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Clinical psychology is a crucial area of psychology where individuals can receive professional assistance, medical care, and assistance in resolving their behavioral and psychological issues. Although the selected subject of psychology addresses a wide range of human difficulties, there are still a number of topics that need to be covered in order to prevent personal discontent, legal challenges, disappointments, and misunderstandings. Despite the fact that many Americans think they are racially insensitive, some racial issues have been noted in the field of clinical psychology. The fundamental issue is related to the wish to believe that the issue of racial inequality is a thing of the past and the denial of obvious racial difficulties. In the discipline of clinical psychology, can racial bias be used to judge the efficacy of psychological assistance and shape the relationships between a helpful professional and a patient? Before making a final choice, individuals and students who desire to integrate clinical psychology with their career advancement should strive to find an answer to this question. People rely on a variety of things these days, including political discourse, media knowledge, and even their own subjective interpretations of their neighbors' words. Human conduct is a complex system of ideas and information that is sometimes misunderstood. People require qualified assistance, which is what this essay is supposed to offer in terms of both assistance and understanding. Clinical psychology offers more than just a way to solve personal issues. It is an excellent chance to link behavioral issues in people with effective treatment. Psychologists ought to be able to provide adequate services to everybody, regardless of race, despite the existing racial issues. The idea of health care cannot be separated from the socio-economic trends of the country because it is one of the key elements of the population's well-being. Because of this, social and ecological issues including gender, climate change, racial inequality, and ethnic disparity have a significant impact on the creation of high-quality healthcare and universal access to vital health services. It is appropriate to note that racism has emerged as one of the biggest barriers to attaining equity when discussing US health care and its social growth. Apart from posing a threat to the state's social environment, the problem itself is directly linked to a greater danger posed by ecological imbalances across racial groups. Our comprehension of racism's varied dimensions has benefited greatly from psychology. Psychologists have long studied the negative effects of racism, and a lot of their research has helped society advance. Psychologists have also contributed to a better understanding of how prejudice is created and maintained in the human brain. The propensity for people to acknowledge and recollect the faces of members of their own race effectively compared to those of other races, has long been studied by psychologists. According to studies, the processing of faces of other races is related to implicit prejudices toward various racial groups. These findings have important ramifications for circumstances that have major consequences, like the identification of eyewitnesses in court cases and the incorrect perception of pain tolerance in psychology institutions. Nevertheless, some psychologists who are supported by psychological testing and assessment have utilized psychological studies to sustain oppressive institutions as evidence. The way things are set up in the social environment has an impact on how individuals think about it, what they anticipate, and what they fear. Psychologists must examine and comprehend the social and cognitive frameworks that support racial institutions. According to Anderson's 2003 study results, socio-political issues control the kinds of interactions that people from various cultural backgrounds have. It is important to consider how society's members view one another. Since it can lead to a variety of other unfavorable elements, racism has been one of America's most sensitive issues. Because of the large number of immigrants who arrived between the 17th and 20th centuries, America is among the most ethnically diverse nations worldwide. With the entrance of colonists, immigrants from Europe, and slaves transported from all over the world, the number of Native Americans was surpassed. The White population has historically ruled the United States. Racism has been a major issue for Irish Americans, Italian Americans, Arab Americans, American Muslims, American Jews, African Americans, Mexican Americans, Native Americans, Asian Americans, and other immigrants to the US, according to the majority of researchers. The construction of many American organizations has long been based on racial distinctions. They comprise government agencies, schools, and training facilities. Segregation, as well as oppression, are characteristics of racism, especially when it comes to housing, job possibilities, and educational access. Regardless of the justification that official racism was outlawed in America during and after World War II, it is still present in various areas of society, such as politics. According to a national survey done by Thompson (2009), racial identity has a big impact on how most Americans vote. There is a high level of racial prejudice in America against Muslims, African Americans, and Latin Americans. It has also been demonstrated that racism exists in the United States across almost all ethnic groupings. Anderson (2003) draws the conclusion that the United States engagement in the Middle East is motivated by racial factors, particularly in the way they view and treat Arabs. In the past, the United States foreign policies were shaped by racial biases, with some races being deemed superior and others inferior. Researchers have discovered that after the notorious September 11 attack, American Muslims experienced racial discrimination in immigration-related procedures. It is clear that racism has a significant negative impact on a person of color's overall development. A person who is raised in this atmosphere may develop a sense of inferiority as a result of the way they are treated. Discrimination can have a negative impact on an individual's psychological growth. In addition, going through extensive screening and questioning when entering the United States on a visit or through immigration may make someone feel uncomfortable. An individual who feels discriminated against may be driven to engage in a criminal action by being viewed and regarded as a criminal or terrorist. The person who is born into a racially superior group will likewise spread the same attitudes, particularly if they don't have the opportunity to routinely engage with individuals from different cultural backgrounds. According to studies, persons who do not interact with people of diverse racial origins are more likely to practice discrimination than those who live in multicultural environments. The consequences of such conversation, despite the fact that the topic has been explicitly discussed for decades, are nevertheless quite unsatisfactory for the prejudiced population. The idea of racism significantly contributes to the formation of serious health access inequities in the clinical psychology business within various racial and ethnic groups, which is one of the primary problems with modern US health care in terms of people's socioeconomic situation. As a result, it can be inferred that the main issue with racism in the health care setting is that it prevents treatment and therapeutic procedures free from implicit and explicit systemic racism and financial burdens due to its deep integration into the world's socioeconomic structures. In the pandemic era, racial minorities were more inclined to work at the forefront of the global pandemic outbreak, where they are more likely to be exposed to the virus. Their socialization also poses a problem in regards to maintaining social distance and attempting to address hospital services early in the infection. Due to inadequate early care and a higher chance of developing chronic ailments that worsen one's condition, many ethnic minority representatives are successful in addressing the facilities when it is in a critical state. Therefore, it is crucial for the governing bodies to develop a comprehensive intervention strategy for eliminating social and financial gaps between the ethnic groups in case of any disputes. The US Department of Health and Human Services ought to be the main stakeholder and budgetary allocator when it pertains to concrete measures to address the problem because it deals with both social and health care concerns. The department must then work with local stakeholders, such as administrators of healthcare facilities, by allocating funding for educational initiatives and providing insurance for people from minority communities. Nevertheless, a questionable premise that may encompass some of these diversity and access efforts is that minorities of different racial and ethnic backgrounds are not drawn to the psychology profession and that if we can increase their participation in training programs and the profession, we can combat claims of prejudice and Eurocentricity in psychology (Douglas et al., 2021; Wood & Patel, 2017). An associated belief is that the sheer presence of trainees from Black and minority ethnic backgrounds can eliminate Whiteness and racism in the profession and help trainers and trainees learn about "diversity" or, more specifically, neutralize criticisms of the profession as being exclusive, primarily White, Eurocentric, and discriminatory. Without a more comprehensive discussion of sociopolitical frameworks, as well as institutional and structural racism within the profession, diversity initiatives have severe limitations. A number of incidents have been discussed nationally and are connected by a shared set of worries about the psychology of anti-racism, racism in psychology, and the psychology of racism. Psychologists frequently plan these gatherings in their local communities. Numerous venues across the country host the events. These forums are individually designed by their organizers to make sure they are attentive to regional and local issues and audiences while yet representing the goals of the overarching APA Psychology and Racism campaign. The most prevalent sociopolitical element that has a substantial impact on the area of clinical psychology, according to the paper, is racism. Each factor's potential effects have also been discussed. Therefore, it is clear that more work needs to be done in order to reduce, if not completely remove, the issue's detrimental effects on the diversity of American society. Clinical psychology delivery outcomes would significantly increase in this scenario since more patients will be able to contact healthcare providers promptly and obtain insurance (Douglas et al., 2021). Additionally, the Affordable Care Act's (ACA) provisions incentivize firms to provide insurance for workers. Therefore, as soon as companies are required to refrain from discriminating against any group, the proportion of members of racial minorities who get health insurance will rise. Finally, in order to reject the notion of race-blindness, psychologists must complete specialized training programs designed to promote cultural competency and racial health awareness. References Anderson, J. K. (2003). Multicultural America: a historical perspective. Journal of U.S Department of Justice, 3(5), 35-51. Douglas A.. Bernstein, Bethany A.. Teachman, Bunmi O.. Olatunji, & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2021). Introduction to Clinical Psychology: Bridging Science and Practice. Cambridge University Press. Thompson, V. L. (2009). The consequences of racism in America. Community of Mental Health Journal, 43(3), 224-235. Wood, N., & Patel, N. (2017). On addressing ‘Whiteness’ during clinical psychology training. South African Journal of Psychology, 47(3), 280-291.

Ecological Theory This psychology model is used to analyze how the nature of an environment influences people’s interactions within a community. James Kelly, who developed the theory, uses for principles in describing this theory. The interdependence principle shows how a slight change in one element of the community causes changes in the other aspects as well. This discovery allows people to see a connection in everything around them. Adaptation principle shows how different factors of adaptation are various for different environments. For instance, a pupil may be friendly and be able to make friends with their peers, but teachers may not like it when the student has that character. This scenario explains how one can adapt quickly to specific environments than others. The principle of cycling of resources explains the identification and integration of various resources within a community. Some of these resources include access equipment and supplies, information, skills and abilities, and social support networks. Identifying such resources allow psychologists to find the relevant resources for the patient’s needs (Seedat, Duncan, & Lazarus, 2001). The fourth principle is succession which describes the continuous changes that a community experiences. For instance, one’s popular character today might be different in the future. Others changes include ageing and birth of children, among others. Changes allow people to evolve in various ways to adapt to new environments. Social Action Theory Rudolf Moos this model to try to explain nature in regards to relationships with people in a social environment. To understand this theory, a psychologist has to approach it from three different dimensions. One dimension is how an environment influences one’s insights on social connections. Another dimension is how one’s personal development supports then, and the last one involves an environment that maintains its norms in supporting the processes of change. Psychologists argue that social climate plays a critical role in an individual’s well-being. This theory is mostly used in juvenile treatment programs and schools. For instance, in a situation where a student complains of being discriminated, this theory might help in solving the problem. The psychologist surveys the climate of the environment and investigates if there the degree to which people are experiencing the same issue. This knowledge allows the psychologist to choose the best way to intervene (Flaspohler et al., 2008). Mental Health Theory This model appreciates the impacts of power and fight for resources. Most communities have groups that are superior from others hence contributing to unfair dissemination of resources. Understanding this model allow community psychologists to help individuals acquire ways to gain control over the community resources that impact their lives (Seedat, Duncan, & Lazarus, 2001). This theory has two components that include dialectics and praxis. Praxis is used to gain knowledge and transform oppressive situations. Dialectics, on the other hand, explains that knowledge is gained through meditated social discussions. The two components show simultaneous events of developing expertise and working to bring change. The interactions between the oppressed and those in power causes raised awareness where the powerful groups to be humane. Organization Theory This theory aims to explain the feelings that people experience when they connect with the external community rather than themselves. Understanding the sense of community allows community psychologists to identify the needs of the city that need to be met when different groups interact with each other (Flaspohler et al., 2008). Four elements are used to explain the sense of community and include influence, shared emotional relationship, membership, and integration and accomplishment of needs. These elements are essential in finding ways that are reliable to measure a sense of community. For instance, an intervention can be a relevant approach to improve academic grades for students, but it can also be responsible in diminishing sense of community within classrooms. Phenomenological model This model consists of various parallel currents that relate but do not correspond. However, they diverge from the same point and have a common task of analyzing phenomena. The model uses direct intuition to incorporate the source and final knowledge in descriptions. Phenomenology focuses on the study of consciousness through uniting science, philosophy and lifeworld. It then integrates the importance of these elements in investigated reports that are based on actual experiences. This facilitates the freedom of a situation from preexisting preconceptions. Psychologists use this model to understand how events are experienced in specific environments (Seedat, Duncan, & Lazarus, 2001). My community is metropolitan where members are from diverse ethnicities, tribes, cultures and religion. However, some groups are larger than others. There are many activities within the community, including flower farming and fishing. These activities help people live and work together in harmony. However, the owners of the farms and industries belong to people from the same ethnic groups. Sometimes they are biased when hiring employees, leaving the minority groups. This habit extends even in schools where children from the minority group are bullied. Organization and ecological theories are the most relevant theories in addressing the issues in my community. Reference Flaspohler, P., Duffy, J., Wandersman, A., Stillman, L., & Maras, M. A. (2008). Unpacking prevention capacity: An intersection of research-to-practice models and community-centered models. American journal of community psychology, 41(3-4), 182-196. Seedat, M., Duncan, N., & Lazarus, S. (2001). Community psychology theory, method and practice. New York: Oxford.

Psychology is the study of human behavior. Majoring in Psychology can result in many different benefits. One benefit you can achieve is having the ability to handle stressful situations. You will be able to learn how to cope during highly difficult situations. Another benefit of majoring in psychology is that you can obtain a bachelors degree and work in a variety career field. One can further their education and obtain their Ph.D., but it is not needed in order to work in the psychology field. That is a great benefit to know that you can have an undergraduate degree and work while still attending school. Counseling and clinical are two areas of specialization in psychology that have many similarities. These two are types of psychology that both focus on psychotherapy and counseling. They both are trained to treat people who are battling psychological problems. Many people who suffer from psychiatric disorders can be treated within these two areas of specializations. Within in counseling and clinical psychology they both specialize in therapy. They both work with all types of people of all ages. The training they receive can be earned through universities as well as professional schools of psychology. In both they may work in different places, including hospitals, health care centers or even in private practice. Counseling and clinical have many differences as well. The Greek word kline, meaning bed, is where clinical comes from. This is one reason Clinical psychology would be held at the bedside of an ill patient. The Latin word consulere, meaning advising, is where Counseling comes from. This explains why in counseling psychology, they advise. In Clinical psychology the student studies mental health, and the occurrences of their patients. Within counseling psychology there job is to provide the guidance and advice to their patients. In counseling psychology unlike in clinical psychology, they focus more on a person with adjustment problems. Clinical psychology focuses on a person who suffers from severe psychological disorders. Counseling psychology focuses on facilitating personal and interpersonal functioning across the life span. This specialty also focuses on the emotional, social, educational, health related and developmental concerns. Clinical psychology mainly involves research and teachings of methods, procedures for understanding and predicting. They strive to recognize the importance of diversity, roles of gender, culture, race, ethnicity, and other diversity. A career in the clinical specialty is Clinical Psychologist, and in the counseling psychology specialty is a Counseling Psychologist. A Clinical Psychologist, has to be licensed and they provide direct contact with their patients. They can work in out-patient and in-patient mental health care facilities, schools, and private practices. As a counseling psychologist you have to focus on how problems and people act differently. Their attention is focused on the human traits. Counseling psychologist help strengthen their patients mental health and help them get through everyday life. They focus on things such as marriages, family and substance abuse. The first step you need to do in order to become a licensed Clinical Psychologist, is to earn a bachelor’s degree. The next step is to either complete the doctoral program with either a Doctor of Psychology or Doctor of Philosophy. This program can take up to five years, and must be accredited by the American Psychological Association. The third step before you become a licensed Clinical Psychologist you have to gain field experience. Of course the last step is to get licensed. As you can see there is a lot of schooling to become a Licensed Clinical Psychologist. According to the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics the annual salary is $68,900. A Counseling Psychologist education is the same as a Clinical Psychologist. The first step is to obtain a bachelor’s degree. Key courses such as social psychology, abnormal psychology and developmental psychology is good for exposure. Volunteering within a mental facility or a hospital is also a great way to gain experience and show your future employers that you are dedicated to fulfill your career. The next step is to earn your doctorate degree. You may want to earn a Doctor of Philosophy. With this program it focuses on research within the degree. A Doctor of Psychology program can also be obtained in Counseling Psychologist. Within this program, they prepare students to understand research. A state license is also required to become a Counseling Psychologist. An examination is given and it must be passed. It is very important for a student to research the examination requirements for their state before they take the test. Twenty hours of continuing education per year may also be required according to your state. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the annual salary of Counseling Psychologists was $72,540. Many licensed psychologist are self-employed. The key skills for both clinical and counseling psychologists include communication, observation, and analytical skills and the ability to work well with others. References http://psychology.about.com/od/psychologycareerprofiles/p/counseling-psychology.htm http://psychology.about.com/od/clinicalpsychology/f/clinical-psychology.htm http://www.div17.org/about/what-is-counseling-psychology/counseling-vs-clinical/ Price, M. (2009). Counseling vs. clinical programs: Similarities abound. GradPSYCH Magazine, American Psychological Association (APA). http://www.apa.org/action/science/clinical/education-training.aspx

Educational psychology is a sub-discipline of psychology that studies the cognitive patterns and behaviors that are applied to individuals learning and teaching. It encompasses biomedical investigations on multiple elements of teaching and learning, according to Duchesne & McMaugh (2018), and examines various strategies to bring mental ideology into classroom environment to enhance tutoring and education excellence. Educational psychology is concerned with how people study, including teaching methods, instructional procedures, and personal learning characteristics (Duchesne & McMaugh, 2018). The objective is to find out how students acquire new knowledge and retain it. Therefore, we shall look at how educational psychology has been employed in both traditional and adult learning in this study. Furthermore, the article will look at the parallels and variations in inspiration and teaching methods. Adult education incorporates the skill of learning and teaching. Learning is an activity in which a person's actions is permanently altered as a result of new insights, encounters, or routines. Training, on the other hand, has been described in a variety of methods over the decades. The conventional method, which was controlled by teachers, involved one individual, the instructor, assisting others, known as students, in acquiring information and expertise. Schools and teachers, on the other hand, see this type of instruction as repressive because it deprives the studying organization of its identity (Duchesne & McMaugh, 2018). They thought that learning is a conversation between the instructor and the student, rather than instructors putting material into learners' heads. The conversation phase occurs when the instructor assists the student in defining issues, analyzing them, and developing resolutions. The instructor becomes a co-student in this approach. Knowledge is acquired in both directions since the instructor cannot just rely on what they understands. This method of education is universally recognized, particularly among adults. Adult education and the development entails the acquisition of new ideas, abilities, and experiences by people who do not study as their major vocation. Adult education is entirely a process in which individuals participate in educational activities in order to gain additional knowledge, skills, and traits (Keddie, 2018). Adult education takes numerous forms, ranging from traditional tutoring to self-gratification as a long term student. Adult education can be institutional, as in education, which occurs within that a training and educational facility, quasi, as in education that is managed by academic facilities but it does not contain accreditation, or unstructured, as in education that occurs naturally as a consequence of everyday routines. Adult learning varies from previous educational settings, according to Keddie (2018), because of its many aspects and voluntary participation. Adult learning has always been a minor issue relative to the rest of the educational institutions owing to the complex status. The progress of the student and their captivating educational programs are observed through the lens of learning psychology. While trying to educate, an adult teacher can go the extreme lengths to get to understand the student. Educational psychology addresses the fundamental concepts of mental capacity, focus, desire, and knowledge, as well as how people differ. Older students, except for those in informal learning, differ in generation, requirements, hobbies, and features. As a result, it is critical to comprehend each students in respect of their objectives, interests, goals, and desired degree of performance (Jachova et al., 2018). Knowing all of this will assist the instructor in providing successful instruction. In addition, the student's education will be influenced by the teacher's interpersonal connection. Education is more efficient when the teacher maintains a warm and approachable connection with the learners. Educational psychology are shown in action in adult literacy in a range of methods. The integration of learners with disabilities and impairments in the normal school process is identified as mainstream learning. The goal of integration is to increase learning services for students with special needs and impairments. Because of the tailored execution and enhanced professional assistance, the majority of pupils with special learning demands currently attend community college (Crispel & Kasperski, 2019). The efficacy of mainstream learning can be attributed to a number of factors. The accomplishment of all learning has been due to the behavior of instructors. As a result, the responsibility of instructors in creating and embracing involvement of pupils with special learning requirements is critical to its success. Instructors have showed their appreciation by studying to account for their deficiency of special needs understanding, according to Crispel & Kasperski (2019). The success of popularization is due to aspects of teacher training, including standard teaching process adapted to the special learning requirements learner. Another aspect that has influenced the effectiveness of mainstream schools is the demeanor and attitude of the instructors. Students with these specific requirements are more likely to study well and feel relaxed in a setting where educators have a positive mindset (Crispel & Kasperski, 2019). They feel more at ease in the surroundings, which makes learning and teaching more successful. Instructors have been helped by hiring helpers to aid students with the overtime paperwork because of the serious attention needed. The help has guaranteed a smooth flow of information and effective learning and teaching methodologies, culminating in quality educational achievement. Classroom administration denotes to how an instructor arranges a school's environmental, educational, and social elements to produce a productive educational environment. School management emphasizes teacher-student engagement, with the goal of reducing behavioral issues and increasing substantial educational experiences. Successful classroom handling reduces instructor burnout and protects the happiness and safety of both the instructor and the students. Inspiration, on the contrary, relates to the method of stimulating motion in an individual and is an essential concept to include in an educational environment (Ahmad & Parween, 2021). In a classroom context, motivation refers to the circumstances that lead to someone starting a task and pursuing it with passion and tenacity. Implementing motivation as a cornerstone to good learning and teaching is critical because it encourages participation in the class and raises the likelihood of a vibrant class. In today's classrooms, pupils with both normal and behaviorally challenged are often mixed together. According various scholars, popularization has made school administration more problematic, prompting instructors to raise their efforts. Pupils with disabilities may face academic and social difficulties (Rabi & Zulkefli, 2018). The majority of these pupils experience focus problems and have difficulty organizing their thoughts. As a result, establishing a well- organized atmosphere is critical for pupil's achievement. Educators lead the way in this inclusive school in relation to achieving success. Instructors go above and above to keep kids enthusiastic owing to their concentration deficiency. Focusing on the learner's interests is one technique to encourage them. This will enhance the learner's motivation, culminating in a focused mood. Setting acceptable objectives for the pupils will further aid them in not feeling rushed. It is also a good idea to encourage kids of their accomplishments to keep them inspired (Rabi & Zulkefli, 2018). Adult educational experience, on the other hand, does not respond to the same mental techniques that encourage youngsters. Adult students will be motivated by simple approaches that take into account their hobbies, requirements, and challenges, as well as assuring them that they should attain their objectives. In senior classes, numerous methods of encouragement are utilized, including competency techniques that assist students learn how to satisfy their expectations. Senior students will be motivated by collaborative relationships that include them in all operations. Finally, practical ways that assist adult students grasp their objectives and aspirations will keep them engaged. In conclusion, the global education sector has progressed with new practices being introduced to improve the learners’ experiences and insights. All through the pursuit for enhancing the relationship between teachers and students, the efforts have faced challenges owing to the shifting demands of learners. However, the utilization of educational psychology in adult learning has since helped to address the challenges since it ensures teachers are equipped to understand and manage classrooms for both abled students and learners with disabilities. Therefore, educational psychology is a vital topic in the educational sector and should be investigated further to establish its importance and challenges. References Ahmad, W., & Parween, S. (2021). Managing Behavioural Emotional Problems in Inclusive Classrooms and Understanding the Best Practices. In Handbook of Research on Critical Issues in Special Education for School Rehabilitation Practices (pp. 443–461). IGI Global. Crispel, O., & Kasperski, R. (2019). The impact of teacher training in special education on the implementation of inclusion in mainstream classrooms: International Journal of Inclusive Education: Vol 25, No 9. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13603116.2019.1600590 Duchesne, S., & McMaugh, A. (2018). Educational psychology for learning and teaching. Cengage AU. Jachova, Z., Kovačević, J., & Hasanbegović, H. (2018). INDIVIDUAL EDUCATION PLAN (IEP) FOUNDATION OF A QUALITY INCLUSIVE EDUCATION. Human: Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies, 8(2). Keddie, A. (2018). Adult education: An ideology of individualism. In Adult Education for a Change. Routledge. Rabi, N. M., & Zulkefli, M. Y. (2018). Mainstream teachers’ competency requirement for inclusive education program. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 8(11), 1779–1791.

Biological approach The Biological Perspective, often known as Biopsychology, is a relatively recent development in the science of psychology that is gaining popularity as a specialist section of psychology in the latest years. The study of the link between physiological or biological processes and behavior or psychological processes is the goal of Biological Psychology. The biological perspective holds that our behavior is the result of our genetics and physiology. This is the only method in psychology that looks at ideas, emotions, and behavior from a biological, and hence physical, perspective. This subfield of psychology investigates how our brain, neurotransmitters, as well as other biotic factors influence our psychology, conduct, thoughts, and emotions. The biological viewpoint is regarded as being the most scientific kind of research since it is highly reliant on experiments conducted that lend legitimacy to this perspective. The biological approach's theories favor nature over nurture. This conduct has been mostly triggered by the interaction between nature and the environment. One advantage of the biological method is that it makes accurate predictions. One problem is that most scientific theories are reductionist in nature, reducing behavior to the result of genes and certain other biological processes while disregarding the influences of infancy and our cultural and social environments (McLeod, 2017). Background Biological psychology originated as a field in the 18th and 19th centuries from diverse philosophical and scientific backgrounds. The biological viewpoint is essentially a method of seeing human issues and activities. Since its origin, the study of physiology and biomedical applications has played a vital role in psychology. Charles Darwin was the first to propose that evolution and genetics influence human behavior. Theories concerning the link with both body and mind date back to Aristotle, who proposed that both occur as facets of the same organism, with the mind being merely one of the body's functions. Behavioral scientists, such as American psychologist John B. Watson, have recently shifted their attention away from the supernatural or mental and toward visible human and animal behavior and their link to the neurological system William James proposed in Principles of Psychology (1890) that the scientific study of psychology must be founded on an understanding of science. (Waling, Research Evidence Natural selection is described in Charles Darwin's publication On the Origin of Species (1859); characteristics that are inconsistent with a species' environment will end up dying out as it tries to survive and, over time, will transform down the generations so that only adaptive attributes will continue to stay in future offspring (Steinheimer, 2004). Phineas Gage, an American railroad supervisor, survived catastrophic brain damage induced by an iron rod piercing his cranium and damaging much of his left frontal lobe. In the discipline of neurology, the Gage case is significant. The documented alterations in their post-accident behavior are solid evidence for brain activity localization, which means that certain brain regions are connected with specific functions (Guy-Evans, 2020). Twin research provides evolutionary biologists with a natural kind of study in which the behavioral resemblance of identical twins may be compared to that of dizygotic twins. In other words, if inheritance i.e., genetics impacts a specific feature or behavior, identical twins must be more comparable to that trait than non-identical twins. Drug use Addiction is caused by each patient's physiology and heredity, per the biological model. People differ in their likes or disliking of addictive drugs or hobbies. Cocaine, for example, causes euphoria and other good emotions in part since it causes a buildup of dopamine, a neurotransmitter linked with sensations of pleasure and satisfaction. Some people may get so enamored with a substance or pastime that it becomes extremely appealing and impossible to resist. This problem will not be felt by another since he does not share the same pleasure. Similarly, the capacity to control impulsive wants with reasonable thought is a brain function that differs among individuals. Certain people may be unable of resisting some sort of urge. As a result of their genetic sensitivity, these persons are at a higher risk of having addiction (Skewes and Gonzalez, 2013). Cognitive approach The scientific study of the brain as an information processing model is known as cognitive psychology. It is about how we acquire and interpret information from the outside environment. Cognitive psychologists attempt to construct cognitive models of processing information in people's heads, such as perception, attention, language, memory, thinking, and consciousness. The mediation process takes place between both the stimulus and the response. The cognitive approach does not necessarily acknowledge physical and environmental aspects in affecting behavior. The cognitive method is likely the most prevalent approach in psychology now, having been used in a wide range of practical and theoretical situations. Cognitive psychology focuses solely on thought patterns. The cognitive method is reductionist in nature since it excludes processes such as memory from many other cognitive processes when analyzing a factor. However, in everyday life, we engage many cognitive processes at the same time (McLeod, 2015). Background In the 1950s and 1960s, the cognitive method sought to shift psychology, eventually becoming the dominant perspective in psychology by the late 1970s. Piaget and Tolman's work progressively rekindled interest in cognitive states. Tolman has a 'gentle demeanor.' Purposive Behavior in Animals and Man, his 1932 book, contained studies that behaviorism found hard to interpret. According to behaviorists, learning happens as a result of correlations among stimuli and responses. Tolman, on the other hand, proposed that learning is dependent on the associations generated between stimuli. He referred to this link as a cognitive map. However, the introduction of computers provided cognitive psychology with the language and analogies required to examine the human mind. Early computer use enabled psychologists to attempt to comprehend the intricacies of human thought by comparing it to anything simpler and superior (McLeod, 2015). Evidence of Research Tolman (1948) invented the terminology cognitive map, which refers to an input image of exterior elements or cues. He believed that people gather a huge number of hints from their surroundings and utilize them to form mental representations of their surroundings i.e., cognitive maps. They can attain the aim of recognizing where it is among complicated environmental elements by using this internal picture of the physical environment. This template allows for customizable shortcuts and routes. Tolman was the sole behaviorist who rejected stimulus- response theory, arguing that reinforcement is not required for learning to occur. He believed the conduct was essentially cognitive in nature. Miller's (1956) most well-known discovery is that human short-term memory is normally restricted to seven items of information, plus or minus two. Miller postulated a rule of human cognition and data processing stating that people can efficiently process a maximum of seven units, or bits of information at any given moment, plus or minus two pieces of information. This restriction relates to short attention span as well as a variety of other cognitive activities, such as discriminating between different voice tones and noticing things upon first look. Drug Use Because of our expectations, addictive behaviors are preferred above healthy ones, according to cognitive theory. When a person believes that the benefits and drawbacks of an addictive activity will outweigh the benefits and drawbacks of a healthy habit, he will choose addiction. Perhaps, for example, a person may assume that if the desire is not granted, it would cause damage. Actively listening to other individuals might help you form assumptions about this addiction. A drug dealer, for instance, maybe shown in a film as a sexually attractive person with a spectacular and adventurous existence. Once these assumptions have formed, they frequently resist adjustment Continued drug use creates problems in the brain's highly developed frontal cortex. It governs cognitive tasks such as making decisions, response control, reasoning, and remembering, according to brain scans in humans and neuropsychological research in nonhuman animals. A lot of drug addiction targets parts of the brain that impact our capacity to manage cognitive activities, as well as those that modify things like emotions (Carpenter, 2001) References Carpenter, S. (2001). Cognition is central to drug addiction. Monitor on psychology, 32(5), 1-5. Guy-Evans,        O.        (2020,        Nov        30). Phineas         Gage.        Simply        Psychology. www.simplypsychology.org/phineas-gage.html McLeod,         S.         A.         (2015). Cognitive          psychology.         Simply          Psychology. www.simplypsychology.org/cognitive.html McLeod,        S.        A.        (2017).         Biological        psychology.        Simply        Psychology. www.simplypsychology.org/biological-psychology.html Miller, G. A. (1956). The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychological review, 63(2), 81. Skewes, M. C., & Gonzalez, V. M. (2013). The biopsychosocial model of addiction. Principles of addiction, 1, 61-70. Steinheimer, F. D. (2004). Charles Darwin’s bird collection and ornithological knowledge during the voyage of HMS “Beagle”, 1831–1836. Journal of ornithology, 145(4), 300-320. Tolman, E. C. (1948). Cognitive maps in rats and men. Psychological review, 55(4), 189. Waling, J. Biological Psychology. Introduction to Major Perspectives

Social Psychology intervention is supposed to alter the way employees view their workplace. Gratitude and social connectedness are both a form of intervention. Successive researches have established that both interventions can change the perception of the workers towards their work environment. There was a significant reduction in absenteeism relating to sicknesses (Kaplan et al., 2014). The general well-being of the employees increased, which affirms the hypotheses. Gratitude conjures positive feelings in people, enhancing their well-being. The deep feeling of appreciation that a person possesses can brighten their moods and put them in a better position to be mentally healthy. Gratitude comes from one’s realization of the beauty of life and secondly from acknowledging that the beauty of life stems from external sources other than the individual himself. Acknowledging the beauty of life and those around an individual will always keep them positive, thereby lowering stress levels. On the other hand, social connectedness has proven to enhance the well-being of individuals casually. Individuals who are socially connected tend to be happier and less stressed. Further research shows that social connectivity reduces the chances of premature mortality. Adults spend about 75% of their time awake at work. Therefore, the relationships they form at work are of great importance to their mental health and general well-being. In cases where the interventions are self-guided, like gratitude, the outcomes of the interventions are solid. Such an outcome is because the motivation towards the intervention was intrinsic. On the other hand, other forms of intervention such as social connectedness are dependent on extrinsic factors. These would ostensibly take away the employees’ freedom of choice. References Kaplan, S., Bradley-Geist, J. C., Ahmad, A., Anderson, A., Hargrove, A. K., & Lindsey, A. (2014). A test of two positive psychology interventions to increase employee well- being. Journal of Business and Psychology, 29(3), 367-380.

The 12th edition of Psychology applied to modern life: Wayne Weiten, Dana S. Dunn, Elizabeth Yost Hammer is a book that covers a wide range of topics related to psychology. The book covers topics such as the history of psychology, research methods, psychological disorders, and treatments. The book discusses the early history of psychology and the different schools of thought that have influenced the field. The book also covers the other research methods used in psychology. The book discusses the different psychological disorders and treatments. The book also covers various topics related to human development, social psychology, and psychological testing. The book discusses the other schools of thought in psychology and how they have influenced the field. The book also covers the different research methods used in psychology. The book discusses the different psychological disorders and treatments. The book also covers various topics related to human development, social psychology, and psychological testing. The book is a valuable resource for anyone interested in psychology. The book covers many topics and provides a detailed overview of the field. One of the book's main themes is that psychology is relevant to everyone. The book discusses how psychology can be used to improve one's life and how it can be used to understand and cope with the challenges of modern life. The book also discusses how psychology can be used to understand and change the world around us. The book is divided into three parts. The first part discusses how psychology can be used to understand and improve our personal lives. The second part discusses how psychology can be used to understand and change the world around us. The third part discusses how psychology can be used to understand and improve our mental health. The book starts by discussing how psychology can be used to improve our relationships. The book discusses how to communicate effectively, resolve conflicts, and maintain healthy relationships. The book also discusses how to deal with difficult people and how to deal with stress in our relationships. The book then discusses how psychology can be used to understand and change the world around us. The book discusses how to change our behavior, how to change our attitudes, and how to change our beliefs. The book also discusses how to change our environment, how to change the way we think, and how to change our emotions. The book then discusses how psychology can be used to understand and improve our mental health. The book discusses how to deal with anxiety, how to deal with depression, and how to deal with stress. The book also discusses how to deal with addictions, how to deal with eating disorders, and how to deal with mood disorders. Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior. The 12th edition of Psychology applied to modern life: Wayne Weiten, Dana S. Dunn, Elizabeth Yost Hammer is an excellent resource for students who want to learn about psychology and how it can be applied to their everyday lives. The book is divided into four sections: The authors provide a comprehensive overview of psychology in the chapter on the Foundations of Psychology. The authors begin by discussing the history of psychology, including the work of early pioneers such as Wilhelm Wundt and Sigmund Freud. The authors then discuss the different branches of psychology, including cognitive, developmental, and abnormal psychology. The author also discusses the various methods psychologists use to study the mind and behavior, including experiments, surveys, and case studies. The author concludes by discussing the future of psychology, including the challenges faced by the field and the potential for discoveries. Overall, the section provides a thorough and accessible introduction to psychology. The author covers a wide range of topics clearly and concisely, making it an ideal resource for students and lay readers. In The Developing Person section of The Developing Person of The 12th edition of Psychology applied to modern life: Wayne Weiten; Dana S. Dunn; Elizabeth Yost Hammer, the authors discuss the various stages of development that a person goes through birth to death. They begin by discussing the prenatal stage, which is the period of growth from conception to delivery. The authors say that both heredity and the environment influence the developing person during this stage. They then discuss the infancy and childhood stages, during which the developing person is influenced by physical, cognitive, and social development. Next, they discuss adolescence and adulthood, during which the developing person is affected by psychological and social development. Finally, they discuss the aging process, during which the developing person is influenced by physical, cognitive, and social development. In The Social Self section, the authors discuss how our interactions with others shape our self-concept. Our self-concept is how we see ourselves, and it is constantly updated as we interact with others. We use our self-concept to guide our behavior, which can be either positive or negative. A positive self-concept is when we see ourselves in a positive light, and a negative self-concept is when we see ourselves in a negative light. The self-concept has three main components: the perceiver, the target, and the context. The perceiver is the person observing the self, the target is the person being observed, and the context is the situation in which the observation is taking place. Our interactions with others shape our self-concept, which can be either positive or negative. Weiten, Dunn, and Hammer discuss how our interactions with others shape our self-concept. We use our self-concept to guide our behavior, which can be either positive or negative. A positive self-concept is when we see ourselves in a positive light and think we are competent and worthy. A negative self-concept is when we see ourselves in a negative light and believe we are inadequate and unworthy. Our interactions with others shape our self-concept, and we can use it to guide our behavior. In the Psychology in the workplace section, the authors discuss how psychologists can help organizations select, train, and support employees. They also address how psychologists can help employees be more productive and satisfied in their work. The authors note that organizations are under increasing pressure to select and support employees who will be effective and satisfied in their work. They suggest that psychologists can help organizations meet these challenges by providing psychological services such as selection and training and researching workplace issues. The authors discuss how psychologists can help organizations select employees who are likely to be successful in their jobs. They note that psychologists can use tests to assess applicants' abilities and personality traits. They also suggest that organizations use structured interviews focusing on applicants' past behavior, as this is a better predictor of future behavior than unstructured interviews. The authors discuss how psychologists can help organizations train employees to be more effective in their jobs. They note that training should be based on a clear understanding of the job and the tasks that need to be learned. They also suggest that training should be tailored to the individual, considering the learner's ability to learn and the type of learning that is most effective for the individual. The authors also discuss how psychologists can help organizations to select employees who are likely to be successful in a particular job. They suggest that selection should be based on a clear understanding of the job and the skills and abilities necessary to succeed in that job. They also suggest that organizations should use various selection methods, including both ability and personality tests, to ensure that they are selecting the best candidates for the job. Finally, the authors discuss how psychologists can help organizations to motivate employees to do their best work. They suggest that motivation should be based on a clear understanding of what employees need and want from their jobs. They also suggest that organizations should use various motivational techniques, including financial and non-financial rewards, to ensure that employees are motivated to do their best work. The book covers a lot of different topics in psychology. The book is divided into three main sections: Social Psychology, Developmental Psychology, and Abnormal Psychology. Each section contains other chapters that discuss various topics in detail. The first section, Social Psychology, includes chapters on social thinking, Social Influence, and Social Relationships. The second section, Developmental Psychology, contains chapters on topics such as Child Development, Adolescent Development, and Adult Development. The third section, Abnormal Psychology, includes chapters on topics such as Anxiety Disorders, Mood Disorders, and Substance-Related Disorders. I think that the discussions in the book are something most people will find interesting and helpful. The book covers a lot of different topics that are relevant to modern life. The suggestions in the book are also something that I think most people will find helpful. I believe this type of book would change someone’s life because it would help them better understand themselves and others. The book is well-written and easy to understand. The discussions are relevant to many different aspects of modern life. The suggestions in the book are practical and could potentially change someone’s life for the better. Overall, I recommend this book to anyone interested in psychology or who wants to learn more about how to apply psychology to their own life. I found the 12th edition of Psychology applied to modern life: Wayne Weiten, Dana S. Dunn, Elizabeth Yost Hammer to be highly insightful. The book discusses many topics relevant to contemporary society and provides valuable information on how to deal with them. The discussions in the book are something that I think most people can relate to, and the suggestions on how to deal with them are constructive. This type of book would change someone's life for the better. Reference Weiten, W., Dunn, D. S., & Hammer, E. Y. (2014). Psychology applied to modern life: Adjustment in the 21st century. Cengage Learning.