Professional Economics Assignment Help for Complex Theoretical Analysis

Introduction The study of economics is instrumental in understanding and addressing the challenges faced by developing countries as they strive for economic growth and stability. Keynesian economics, developed by John Maynard Keynes during the early 20th century, provides a valuable framework that is particularly relevant for developing nations. This essay explores the need for the study of Keynesian economics in developing countries, highlighting its principles, applications, and potential to address the unique economic circumstances these nations encounter. Keynesian Economics: A Brief Overview Keynesian economics emerged in response to the economic challenges of the Great Depression and sought to provide a theoretical foundation for government intervention in the economy. The core tenets of Keynesian economics include the importance of aggregate demand, the role of government spending, and the concept of countercyclical fiscal policies. By advocating for active government involvement to manage economic fluctuations, Keynesian economics offers a pragmatic approach to addressing economic challenges, making it particularly relevant for developing countries. Addressing Unemployment and Underemployment One of the primary concerns in many developing countries is the prevalence of high levels of unemployment and underemployment. Keynesian economics suggests that during periods of economic downturns, governments can stimulate employment through increased public spending on infrastructure projects, education, and healthcare. By actively managing demand in the economy, Keynesian policies can help alleviate unemployment and create a more stable foundation for long-term economic development. Countering Economic Volatility Developing countries often experience economic volatility due to external shocks, fluctuations in commodity prices, or global economic uncertainties. Keynesian economics provides a toolbox of policies that can be employed to counter such volatility. Countercyclical fiscal policies, such as increasing government spending during economic downturns, can help stabilize the economy. Similarly, adjustments to taxation and interest rates provide additional tools for policymakers to navigate through economic challenges and mitigate the impact of external shocks. Managing Inflationary Pressures While inflation can be a concern for developing economies, Keynesian economics offers insights into managing inflationary pressures without sacrificing economic growth. By carefully calibrating fiscal and monetary policies, governments can strike a balance between stimulating economic activity and controlling inflation. The emphasis on a nuanced and adaptive approach distinguishes Keynesian economics as a valuable framework for developing countries seeking to achieve both stability and growth. Infrastructure Development and Productivity Investment in infrastructure is a key component of Keynesian economic policies. Developing countries often face challenges related to inadequate infrastructure, which can impede economic growth. Keynesian principles advocate for government-led investments in infrastructure projects, such as roads, bridges, and utilities. Not only does this create immediate job opportunities, but it also enhances the overall productivity of the economy, laying the groundwork for sustained development in the long term. Income Distribution and Social Welfare Keynesian economics recognizes the importance of addressing income inequality and promoting social welfare. In developing countries, where disparities in income and access to resources are often pronounced, Keynesian policies can be designed to ensure that the benefits of economic growth are more equitably distributed. Progressive taxation, social safety nets, and targeted public spending on education and healthcare contribute to fostering a more inclusive and sustainable economic development path. The Role of Monetary Policy in Developing Countries While Keynesian economics is often associated with fiscal policy, its principles also inform monetary policy decisions. Developing countries can leverage the flexibility inherent in Keynesian frameworks to adjust interest rates and manage money supply in response to economic conditions. This dual approach allows for a comprehensive and coordinated strategy to address economic challenges and promote stable and sustainable growth. Critiques and Adaptations of Keynesian Economics It is essential to acknowledge that Keynesian economics has faced critiques, particularly regarding its applicability in different economic contexts. However, many of these critiques have spurred adaptations and refinements of Keynesian principles to better suit the diverse challenges faced by developing countries. Scholars and policymakers have explored hybrid models that integrate Keynesian insights with other economic theories, creating frameworks that are more attuned to the complexities of the globalized and interconnected world. Conclusion In conclusion, the study of Keynesian economics is of paramount importance for developing countries as they navigate the path toward economic development and stability. The principles of Keynesian economics offer a pragmatic and flexible framework that addresses the unique challenges faced by these nations, including high levels of unemployment, economic volatility, and income inequality. By embracing Keynesian principles, developing countries can formulate policies that stimulate economic growth, promote social welfare, and build a foundation for sustainable development. As the global community continues to grapple with the complexities of economic governance, the relevance of Keynesian economics remains a guiding light for those seeking inclusive and resilient economic systems.

Abstract: Climate change presents one of the most pressing challenges of the 21st century, with far- reaching implications for the global economy, environment, and society. This essay explores the economics of climate change mitigation, focusing on the economic costs and benefits of various strategies aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to a changing climate. Beginning with an overview of the scientific consensus on climate change and its potential impacts, the essay examines the economic consequences of inaction, including damage to infrastructure, disruptions to agriculture, and loss of biodiversity. It then delves into the economic rationale for climate change mitigation, analyzing the potential costs of mitigation efforts and the expected benefits in terms of avoided climate damages, improved public health, and enhanced energy security. The essay also considers the role of policy instruments such as carbon pricing, renewable energy subsidies, and emissions trading systems in driving the transition to a low-carbon economy. Furthermore, it discusses the importance of international cooperation in addressing climate change and the challenges associated with achieving consensus among nations with varying levels of economic development and emissions intensity. Through this comprehensive analysis, the essay aims to provide insights into the economic dimensions of climate change mitigation and inform policy discussions on how best to tackle this global challenge. Outline: Introduction Overview of the urgency and significance of climate change as a global challenge. Statement of the thesis: exploring the economics of climate change mitigation and the potential policy responses. Scientific Consensus and Impacts of Climate Change Summary of the scientific consensus on climate change and its potential impacts on the environment, economy, and society. Discussion of observed and projected changes in temperature, precipitation patterns, sea levels, and extreme weather events. Economic Costs of Inaction Analysis of the economic consequences of climate change, including damage to infrastructure, disruptions to agriculture, and loss of biodiversity. Examination of the potential impacts on various sectors of the economy, such as tourism, insurance, and energy. Economic Rationale for Climate Change Mitigation Evaluation of the economic rationale for mitigating climate change, including the concept of the social cost of carbon and the economic benefits of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Analysis of the potential co-benefits of mitigation efforts, such as improved public health and energy security. Policy Instruments for Climate Change Mitigation Overview of different policy instruments for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, including carbon pricing mechanisms, renewable energy subsidies, and emissions trading systems. Analysis of the effectiveness and efficiency of various policy approaches in incentivizing emission reductions. International Cooperation and Climate Policy Discussion of the importance of international cooperation in addressing climate change. Examination of the challenges associated with achieving consensus among nations with varying levels of economic development and emissions intensity. Case Studies Examination of case studies highlighting successful climate change mitigation efforts at the national, regional, and local levels. Analysis of the factors contributing to the success of these case studies and the lessons learned for future policy implementation. Technological Innovation and Climate Solutions Exploration of the role of technological innovation in driving climate solutions, such as renewable energy technologies, carbon capture and storage, and sustainable agriculture practices. Analysis of the economic opportunities associated with technological innovation in the context of climate change mitigation. Financing Climate Change Mitigation Discussion of financing mechanisms for climate change mitigation efforts, including public funding, private investment, and international climate finance. Analysis of the challenges and opportunities for mobilizing financial resources to support climate action. Conclusion Summary of key findings and insights. Reflection on the importance of addressing climate change through economically efficient and socially equitable mitigation strategies.

Introduction It is the desire of every organization to have high levels of efficiency and profitability. Therefore, a business case is an essential tool that justifies the need to undertake a particular project. It is helpful in the evaluation of the costs and benefits of a particular program. Moreover, it helps in determining the risk of undertaking a particular initiative. The business case is also helpful in the justification of the preferred solution. The tool is utilized in healthcare organizations by stakeholders to enhance proper decision-making. A business case is a tool for monitoring performance while increasing the organization’s adherence to its policies (Shah & Course, 2018). Therefore, the primary purpose of this essay is the analysis of a business case for the proposed Acute Hospital Care at Home Program developed due to the Capacity Management process. Economic Opportunities and Risks Associated with a Proposed Initiative. The primary economic opportunity for using at-home hospital care is that it helps in saving the cost of healthcare services, especially for Medicare and private payers. In this way, the program allows the patients to have flexible payments, thus increasing their access to healthcare services. Research provides that healthcare organizations that have implemented the program have reduced healthcare costs by approximately 30% (Walker, Howard & Morton, 2017). Moreover, the hospitals have increased their admission capacity and has also increased the quality of patients’ health outcomes. The Acute Hospital Care at Home Program also reduces congestion in the hospitals thus minimizing the waiting periods. There are also various risks associated with the program. The primary risk is the situational variable risk. It is challenging for the healthcare providers to care for the patients in home care settings. Most of the patients do not adhere to their treatment plans unless compelled by a healthcare provider in the hospital. This may pose a major challenge on the patient’s health outcomes (Metwally, Ruiz, Metwally & Gartzia, 2019). Additionally, the hospital provides a safe environment for healthcare. Providing the services at home may impair the patients’ safety due to lack of treatment plan adherence. Ethical and Culturally Sensitive Solutions. The most epic risk of the healthcare setting is the situational variable risk. Therefore, the most effective way to prevent the risk is through integration of a health behaviour situational model to propel the interaction between the patients and the healthcare providers. However, embracing cultural competence is also an effective way of curbing the problem. It is important to note that cultural competence enable the healthcare providers to understand the cultures of the patients hence improving their health outcomes (Metwally, Ruiz, Metwally & Gartzia, 2019). The cultural competence also enables the healthcare providers to understand cultural diversity and its impact in providing the healthcare services. In many instances the healthcare professionals have failed to understand the cultural requirements of specific patients thus leading to medico-legal cases. The primary cultural issues that impacts the provision of the healthcare services include; language, behaviour, attitude and communication methods. The proposed initiative will have positive impacts on the health of the community. Regarding economic growth, payers such as the Medicare will have an input in the health of the community thus saving the healthcare costs (Park, 2017). The at-home hospital care requires a lot of considerations before its actual implementation. The patients’ information should depict high levels of integrity, confidentiality and integrity. In many cases, the patients provide wrong information about their health progress hence leading to lack of integrity. The Economic Costs and Benefits of the Proposed Initiative over a Five-year Period The most effective way to measure the economic costs and benefits of the Acute Hospital Care at Home Program is through Cost-benefit Calculations and Analysis. It is important to note that the analysis focuses on the costs saved through implementation of the proposed initiative. The cost-benefit analysis does not serve as a warning against particular aspects of the proposed initiative. After the implementation of the initiative, the net benefit remains $20,000 after a period of five years, hence indicating that it is an excellent project for the healthcare organization to undertake. A cost-benefit analysis of the proposed initiative indicates that the program is less costly and has profound benefits to both the patients and the healthcare organization (Louise, Ackers, Chatwin & Tyler, 2017). The initiative also improves patient satisfaction due to improved quality of the healthcare services. Consequently, the hospital will also generate more revenue while reducing its expenditure thus promoting its viability. Essentially, the results of the cost-benefit analysis of the proposed initiative should be applied in decision-making. The results can be used in balancing health gains against the costs of the interventions, hence providing a rationale for allocating healthcare resources. Additionally, the cost-benefit analysis findings can also be utilized in making decisions about how the program should be guided and managed (Louise, Ackers, Chatwin & Tyler2017). In this, the hospital’s leadership can establish the types of projects they should undertake to maximize their viability and efficiency. Decision making is an essential aspect in the management of healthcare organizations and should be prioritized. Ethical and Culturally Equitable Ways of Keeping Costs under Control There are specific costs in healthcare that can be controlled and reduced. The costs include; administration costs and medical supplies costs. An example is that it is possible to reduce or control the cost of the medical supplies by minimizing the number of medical supplies annually and limiting the number of patients utilizing the supplies by implementing at-home hospital care (Shah, & Course, 2018). Consequently, it is possible to reduce and the administrative costs by promoting at-home hospital care rather than caring for the patients directly from the health facility. The most effective way of maximizing the benefits of the Acute Hospital Care at Home Program initiative is through instilling the Medical Case Management Culture. Moreover, controlling and reducing the costs should accompany the instillation of the Case Management Culture. It is important to note that the Medical Case Management has profound positive impacts such as coordinating the patients’ care and offering effective treatment plans. It also helps in the monitoring an evaluation of the treatment process. It is vital to consider the ethical responsibility of cost reduction to ensure ethicality in the entire process ((Metwally, Ruiz, Metwally & Gartzia, 2019). In this way, the organization ensures that it follows the ethical principles of reducing the costs. Relevance and Significance of the Qualitative and Quantitative Economic, Financial, and Scholarly Evidence. The scholarly evidence applied in this case has profound significance and relevance to the hospital because it indicates the success of the Acute Hospital Care at Home Program in other healthcare organization. Therefore, it provides evidence-based information with accurate data showing the benefits of implementing the initiative. The utilized scholarly evidence also promotes the application of evidence-based practice in implementing healthcare programs. The patients’ health outcomes rely on the feasibility of the proposed initiative. Therefore, by utilizing the scholarly evidence, the healthcare providers understand the technique for implementing the Acute Hospital Care at Home Program in other healthcare organization. Consequently, the economic and financial scholarly evidence serve as decision making tool vital for the analysis and assessment of future trends in the organizational costs. Additionally, it helps in evaluating the viability of the proposed program. Conclusion. Conclusively, the business case provides a framework that ensures effective implementation of the healthcare initiatives. Regarding the Acute Hospital Care at Home Program initiative, it is important because it reduces the costs of healthcare and improves the patients’ health outcome. The implementation of healthcare projects require evidence from various sources. The scholarly sources used in this case provide evidence-based data on the advantages and limitations of the Acute Hospital Care at Home Program based on data from other healthcare organizations. Ethical and cultural consideration are key to the success of any healthcare organization. Therefore, the proposed initiatives must follow the ethical and cultural requirements References Park, C. S. Y. (2017). Optimizing staffing, quality, and cost in home healthcare nursing: theory     synthesis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 73(8), 1838-1847. Shah, A., & Course, S. (2018). Building the business case for quality improvement: a framework                            for evaluating return on investment. Future healthcare journal, 5(2), 132. Walker, R. C., Howard, K., & Morton, R. L. (2017). Home hemodialysis: a comprehensive review of patient-centered and economic considerations. ClinicoEconomics and outcomes research: CEOR, 9, 149. Louise Ackers, H., Ackers-Johnson, J., Chatwin, J., & Tyler, N. (2017). Healthcare, frugal innovation, and professional voluntarism: A cost-benefit analysis (p. 141). Springer Nature. Metwally, D., Ruiz-Palomino, P., Metwally, M., & Gartzia, L. (2019). How ethical leadership shapes employees’ readiness to change: The mediating role of an organizational culture of effectiveness. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 2493.

Section 1: Introduction Customer satisfaction has increasingly become a popular field of interest in recent years. Customer satisfaction can be measured by how customers are satisfied with a product or service offered. The question of how to satisfy customers has gained significant importance in every business today, as customer satisfaction information such as reviews and ratings can highly influence a business's success. In addition, every company is customer-oriented as these are the people who buy their products or services. Satisfying the customer is, therefore, of utmost importance. There are essential aspects to consider when considering how to help customers in business. Business persons and managers need to understand these aspects, including measuring customer satisfaction and using it to establish and maintain competitive advantage, influence purchasing behaviour and gain customer loyalty. Many types of research have related customer satisfaction with various positive outcomes, such as a good reputation and increased customer loyalty. Customer loyalty is the relationship between a customer and a business enterprise, marked by the willingness of the customer to buy from a selected business enterprise compared to its competitors. Customer loyalty is an outcome of customer satisfaction as customer attitudes regarding products, services, and brands highly influence their choices of whether to make a repeated purchase or opt for a competitor's product (El-Adly, 2019). Due to the diverse and vast benefits offered by customer satisfaction to a business, there is a great need to identify ways of measuring customer satisfaction and use these measurements to monitor a business's financial performance appropriately. This report is a review of existing literature on measuring customer satisfaction. In addition, the report focuses on identifying how these measurements can denote the financial performance of a business and guide it toward success. The rest of this paper is organized into sections as follows: Section 2: Methodology. This section describes the methods for conducting this review. Section 3: Findings and discussion. This section gives citations and analysis of selected articles. Section 4: Conclusion and recommendation Section 2: Methodology This review was guided by a primary agenda of measuring customer satisfaction. I narrowed down the selection of materials and resources for this review to include journals, books and articles relating to the topic. I typed the keywords" measuring customer satisfaction" in Google Scholar and selected the papers closely associated with the keywords. As the identified literature was still vast and could not be accommodated in this review, I conducted a paper-by- paper study to select the most relevant peer-reviewed journals, books and publications published since 2016. Section 3: Findings and discussion After critically reviewing the literature, I identified the most popular methods of measuring customer satisfaction. These methods are discussed in depth below. : Service quality The service quality method has successfully been used in different experiments to measure customer satisfaction. Hamings et al. (2019) write that this instrument measures customer satisfaction from different dimensions: reliability, empathy, responsiveness, assurance and tangibility. Through a survey, customers are asked to rate the delivered service or product compared to their expectations. This comparison of customer experience and expectation identifies gaps, exposes the shortcomings of the service provided, and appropriately addresses them. The model highly focuses on the customers' needs and therefore does not consider how the business wants to be identified or viewed (Dam et al., 2021). The critical working of the servqual model is that the difference between expectation and perception is the difference in quality. It is essential to know what customers expect from a business; hence this model identifies specific gaps that might arise between the customers' needs and the services provided by the company. These gaps include the knowledge, standards, delivery, communications and satisfaction. Despite the capability of this model to measure customer satisfaction and its use in other research, Hamings et al. (2019) write on the various shortcomings of this model. To begin with, the writers, in sync with prior research, agree that the service quality model dimensions are not to be viewed as generic but should be adjusted to fit different cultures. Another shortcoming identified by Gocłowska et al. (2019) is that the model is time-consuming and expensive and needs a thorough comprehension of basic concepts and ideas for its application. : Important-performance Analysis (IPA) This technique has been widely used for the measurement of customer satisfaction. This analytical approach is based on identifying service or product characteristics that can be improved for quality performance. Panday (2021) writes on the usage of this technique mainly in transportation. According to his literature, this technique has lost popularity due to the advancement of quantitative methods and the loss of support. He adds that the design is highly applicable in different fields such as higher education, and is not limited to tourism. It is easy to manage and interpret, besides its valuable guidance in making strategic decisions (Panday, 2021). The technique compares the elements of importance and performance, whose comparison can identify how well customers are satisfied with products and services. : Other methods Multicriteria Satisfaction Analysis- This method is based on models, various criteria and evaluation of satisfaction levels to guide decisions by determining the strong and weak points of the delivered service (Drosos et al., 2020). The analysis of the customer's preferences and expectations results inform the level of customer satisfaction and further guide the development of a tool that comprehends the identified outcomes. Drosos et al. (2020) highlight that this method collects data through questionnaires that question customers about their preferences and overall satisfaction. This model is very beneficial because it considers customers' perceptions in determining the best quality of service. Section 4: Conclusion and recommendation As identified in the selected articles, there are different customer satisfaction methods. The methodologies mentioned above are just examples of many other ways. Most literature has identified a correlation between product and service attributes and customer satisfaction. Business persons can use the effective measurement of customer service to guide financial performance and steer a business toward positive outcomes relating to customer satisfaction, such as competitive advantage and customer loyalty. The reviewed literature, however, has not identified the best method for measuring customer advantage and influencing a business's financial performance, as there is no evidence of different results when using different methodologies. As customer satisfaction is a crucial factor in a company's success, further research is needed to fill the gap of customer satisfaction as a significant factor as a driver of finances in business. References DAM, S. M., & DAM, T. C. (2021). Relationships between service quality, brand image, customer satisfaction, and customer loyalty. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 8(3), 585-593. Drosos, D., Kyriakopoulos, G. L., Arabatzis, G., & Tsotsolas, N. (2020). Evaluating customer satisfaction in energy markets using a multicriteria method: The case of electricity market in Greece. Sustainability, 12(9), 3862. El-Adly, M. I. (2019). Modelling the relationship between hotel perceived value, customer satisfaction, and customer loyalty. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 50, 322- 332. Gocłowska, S., Piątkowska, M., & Lenartowicz, M. (2019). Customer satisfaction and its measurement in fitness clubs of Warsaw. Economics & Sociology, 12(2), 205-218. Gocłowska, S., Piątkowska, M., & Lenartowicz, M. (2019). Customer satisfaction and its measurement in fitness clubs of Warsaw. Economics & Sociology, 12(2), 205-218. Otto, A. S., Szymanski, D. M., & Varadarajan, R. (2020). Customer satisfaction and firm performance: insights from over a quarter century of empirical research. Journal of the Academy of Marketing science, 48(3), 543-564. Panday, R. (2021). Service Quality Evaluation on Railway Transportation Using Important- Performance Analysis. ITALIENISCH, 11(2), 530-539.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to explore some of the different factors that influence how people shop online. The study seeks to answer the research question, what are the challenges facing e- commerce today? The goal is to analyse the factors affecting e-commerce and determine whether or not there is a physical influence on this growing trend. Introduction This study aimed to focus on e-commerce its effects on economy and the challenges it faces today. Since the beginning of time people have been buying goods and services both physically and via an e-commerce platform. In recent times shopping via e-commerce platforms has escalated drastically especially due to the evolvement and advancements made in technology. Social media having made a very huge impact on this trend a lot of companies have used this platform to market and advertise their products and businesses since a large multitude of people having been using them to interact. This has been largely observed during the pandemic period when there was a country-wide lockdown and people could not leave their houses unless they were essential personnel and thus people had to work from home over the internet. People of all ages and social classes interact with the internet every day and thus expanding an eligible market for a company’s goods and services. As a result e-commerce platforms have become countless, from well-known sites like Alibaba, Amazon and E-bay, to smaller sites that are nationwide such as Jumia and Kilimall. The days are gone of having to pay a visit to the supermarket to purchase groceries or go to the boutique to make shoe and cloth purchases. Now it doesn’t matter your size, age, gender, or social standing if you want to buy something. People can now create their own accounts and shop whatever they desire. Review of literature Cyber-security Businesses need procedures and policies so that they create a strong cyber security framework for the organization. In the event of a cyber-attack, a business cannot afford to have downtime in its operations because every transaction that it makes counts towards achieving its success. Businesses especially small ones depend on that income therefore they need to keep their data safe and secure while also encouraging employees to implement policies to combat cyber- attacks. The business needs to be proactive and have a response plan in case of an attack, they should also have software that detects and reports before and when an attack is taking place. A platform that does not have adequate security to keep its user's information private and confidential attracts little or no customers. As a result, businesses should make backups of their data and update their e-commerce sites from time to time as a measure to prevent h acking and security breaches. Identity verification of customers When performing transactions online with customers it is hard to tell apart a serious customer and one that is not even when a user enters their details the genuineness of the data they provide is questionable. Since the website mostly asks for an address and a phone number it's very simple for a user to provide wrong information and when they do so and even make a payment on delivery order, the organization usually ends up making a great loss in terms of cost. Therefore websites need to take the necessary steps to decline these risks for example they may need software that makes an automatic call when a customer places an order so that they can prevent fake orders and send verification codes via SMS to validate customers' identity. Product returns and refund policies Having a good return/refund policy is important to the business, customer satisfaction here should be a priority to make your brand stand out. Whatever product is being sold should be exactly similar to what is being advertised. The organization should have a transparent, easy, and simple return policy so that the customers are more likely to trust that whatever you are selling is worth the money. Customer loyalty Acquiring a new customer is more costly than retaining one, therefore, building customer loyalty is very important in a business it is an indicator of firm performance. When an online store does not meet or understand the needs of its customers it may end up costing them, one customer. Since the transaction between the retailer and the buyer is carried out online building trust between them is difficult. Building that trust may take a few transactions and great customer service. Customer experience Customers usually expect the same experience from one store to another in terms of the website's flow and its segmentation. How the retailer has personalized their products is important while putting into consideration a shopper’s references. Since the shopping is online customers expect a wider variety and range of products and services with different prices altogether. The websites need to treat their customers well online as they would offline. Price and shipping Customers are often attracted to e-commerce sites that have free shipping than those that you have to pay a shipping fee for. The goal for the organization should be to keep shipping fee costs very low and to offer free shipping discounts when a customer purchases a certain amount of many goods. Prices of products on the site should also be fair and even relatively cheaper than the competition to attract more customers while still maintaining quality. Customer service Great customer service is key so that customer satisfaction is maintained. Constant communication with customers is important so that they are kept informed of what is happening. For instance, when there is a delay in shipment and a customer is not informed they most likely will get frustrated and will never shop at your site again. Also if there was damage to their product during shipment they should be informed earlier so that you can start negotiating on how to rectify and deal with the situation. REFRENCES Al-Tit, A. A. (2020). E-commerce drivers and barriers and their impact on e-customer loyalty in small and medium-sized enterprises (Smes). Business: Theory and Practice, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.3846/btp.2020.11612 Haryanti, T., & Subriadi, A. P. (2020). Factors and theories for E-commerce adoption: A literature review. In International Journal of Electronic Commerce Studies (Vol. 11, Issue 2). https://doi.org/10.7903/IJECS.1910 Ismail, N. A., & Masud, M. M. (2020). Prospects and Challenges in Improving E- Commerce Connectivity in Malaysia. E-Commerce Connectivity in ASEAN, 5(April). Kaushik, D., Gupta, A., & Gupta, S. (2020). E-Commerce Security Challenges: A Review. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3595304 Khan, S. W. (2019). Cyber Security Issues and Challenges in E-Commerce. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3323741 Reddy, N. A., & Divekar, B. R. (2014). A Study of Challenges Faced By E-commerce Companies in India and Methods Employed to Overcome Them. Procedia Economics and Finance, 11. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2212-5671(14)00220-2 Roslan, R., & Abd Ghafar, N. (2021). E-COMMERCE CHALLENGES AMONG DIGITAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP STUDENTS, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Management Practices, 4(13). https://doi.org/10.35631/ijemp.413004 Salehi, A. (2013). Barriers and challenges of e-commerce in Iran. Advances in Environmental Biology, 7(8). Salminen, J., Kandpal, C., Kamel, A. M., Jung, S. gyo, & Jansen, B. J. (2022). Creating and detecting fake reviews of online products. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2021.102771 Vargas, V. M., & Budz, S. (2019). Opportunities and challenges in the e-commerce of the food sector. Quality - Access to Success, 20(S2).