and approaches to common programming problems. Such as programming languages, the existence of multiple programming paradigms is logical. It is more suitable to use different paradigms for different projects because various paradigms are better suited for specific types of challenges.
Paradigm
Programming paradigms refer to various types of approaches to problem-solving using programming languages. They represent ideas and procedures that embody our understanding of a particular subject. The complexity of a paradigm is determined by the programming language employed. Having a solid plan or technique is crucial when working with programming paradigms. The software can incorporate multiple paradigms that may not necessarily align with one another. As time has progressed, different paradigms, such as procedural programming, object-oriented programming, and functional programming, have been developed to meet developers' varying requirements and approaches.
Programming Paradigms
Procedural: Procedural programming distinctly separates itself from object-oriented programming by structuring code into procedures rather than restricting the programmer to objects that imitate concepts or tangible components. Simultaneously, functional programming prioritizes pure functions. Procedural programming is the widely recognized programming language that employs call procedures and has its roots in structural programming. Methods, functions, routines, and subroutines define the necessary computing steps. To execute a task, it is essential to divide it into variables and patterns, which can be called independently or through other procedures at any point during execution. ALGOL, COBOL, BASIC, PASCAL, FORTRAN, and C are procedural languages that can write code. Despite the prevalence of object-oriented programming for security reasons, procedural programming is still a viable option. With procedural programming, programs can be built from the top down, using functions to break them down into manageable pieces. Procedural programming is less complicated than object-oriented programming and does not include access modifiers.
Functional: Functional programming has become increasingly popular, particularly with the rise of JavaScript, a language built on this paradigm. Its mathematical foundations provide a crucial advantage: it is untethered from any programming language. In essence, functional programming entails executing a series of mathematical operations. The programming style we are utilizing here is the declarative method, which prioritizes identifying "what to solve" instead of the imperative approach emphasizing "how to solve." With declarative programming, phrases are employed instead of statements, and expressions are evaluated to yield values rather than assigning variables.
Object-oriented programming: Object-oriented programming is a unique approach to software design that centers around objects or data rather than functions and logic. It revolves around defining objects, specific categories of individuals, objects, or entities in the physical world. This programming paradigm involves encapsulating objects in code, making it a powerful tool in software development. Developers highly favor OOP-based programming paradigms because they effectively manage large, complex, and frequently updated programs. With principles like abstraction, inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation, software creation and maintenance are significantly simplified, making them the four main pillars of object-oriented programming. Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a superior choice to simulate real-world events compared to conventional programming languages. This approach offers practical solutions for a range of issues. Providing data masking, OOP ensures that global data cannot be accessed from anywhere, which is impossible with procedure-oriented programming. (https://www.atatus.com/)
Language Analysis
Java Script (Functional)
JavaScript is the computer language web browsers use to give users an interactive and dynamic experience on the Internet. The most critical features and programs that make the Internet an indispensable part of modern life are written in JavaScript in some way or another. For a lengthy period, only a few browsers could support JavaScript. The widely used browser, Microsoft Internet Explorer, was among the ones that did not support JavaScript until later. As a substitute, Microsoft developed JScript, a proprietary client-side script. JavaScript is an essential client-side script that facilitates seamless communication between a user's device (such as a computer, phone, or tablet) and a remote server. It plays a vital role in ensuring the proper functioning of numerous web applications, including search engines. (https://www.bigcommerce.com)
Python (Procedural)
Python is a versatile, object-oriented, and high-level programming language that boasts of being open-source. Understanding each of these characteristics can help one appreciate the language even more. In today's business landscape, data is a priceless commodity. Companies gather, alter, and scrutinize it relentlessly to extract valuable insights that drive their operations forward. Python is undoubtedly the go-to choice for this mission-critical task. Python's extensive standard library and supplementary modules make it an indispensable tool for analytical applications. Its vast range of specialized modules caters to this purpose, making Python highly useful for any analysis. (datacamp.com)
Java (objected-oriented programming)
Java is one of the most renowned object-oriented languages, having been around since its early days. Its platform-independent nature and ease of learning have made it the go-to language for developing Android apps. The business community highly values Java for its exceptional reliability and security features. It is an excellent programming language for beginners due to its easy-to-learn nature. Furthermore, it is an ideal choice for large-scale projects requiring a high dependability level. Since its release in 1995, Java has been widely popular and continues to be a driving force behind most websites that utilize content management systems such as WordPress or Drupal. Additionally, it is an essential component of the Mac OS X CPU and is utilized for programming various applications, ranging from video game consoles to iPhone apps.
C# is a powerful and versatile language developed by Microsoft that seamlessly integrates imperative, functional, and generic programming paradigms. Its creation in the early 2000s using the.NET Framework has made it the go-to language for building robust applications on Microsoft platforms like ASP. While it shares some similarities with Java, C# has a unique and distinctive identity that sets it apart as a top-tier programming language. C# has become popular among OOP enthusiasts due to its seamless compatibility with the NET Framework. This versatile programming language can be used to develop high-quality Android and Windows desktop applications. C# is a fantastic option for beginners, as it is easy to comprehend and enjoys robust industry backing. Thanks to the abundance of online resources available, mastering C# is more straightforward than other programming languages. (orientsoftware.com)
Basic (procedural programming)
BASIC, the user-friendly programming language, was initially developed by John G. Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz. On the other hand, Java, a high-level and object-oriented language, was created by Sun Microsystems and is currently owned by Oracle. Developing proficiency in the BASIC programming language is crucial to enhancing your computer programming skills. This language is widely used and has numerous applications across different programming languages, making it an essential tool to master. There exist notable disparities between Java and BASIC. Specifically, BASIC lacks sensitivity to the case, while Java boasts platform independence and the capability to function on any operating system. Conversely, BASIC is dependent on and restricted to specific Windows versions and processors.
Pascal, a programming language developed by Swiss computer scientist Niklaus Wirth in the 1970s, was explicitly designed to teach structured programming. Its focus on the systematic use of conditional and loop control structures while avoiding the use of GOTO commands has made it a popular choice among programmers looking for a more organized approach to coding. Pascal's notation was a superior choice compared to ALGOL, FORTRAN, and COBOL because it empowered users to define their data types. This functionality enabled the efficient organization of complex data by assigning names that could be validated for accuracy by the language translator before program execution. (britannica.com)
Procedural
Basic Procedural languages are executed in a particular order, making them an ideal choice for programmers when creating programs that involve calculating and displaying output using functions, conditional statements, and variables. Some of the most popular examples include BASIC, C, FORTRAN, Java, and Pascal. To create a program with a procedural language, use a programming editor or integrated development environment like Adobe Dreamweaver, Eclipse, or Microsoft Visual Studio. These tools help with writing, testing, and troubleshooting code.
Pascal Programmers can effortlessly create dynamic and recursive data structures, such as lists, trees, and graphs, using Pascal. It also provides an array of structured data types, including records, enumerations, subranges, dynamically allocated variables, pointers, and sets.
Furthermore, the language allows for nested procedures to be defined at any depth, making it an exceptional environment for studying programming and its core concepts.
Functional
JavaScript is a highly adaptable language that cannot be easily classified as object- oriented or functional programming. It is designed to give users the flexibility to apply any programming paradigm. Combining the best of both worlds, JavaScript seamlessly integrates functional and OOP programming, enabling computations based on objects and prototypes while supporting the use of first-class functions and immutable objects. JavaScript boasts several built- in functions that exude a functional programming essence, such as Array. Prototype. Join, Array.prototype.filter, and String.prototype.slice. Moreover, Const declaration proves to be an asset in JavaScript functional programming as it effectively prevents data mutation. (https://www.trio.dev)
Python is the language of choice for many institutions due to its exceptional performance in statistics, AI programming, scripting, and system test authoring. Additionally, Python has become the industry standard for web programming and scientific computing, making it a widely utilized tool. Python's widespread use across various industries solidifies its position as the top language to teach in institutions. Python's exceptional readability, extensive third-party integrations, highly modular structure, and unparalleled community support have solidified its position as the leading force in web development, scientific computing, data analysis, and machine learning. Its intuitive data structures, remarkable productivity, and unmatched speed set it apart from other programming languages. (https://opensource.com)
Dear CIO,
I am grateful for the opportunity to provide my expert recommendations as the software development manager. After extensive research, I suggest implementing JavaScript and object- oriented programming. Object-oriented programming (OOP) is widely recognized as a powerful tool in software development. By leveraging existing code, programmers can create intricate systems that are robust and easy for others to work with. This approach is highly sought-after in the industry for a good reason. JavaScript, a lightweight programming language, is frequently employed by web developers to design dynamic interactions in web pages, applications, servers, and games. JavaScript is an essential tool for developers who want to create dynamic and interactive websites. When used alongside HTML and CSS, it provides the necessary functionality to engage users and enhance their experience. While CSS is effective for formatting HTML elements, it cannot achieve the level of interaction that JavaScript can offer. Therefore, combining these three technologies is crucial for creating modern, responsive, and user-friendly websites. Thank you for considering my input.
Respectfully,
Jennifer Hamilton
References
(https://www.atatus.com/) Retrieved from Programming Paradigms Compared: Functional, Procedural, and Object-Oriented Programming
(https://www.bigcommerce.com) Retrieved from What is Java, and why is it important. (orientsoftware.com) Retrieved from The List of Object-oriented Programming Languages
(datacamp.com) Retrieved from What is Python Used For? 7 Real-Life Python Uses (britannica.com) Retrieved from Pascal| Computer Language
(https://www.trio.dev) Retrieved from Is JavaScript a Functional Program Language (https://opensource.com) Retrieved from Perceiving Python programming paradigms.
Essay on particle vs. wave theory Phys 206-01 Waves and Modern Physics
Light has been studied by scientists throughout the years. Two models were the results of those years of research, the first model is called particle theory that was presented by Isaac Newton in the 17th century, Newton thought that light is composed of particles because this would account for the straight rays and sharp shadows. Later, Thomas young presented the wave model that was a broader theory than the particle theory.
Newton explained that every color would have a different angle of refraction. He observed that all objects appear to have the same color when the beam of colored light illuminates them, and that beam remains the same in terms of its colors no matter how many times it’s refracted or reflected. The conclusion is that color is a property of the light that reflects from objects not a property of the objects themselves [1].
Newton’s theory failed to explain two difficulties, first one is that light goes from one medium to another, some of it is refracted and some of it is reflected. Secondly, Newton couldn’t explain the interference and diffraction. To face these difficulties Newton presented a periodic activity connected with moving particles. He considered sharp shadows to be hard to understand with waves [1].
Thomas Young provided strong evidence for Huygens’ wave theory of light in 1803, when he presented the results of his double-slit experiments. Young stated that light is composed of particles, then all of these particles should pass through a single slit, as a result, they create bright patterns on the other side of the slit. Also, if light is composed of waves, then the slits will cause diffraction, and the light should result in a predictable interference pattern, in the same way that water waves do [2].
Young showed in his experiments that light behaves like a wave and creates an interference pattern, which is the superposition principle[2]. Once he found out that light is made of waves he estimated the wavelengths of individual colors using data from Newton. Therefore, one can look at the two theories as a combination of each other, where the wave theory studies light in a broader way.
References:
Newton, I., Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 1672, 80, 3075–3087.
Young, T., Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 1803, 94, 1–16.
Information Science and Technology
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Belief Revision Agent Using Python Report
Introduction
When arranging man-made intellectual ability, it is appealing to replicate the human way of dealing with thinking as eagerly as possible in order to gain functional but fictitious information. This includes the ability to not only develop a game plan for dealing with a specific issue, but also to change the course of action or discard it in favor of a new one. In these circumstances, the environment in which the experts act should be considered as strong and tangled as the world it may very well address. This will create situations in which an expert's convictions may conflict and should be revised. As a result, conviction update is a major issue in the subject of modern electronic thinking. This paper presents a computation for conviction amendment proposed in and illustrates a couple of cases where conviction modification is required to avoid abnormalities in an expert's data base. In this extraordinary circumstance, the expert programming language GOAL will be introduced, and a conviction update will be discussed. Finally, the estimation of conviction update used in this paper will differ from various approaches overseeing abnormality.
Plan and do of conviction base
The fundamental design of a GOAL multi-expert structure includes an environment and the experts who teach within it. The experts are related to the environment through components. In the multi-expert structure, an expert is viewed as the mind of the real substance with which it is associated. Experts do not have to be related to a substance in any way; however, they cannot collaborate with the environment if they are not. Having experts who are not part of the environment can be useful in situations such as definitive brought together multi-expert systems, where an expert's primary task is to orchestrate the affiliation.
Experts could include the going with parts:
Data;
Convictions;
Targets;
Module fragments;
Movement specific.
It is well known that there is a large amount of data. It should be regarded as maxims and, as such, should not be challenged. Convictions, on the other hand, address the expert's point of view, which may be both delusory and uncertain. That is, different norms may elicit conflicting convictions. Data, convictions, and goals are all represented in a python-based manner by standard extra nuances. While there appear to be few things that are sufficiently certain to be articulated expressions, the normal aversion to the go and stop predicates should be. Because the two predicates are quick opposite energies, it doesn't appear to be genuine to have both, for example, go(me) and stop(me). Algorithm 2 would appear if these standards were articulated as starting data.
Design and implementation of a method for checking logical entailment (eg. Resolution based)
Implementation of contraction of belief base
This thought can be demonstrated authoritatively by stating that BK is a foundation for a conviction set K iff Cn(BK) = K because BK is a restricted subset of K. Then, rather than introducing change and pressure works that are described on conviction sets, it is acknowledged that these limits are depicted on bases. Such restrictions will be referred to solely as base remedies and base compressions. This method provides an even finer-grained structure because we can have two bases BK and CK so that Cn(BK) = Cn(CK) but BK CK. 7 There is no universal answer to the question of which model is superior of full conviction sets or assemblies, but this is dependent on the specific application area. According to all accounts, bases appear to be present within programming applications.
Figure 1: Base structure
Node/1 and edge/2 are used to encode the graph structure, and formula/2 is used to associate formulas with nodes. Neg/1, and/2, or/2, implies/2, and iff/2 are used to create formulas. We begin by breaking down formulas into sub-formulas and extracting atoms. With, we generate candidate equivalences p x p y. We construct the original formulas from the ground up, checking for satisfiability; all agents' original formulas must be satisfied:
Managing inconsistencies is still being investigated, and there is no full game plan in place. For dealing with the aforementioned issue, one could employ a couple of unmistakable methodologies. Similarly, one should perform exercises in which controls are fundamentally crippled rather than completely eliminated. They can then be reevaluated later. One could also attempt to obtain the four-considered approach in conjunction with the withdrawal computation. Again, if a need arises for a standard that is known to incite abnormalities, one can attempt to persuade this standard using the standard unsurprising reasoning. . Rule refinement, rather than rule choking, is another philosophy. If a trained professional, for example, recognizes the reason for the anomaly, it may be able to fix or refine the principles being alluded to. If, for example, the vehicle expert determines that the cause of the problem is a lack of brakes in relation to the red light rule, it may refine it into the following rule:
Regardless of the fact that it may appear to be the best plan, it isn't guaranteed to always have a response, and noticing such a response may appear unusually perplexed.
Method
The formulas between the languages of connected agents in Python are based on the EQ sets. Different EQ sets may provide different information to an agent. Each EQ set represents an equally plausible method of information sharing. As a result, we take the disjunction of beliefs obtained from various EQ sets.
Belief revision = Adding a new belief to a belief set K • equibel.revise(['p', 'q | r'], 'r') generates the graph:
Agent 2 will take in as much information as possible from agent 1, while maintaining its initial belief. The revision of K = p, q r by = r represents agent 2's belief in the completion. The formulas in the input are projected onto the central node. The formula at the completion's central node is the result. Is a software system for dealing with belief change based on equivalence agents. However, models belief sharing in multi-agent scenarios. By constructing implicit graphs, it supports standard belief change operations (revision and merging). This package includes a Python package as well as an interactive prompt.
Conclusion
It has been argued why the conviction update is such a big deal. A specific computation for conviction change has been contemplated. It has the advantages of being useful and straightforward to do; however, it has the disadvantages of being only portrayed for a delicate reasoning of the trained professional and requiring the nontrivial question of a tendency mentioning. Concerns of this nature have been raised. Furthermore, issues with deleting information, which may be critical a significant portion of the time despite the fact that it is conflicting, have been raised. Conviction change has investigated the objective. It has the characteristics of reasoning programming, which implies that it is especially simple to learn for people who have experience with reasoning programming, and it provides rich intelligent courses of action. Furthermore, the constraints of reasoning programming adapt well to the impediments of the conviction adjustment computation's feeble reasoning. Regardless, it has been observed that, as of now, the GOAL language is more restrictive than anticipated for the estimation, implying that inconsistencies cannot be addressed using any and all means. The introduction of strong invalidation has been contemplated as a means of directing this issue. Furthermore, when it is maintained by GOAL, using answer set programming as a data depiction language may similarly deal with this issue.
