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Social contract is the theory that is explained the civilian society can give some in which the rightness and extent of the government’s control and power over the society. The government draft for the constitution is a classic example of social contract theory. According to Thomas Hobbs whom was a book philosopher he presented his very own topic, which he believed that individuals are a social and non-political which is directly reflected to the type of environmental actions which were things like living in a society of poverty and war. Social Contract is an agreement that is between individuals who are willing to make and unconditional and irrevocable transfer of right and power to the sovereign for the sake of peace.   Political philosophy and social contract which was a theory and or model that originated during the Age of Enlightenment that was the origin of the society which was in a state of nature. With political philosophy it seeks to find the form of any political existence. Classical Liberalism is a political philosophy that protects the freedom of individuals. Philosopher John Stuart Mill was a classical liberalist which he was a thinker that was well known for his work in liberalism. Liberalism is the political thought cost the independence of a citizen’s freedom of market and press and or religion that is spoken through speech and government. There are two major political philosophies which were liberalism and Marxism, which are the demise of the Soviet communism.   “Marxism” is the socialist philosophy of Karl Marx (1818–1883). Liberalism is Latin from the word “liberty” which is the philosophy well expressed by John Stuart Mill (1806–1873) in which his treatise On Liberty was that “The sole end for which mankind are warranted, individually or collectively, in interfering with the liberty of action of any of their number, is to prevent harm to others. His own good was either physical or moral, is not a sufficient warrant.” This was a critical approach to human sciences which he proposed through a system of political and economic development. Communitarians were critics that hold a common good that is defined by the society. According to Rawls he wanted to guarantee that people will have the right to purse their own ends which was the extent that they do not interfere with the rights of other people trying to pursue their own independence within the society. “If a society is to be well ordered, its members must determine by rational reflection what are to be their principles of justice, said Rawls.” Nussbaum focused on the capabilities approach which was desired on the outcome rather than any specific ideas within the research. Capabilities approach denies the social justice the secure the mutual advantage of many key desideratum of contract theories “(for example) the ability to live a life of normal length in good health and with the freedom to move about safe from violent assault, to be able to exercise one’s mental, physical, imaginative, and creative powers, and to be able to laugh and play and enjoy recreational opportunities.” Nussbaum she was a professional philosopher that spoke widely on many different approached that explained her different in capabilities. Conclusion All of these theories are similar because they are the effects of our society. Though these theories are individually collected they are similar to how we perceive society. They are different from each other because they display different views on each theory. The theory that stood out most for me was the Social Contract that Thomas Hobbs presented a very special idea that was surrounded around the society. Which was poverty and war which is something that will never end and individuals among our society, they will either encounter it or they will endure it. Poverty is not something that people choose to be among sometimes it is just something that happens. The contract he presented delivers people from the evils of the natural state to a more civil society and state of peace. Which peace is something that I am among I feel if the society was more equal and less poverty driven than the society will be a much better place to live.   Reference   http://phoenix.vitalsource.com/#/books/1259602176/cfi/6/26[vnd.vst.idref=chap06] http://phoenix.vitalsource.com/#/books/1259602176/cfi/6/38[vnd.vst.idref=chap11] http://phoenix.vitalsource.com/#/books/1259602176/cfi/6/40[vnd.vst.idref=chap12]

There are significant parallels between political action in Egypt and Afghanistan. Large­ scale protests have taken place in both nations, and as a result, their respective administrations have undergone considerable changes. However, there are some significant distinctions between the two nations as well. The fact that both Afghanistan and Egypt have a history of military rule is a crucial commonality. Governments have repressed any dissent or protest in both nations by using their authority. This has made it exceedingly challenging for activists to organize and work without restriction. As a result, tiny, risk-taking groups of individuals have organized the majority of the protests in both nations. Another similarity between Egypt and Afghanistan is that both countries' protestors have generally succeeded in their objectives. In Afghanistan, the protests culminated in the fall of the Taliban government, while in Egypt, they forced Hosni Mubarak out of office. These victories have motivated protestors all across the world and demonstrated that nonviolent demonstrations can be a powerful weapon for change. However, there are also some significant distinctions between Egypt and Afghanistan. The general level of violence among Afghan demonstrators has been higher than that of their Egyptian counterparts, which is a significant distinction. This is probably because the Afghan government has used far more force against demonstrators there than it ever did against those in Egypt. Another distinction is that the demonstrations in Afghanistan have not yet resulted in any long-term modifications to the nation's political system. Despite being legitimately elected, the new administration has failed to stabilize or bring peace to the nation. Contrarily, though it is still attempting to consolidate its authority, Egypt's new administration already seems more stable than the one that came before it. There have been a variety of effects on Afghanistan and Egypt from the successful uprisings in those nations. It aided in putting more pressure on each government's foreign policy. Since the Taliban were ousted, the Afghan government has been the subject of increased international scrutiny, while Mubarak's fall has increased pressure on the Egyptian government to implement democratic reforms. The growth of democracy in Afghanistan has been impeded by a variety of religious restrictions. The significance of Islam in Afghan society is one major barrier. Afghanistan's main religion is Islam, which has a big influence on how politics are run there (Esposito, 2000). All legislation in Afghanistan is based on Islamic law or sharia. Because of this, it has been extremely difficult to pass secular reforms that are essential for the growth of democracy. The impact of orthodox clerics on Afghan politics is another significant barrier. These clergies have fought any reforms that would diminish their influence or power. They have used their clout to thwart changes that would promote more democracy in Afghanistan. Reference Esposito, J. L. (2000). Political Islam and the West. Roy, 0. (1990). Islam and resistance in Afghanistan (Vol. 8). Cambridge University Press. Wickham, C. R. (2002). Mobilizing Islam: Religion, activism, and political change in Egypt. Columbia University Press.

Civil disobedience is a journal in political philosophy written by William Smith in 2011. The journal is a public conscientious, and a non-violent political action on the law (SMITH, 2011). The move is always done to bring about changes in policies by various governments in the world. Civil disobedience always comes about addressing the issue of government policies that undermine citizens. It goes against the standard requirement by multiple laws that need citizens to conform to every decision by the ruling institutions. While executing civil disobedience, it might encourage people to ignore existing rules in the process of communicating their agenda. In the journal, William shows how such actions might have extreme results to both the social and political structures. However, this kind of action is necessary when there is a need to express existing mass infringement of their rights (SMITH, 2011). Typically, it acts as a guardian of moral justice to the general public. However, it is sometimes criticized for its procedure of fighting for justice. The article justifies the theory of civil disobedience to be necessary for safeguarding the moral rights of people. The first section of this article looks at the republican defense suggested not long ago by Daniel Markovits. The theory has essential substitutes for existing civil disobedience but vulnerable to objection.  The other section of the article tries to avoid possible challenges through a deliberative approach (SMITH, 2011). It brings out the main idea of the republic sphere to be the significant tactic through which citizens attack issues of common interest. Civil disobedience is always seen as a channel through which every day public use to address their concerns at critical moments. The third part of the article building on the theory of civil disobedience by defending it against possible objections. From this artistic work, I have learned that activism is welcomed in any society that  would like to develop. Sometimes it takes civil disobedience for changes to come in the society. Most governments in the world do not listen to its citizens unless civilians take action. There are cruel policies set by various governments that undermine the lives of the general public (SMITH, 2011). Only civil disobedience will save in such situations. From this article, I have learned that not all policies set by the governing institution should be followed. Sometimes it takes civil disobedience to get things running in the right direction. Literature and music have impacted on my life in many ways. Literature has changed the way political systems are in the current society through the exposure of hidden injustices. It has given me a comprehensive experience human beings undergo, making me link basics of  emotions and desire (SMITH, 2011). Reading literature not only help me understand the world but also understand others in society. Music is equally crucial since it is full of performance. Since performance is key to human experience, it makes music relevant in the community. Through creativity in music, one would perceive life through a creative perspective that will further make the world a better place. The article will help me sail through my career as it has given me guidance on what needs to be done in various situations. For instance, I have learned that whenever dialogue fails, civil disobedience that might come in multiple forms may apply. In any working environment, an employer is not always right. Whenever things get tough, desperate decisions will help save the situation.   References SMITH, W. (2011). Civil Disobedience and the Public Sphere. Journal  Of Political Philosophy, 19(2), 145-166. doi: 10.llll/j.1467-9760.201 0.00365.x

  Respond to each of the following prompts. Word count should be at least 750 words total. Include a works cited page. You must incorporate/cite the Dunaway reading. Submissions that do not cite it will receive a ZERO, but may be resubmitted for a capped grade of up to 70%.   How does Dunaway define ‘political music’? Do you agree? Why, or why not? What are the 3 characteristics of political songs as artefacts?   According to our reading, the author notes that “music may be said to be political when its lyrics or melody evoke or reflect a political judgement by the listener” (Dunaway, 1987, p. 269). He also states that an important context of political music is “the function of a particular work in a particular setting at a particular place in time” (Dunaway, 1987, p. 269). I agree with the definition, but I do think it is too broad. Political judgement by the listener solely is not adequate to make the piece political. A song can interpreted and used in many ways, but in essence, the purpose that the artist or writer meant for it makes it what it is. However, when listeners agree on one purpose that they think the song should serve, that piece automatically becomes political music in their eyes and the original purpose no longer holds importance. I agree with the second statement that I quoted as it shows how fluctuating music can be over time and space. One song can mean very differently for someone who lives across the world from you or someone who is much older than you are. I believe that people’s experiences, background, culture, tradition, and personality play major roles in how they perceive words. In the case of music, lyrics can imply so many messages than one can imagine, but people stick to what they know to interpret it. Therefore, political music has a different meaning to everyone and each one could be the correct one.   The three characteristics of political songs as artefacts are as follow. Firstly, “the lyrics of the songs inevitably express the world view of their authors and singers.” The second characteristic is that the tunes themselves act as historical indicators.” And lastly, songs should display dynamics and history of a community, providing cultural insight to the group (Dunaway, 1987, p. 272-273)   What are some presidential campaign songs in American history? Name at least 2 from   the early 20th century. Going beyond the reading, doing individual research, identify at   least one popular song that was used during a 21st century U.S. presidential campaign. How was it used? What was the artist’s reaction to its use in this way?   The reading highlighted several presidential campaign songs in American history. While there were many presidents who made use of music to boost their campaigns, “the candidates to use songs most effectively were Franklin Roosevelt” (Dunaway, 1987, p. 280) with Happy Days are Here Again and We’ve Got Franklin D. Roosevelt Back Again. Both of these songs came to become symbols of his era. After 1948, campaign songs, along with face-to-face campaigning, became a shadow with the presence of media and advertising. Songs such as Happy Landin’ with Landon, We’re Madly for Adlie, and Go with Goldwater quickly became historical artefacts (Dunaway, 1987, p. 280).   One popular song that was used during Joe Biden’s presidential campaign was Shallow by Lady Gaga. She performed it at one of President Biden’s campaigns in Philadelphia and Pittsburgh. Lady Gaga was trying to get people to vote as she supports President Biden with her live performance of the song. Her message was that “this is not political, this is not red or blue,   this is about the people, this is about heart” (NBC News, 2020). She said that voting was a way to fight for what you believe for.   Choose a contemporary popular song that you believe is political in some way. What type(s) of song do you think it is (according to Dunaway’s types, see page 286)? What function(s) does the song serve (according to Dunaway’s model, see page 286-7)? Cite excerpts of the song’s lyrics to support your answers. Discuss the songs in terms of: mood, genre, instrumentation, voice/speaker, poetics (metaphors, slang, double meanings, etc.), imagery, historical context, & themes.   A contemporary popular song that I believe is political in some way is Freedom performed by Beyoncé and Kendrick Lamar, co-written by Carla Marie Williams. According to an interview The Fader had with Carla Williams, it turns out that the song is much more than it seems. This song fits into five types out of twelve on Dunaway’s list on page 286.   The first is “protest and complaint against exploitation and oppression” as they wrote this after Philando Castile and Alton Sterling were killed by police brutality. Kendrick Lamar’s rap verse said:   Eight blocks left, death is around the corner Seven misleadin' statements 'bout my persona Six headlights wavin' in my direction Five-o askin' me what's in my possession Yeah I keep runnin', jump in the aqueducts Fire hydrants and hazardous   The second is “aspiration towards a better life, a more just society” for the mothers of those men, and other men that can become victims of police brutality one day.   Smoke alarms on the back of us     But mama don't cry for me, ride for me     And when they carve my name inside the concrete     I pray it forever reads     The third is “campaign songs of particular parties and movements” with the song supporting the Black Lives Matter movement and becoming an anthem after Trump was elected.   I can't move Freedom, cut me loose Singin', freedom     The fourth is “commemoration of popular struggles past and present” to highlight the historical trauma of slavery and present trauma of violence against African American people.   'Cause I need freedom, too I break chains all by myself Won't let my freedom rot in hell Hey! I'ma keep running 'Cause a winner don't quit on themselves   The fifth is “protest against racial stereotyping,” or more explicitly, racism and oppression, against African American people.   Like yeah, open correctional gates in higher desert Yeah, open our mind as we cast away oppression Yeah, open the streets and watch our beliefs     Freedom serves four out of eight purposes on Dunaway’s list on page 286-287. The first is to “solicit or arouse support for a movement” as she makes herself a model of someone who will not quit in this movement:   I'ma wade, I'ma wave through the waters Tell the tide, "Don't move" I'ma riot, I'ma riot through your borders Call me bulletproof   The second is to “create cohesion, solidarity, and morale for members of this movement” and third is to “recruit individuals into a specific movement” as she reminds them of the historical trauma that their people all shared—slavery—in movements advocating for justice for the African American community:   Freedom Where are you? 'Cause I need freedom, too     The fourth is to “describe a social problem in emotional terms” as Kendrick Lamar tells the painful truth of how the community is treated:   Stole from me, lied to me, nation hypocrisy Code on me, drive on me Wicked, my spirit inspired me   The genres that Freedom belongs to are hip-hop, contemporary R&B, and gospel music. The song infused many instruments, most notably is drums and electrical keyboard, with the use of a choir. Beyoncé’s voice was powerful and shows commitment, pain, like a cry for help, for a change. There were many metaphors in Kendrick Lamar’s rap verse, including his counting from 10 to 5 to tell the story of how men are treated by the police. In her beginning verse, Beyoncé also sang “painting white flags blue,” implying that now it’s not just about black versus white, it’s black versus blue, the police. The historical context here is clear as oppression and racism against the African American community, though went unnoticed for a while by some people, is still very blatant and impactful against the community.     Works Cited     Cliff, A. (2017, November 9). What writing "freedom" with Beyoncé was really like. The FADER. Retrieved January 19, 2023, from https://www.thefader.com/2017/02/10/beyonce- freedom-carla-marie-williams-interview     Dunaway, D. K. (1987). Music and Politics in the United States. Folk Music Journal, 5(3), 268–   294. https://doi.org/JSTOR     NBC News. (2020, November 2). Biden campaigns with Lady Gaga in Pittsburgh | NBC News.   YouTube. Retrieved January 19, 2023, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?   v=OWJHyYKVcoE