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ABSTRACT The banking sector goes about as a spine of present-day business. An efficient financial framework is a need for the monetary advancement of a nation. In India, all business banks barring Regional Rural Banks and Local Area Banks have become Basel II consistent as of March 31, 2009. Banks being basic parts of the budgetary framework are the best method to produce the credit stream of cash in commercial sectors. Simultaneously banking industry like numerous other money-related administrations face a quickly evolving market, new advances, monetary feelings of trepidation, frightful rivalry, and particularly more clients' requests. The focal goal of the examination is to experimentally explore a function of Indian banks in the capital arrangement and financial development. Examination depends on the auxiliary information which gives the discoveries on commercial banks and how it is useful in monetary turn of events. The information investigation of the 47 commercial banks of India uncovered the expanded financial plan of advances gave each year. It is along these lines suggested that endeavors ought to be made by the money-related specialists to viably deal with the bank's greatest loaning of banks. This approach push will in all likelihood result in expanded speculation exercises which will improve the capital development in India required for its genuine area ventures and modern development. INTRODUCTION In this section, an endeavor is made to examine the significance of commercial banks, the commercial framework of the Indian economy. The birthplace, development, customary and current financial frameworks, and difficulties confronting the banking industry in India, Tamil Nadu, and Madurai area are talked about in this. The fluctuated parts of client administrations of business banks and the advantages clients get from them are likewise broke down. What is Commercial Bank? A bank, which embraces a wide range of the normal financial business is known as a business or commercial bank. It is purported in light of the fact that it gives credit to business and exchange exercises. They get short-and medium-term stores from general society, award momentary advances, and advances. They gracefully working funding to enterprises to empower them to continue fabricating exercises. They award credits and advances on the supplies of rural wares, mechanical products, and so forth. They rebate interior and unfamiliar bills and accordingly money global exchange. They likewise play out specific office administrations, for example, an assortment of checks, profits, enthusiasm on ventures, issue of drafts, letter of credit, secured checks, speculation warning administrations, and so forth. Business or commercial banks in India are composed as business entities known as banking organizations. These banks are essentially grouped into planned banks and non-booked banks. The Second Schedule of the Reserve Bank of India Act contains a rundown of banks that are portrayed as "planned banks". Planned banks incorporate nationalized banks, State Bank of India and its auxiliaries, private area, and unfamiliar banks. Non-planned banks are those which are excluded from the second Schedule of the Reserve Banks of India Act. MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF COMMERCIAL BANKS Business or commercial Banks assume a significant function in our economy. Financial masterminds and reformist investors have focused on the significance of business banks during the time spent monetary advancement every once in a while. The significance of business banks can best be shown by a short clarification of their significant capacities. Creating Money: One of the significant elements of business banks and a distinctive element that isolates them from other monetary establishments is the capacity to make and pulverize cash. This is cultivated by the loaning and putting exercises of business banks in collaboration with the national bank. Actually, banks are purveyors of cash as well as makers of cash. The influence of the business banking framework to make cash is of incredible financial noteworthiness. It brings about the flexible credit framework that is essential for monetary advancement at a generally consistent pace of development. In the event that bank credit was not accessible, the extension of our creation offices would be much of the time unthinkable or postponed until assets could be amassed out of benefits or different sources. Simultaneously, the cash flexibly ought not to increment at a quicker rate than the creation of merchandise to maintain a strategic distance from swelling. In this way, if cash gracefully slacks it will prompt flattening, and on the off chance that cash flexibly surpasses, at that point, it will prompt expansion. Both these circumstances are unwanted from a monetary perspective. Business banks assume a significant part in the economy by controlling the cash gracefully. Payment Mechanism: Accommodating an installment component or move of assets is one of the significant capacities performed by business banks. The expanding productivity with which assets are overseen can be seen from the complete cash gracefully and money with people in general. For instance, the cash with people in general as of March 2008 was Rs.5,67,746 crore while cash gracefully on that date was Rs. 40,28,158 crores.2 Hence, 14.09 percent of complete cash gracefully was with general society while the parity 85.91 percent represents stores with the banks. The bank plays out this installment system through clearing checks. Pooling of savings: Commercial or Business banks play out a significant support of all areas of the economy by giving offices to the pooling of investment funds and making them accessible for monetarily and socially attractive - purposes. The saver is remunerated with the enthusiasm on his reserve funds that are sheltered in store structure with the bank. Extension of Credit: The essential capacity of business banks is the expansion of credit to commendable borrowers. In making credit accessible, business banks are delivering an extraordinary social assistance; through their activity’s creation is expanded, capital speculation is extended and a better quality of living is figured it out. Expansion of exchange is finished by financing for homegrown exchange, unfamiliar exchange and industry. Safe Keeping of Valuables: The protected keeping of assets is perhaps the most seasoned assistance gave by business banks. They have vaults that are protected from thieves. For this administration banks charge ostensible charge. Such administrations delivered by banks help them to get more stores by drawing in more clients. Agency Services: Other than the above capacities, banks go about as an operator of their clients. As a specialist, they gather profit, lease, and charges and endorse the offer of offers and debentures and work as a trustee. They additionally deal with budgetary items for the benefit of their customers. For these administrations, they charge an assistance charge. GROWTH OF COMMERCIAL BANKING IN INDIA Banking during Pre-nationalization Period: A synoptic presentation in banking in India in the Pre-British regime has been made by T.A. Vaswani in his book Indian Banking System. He mentions that, in the Vedic literature, which historians place around 2000-1400 BC, there are references to credit transactions. The Buddhist Jatakas of the fifth and sixth centuries BC mention moneylenders. Manu Smriti, said to have been written sometime in the second or third century AD, contains separate chapters on ‘recovery of debt’ and ‘deposits and pledges’. In Kautilya’s ‘Arthasastra’ there have been references on ‘interest rate’. The Jain Temples at Dilwara, Mt. Abu bear silent testimony to the wealth of Jain Bankers. Another indigenous banking community the Multaniyas of the 14th century is reported to have acted as financiers to the Sultans of Delhi. The memoirs of French traveler Tavernier give valuable insight into the methods of business of indigenous bankers in the 17th century. According to him, there was not a village where an indigenous banker did not practice his business. Modem Banking has come to India on western lines from the earliest starting point of the nineteenth century. The most punctual establishments which embraced banking business under the British system were the office houses which continued financial business notwithstanding their exchanging exercises. The greater part of these foundations shut their entryways during the period 1829-32. The main joint-stock bank was begun at Calcutta by the name of Bank of Hindustan in the year 1770 and was under European Management Three banks for the sake of Bank of Calcutta (1806), the Bank of Bombay (1840), and the Bank of Madras (1843) were begun with monetary support by the Government These banks were known as 'Administration Banks" and were given the privilege of note issue. The primary absolutely Indian Bank was the Oudh Commercial Bank, which appeared in the year 1881, trailed by Punjab National Bank in 1894. In 1905, 1913, and 1921 there were not kidding banking emergencies. The three official banks were amalgamated to shape the Imperial Bank of India, which began working on 27th January 1921. In 1955, the Imperial Bank of India was reconstituted as the State Bank of India and changed over into an absolutely business bank. In 1959-60, the State Bank of India assumed control over the seven commonplace banks as its auxiliaries. Numerous little banks were additionally converged with the State Bank of India. Nationalization of Banks: The nationalization of 14 significant business banks was the start of a transformation in the field of Indian Banking. It was not the same as the nationalization of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) in 1949 and nationalization of the Imperial Bank in 1955, as these were having almost no financial effect contrasted with the progressions got 1969. The reasoning behind the nationalization of banks by the Government of India was clarified by the then Prime Minister Mrs. Indira Gandhi in her discourse just before nationalization. She stated, "while the country is resolved to set up a communist example of society, the Government felt that the public possession and control of the directing stature of the public economy and of its vital areas were basic and significant parts of the new social request which we are attempting to construct. As the budgetary organizations are among the most significant switches for the accomplishment of its social targets, the nationalization of people groups' reserve funds and canalizing them toward beneficial purposes, the Government felt that the public responsibility for significant banks will help in the best assembly and advancement of public assets so our goals can be acknowledged with an incredible level of affirmation." With the social goal, fourteen driving business banks were nationalized on July 19, 1969. After a pass of over ten years of the primary period of nationalization of banks, on April 15, 1980, six additional banks were nationalized in the second period of nationalization. The New Bank of India was later converged with the Punjab National Bank in 1993. The IDBI Bank got the status of a business bank in the year 2004 and ordered as Other Public Sector Bank by the RBI. Hence, there are 28 public area banks, which incorporate the State Bank of India and its seven auxiliaries, 19 nationalized banks, and IDBI bank under the classification of other banks. IMPORTANCE OF COMMERCIAL BANK Today banks have saturated into our life more the ever previously. Some time ago the urbanites alone had the benefit of getting a charge out of the financial administrations. Presently banks have spread all over in the niche and corner of the nation. Other than playing out their customary business arranged capacity obliging the requirements of the huge masses of rustic and metropolitan individuals, they are additionally occupied with the nation's monetary recreation and improvement. They take into account the requirements of agriculturists, industrialists, brokers and to the wide range of various areas of the general public. They quicken the monetary development of the nation and steer the wheels of the economy towards its objective of "confidence in all areas". The idea of banking industry has radically changed in present day times from a business managing cash exchanges to a business, identified with data on budgetary exchanges. This suggests that data innovation assumes an essential part in offering better types of assistance to clients at a lower cost. Especially, in the developing serious worldwide financial situation, innovation 47 administration holds the way to progress. The future chiefs in banking will be the individuals who can effectively coordinate their innovation insight with their business techniques. The desires for the clients from the financial business are complex and ever expanding. The two chiefs and the representatives of banking area understand that just through inventive reasoning they can contribute altogether to the gainfulness and food of the financial business. Clients have come to check the 'specialized components' of administrations, for example, center and systematization of the administration conveyance as the measuring stick in separating great and awful execution. Explores and researches had additionally indicated that associations in the administration area are more vulnerable to mark dependability disintegrations because of falling client impression of the administration. Client assistance is a significant extra in any endeavor particularly in business and administration associations like banks. Throughout each and every day banks manage clients, be it the investors or borrowers, or anyone who strolls into its gateways for executing any monetary business. They currently offer a basketful of administrations to their clients. They are attempting to make their client a "satisfied client" or more each of them a "fulfilled client" by offering a bigger number of administrations than the inventiveness of a client can interest. Presently a day, a solid rivalry between business banks has emerged in giving top-notch monetary administrations to clients by utilizing data innovation, decreasing costs, expanding benefits, and contend with global banks. In the time of innovatively upheld rivalry, the mindfulness level of clients is raising regularly. Desires for clients from banks are 48 mountings to have a wide selection of items and administrations. The idea of age to age banking has likewise gone through changes. The client's steadfastness is currently adapted by the nature of the results of the administration and its conveyance component. All these have required the banks to deliver warm and magnificent client assistance. SERVICES OFFERED BY COMMERCIAL BANKS Today, all banks fundamentally offer comparable kinds of administrations and offices to the clients. Client administrations might be characterized into three heads. The accompanying figure clarifies the sort of administrations offered by the banks.  PRIMARY SERVICES: The above all else administrations of business banks are tolerating stores and allowing advances and advances to their clients. Coming up next are the essential administrations of business banks in India. 1. ACCEPTING DEPOSITS: The most significant movement of a business bank is to prepare stores from general society. Individuals who have surplus salary and investment funds think that it’s helpful to store the sums with banks. Contingent on the idea of stores, reserves kept with bank likewise win premium. Current Deposits: current record is a record which is commonly opened by financial specialists for their benefit. Cash can be stored and pulled back whenever. Cash can be pulled back simply by methods for checks. Typically, a broker doesn't permit any enthusiasm as the sum stored in these records is repayable on request with no limitation. Saings Deposits: Savings store account is intended for people who wish to store modest quantities out of their present pay. It helps in safe guarding their future and furthermore gaining enthusiasm on the investment funds. A sparing record can be opened with or without check book office. There are limitations on the withdrawals from this record. Bank account holders are likewise permitted to store checks, drafts, profit warrants, and so on Fixed Deposits: The term fixed store implies store repayable after the expiry of a predetermined period. Since it is repayable simply after a fixed timeframe, which is to be resolved at the hour of opening of the record, it is otherwise called time store. Fixed stores are generally helpful for a business bank. Since they are repayable simply after a fixed period, the bank may contribute these assets all the more beneficially by loaning at higher paces of premium and for moderately longer periods. Recurring Deposits: Recurring stores are increasing wide prevalence nowadays. Under this kind of store, the contributor is needed to store a fixed measure of cash each month for a particular timeframe. Every portion may fluctuate from '5/ - or more every month and the time of record may differ from a year to 72 months. After the culmination of the predefined period, the client gets back his kept sum alongside the aggregate intrigue accumulated on the stores. Miscellaneous Deposits: Notwithstanding the over, a mushroom development of stores has come into training. Actually, for the majority of the above stores, repeating store conspire structures the premise. Banks have acquainted a few store plans with pull in stores from various kinds of individuals, similar to home development store plot, affliction advantage store conspire, kids blessing plan, mature age benefits plot, scaled down store conspire and so forth. 2. GRANT OF LOANS AND ADVANCES: The second significant assistance of a business bank is to concede credits and advances. Such advances and advances are given to individuals from general society and to the business network at a higher pace of enthusiasm than permitted by banks on different storage accounts. The pace of intrigue charged on credits and advances shifts relying on the reason, time frame, and the method of reimbursement. The contrast between the pace of premium permitted on stores and the rate charged on the credits is the fundamental wellspring of a bank's salary.  Cash Credit: A money credit is a course of action whereby the bank consents to loan cash to the borrower up to a specific cutoff. The bank puts this measure of cash to the credit of the borrower. The borrower draws the cash as and when he needs it. Intrigue is charged uniquely on the sum really drawn and not on the sum set to the credit of the borrower's record. Money credit is commonly conceded on an obligation of credit or certain different protections. This is a mainstream technique for loaning in our nation.  Loans: A predefined sum authorized by a bank to the client is known as an 'advance'. It is conceded for a fixed period, state a half year, or a year. The predetermined sum is put on the credit of the borrower's record. He can pull back this sum in a single amount or can draw checks against this total for any sum. Intrigue is charged on everything regardless of whether the borrower doesn't use it. The pace of premium is lower on advances in contrast with money credit. A credit is commonly conceded against the security of property or individual security. The advance might be reimbursed in a single amount or in portions. Each bank has its own technique of giving credits. Thus, a bank is at freedom to give advance contingent upon its own assets. The credit can be allowed as a) Demand advance b) Term advance. a) Demand Loan: Demand advance is repayable on request. As such it is repayable at short notification. The whole measure of interest advance is dispensed at one time and the borrower needs to pay enthusiasm on it. The borrower can reimburse the credit either in a single amount (once) or as concurred with the bank. Advances are regularly allowed by the bank against unmistakable protections including protections like N.S.C., Kisan Vikas Patra, Life Insurance arrangements, and U.T.I. endorsements. b) Term Loans: Medium and long-haul advances are called 'term credits'. Term advances are conceded for over one year and reimbursement of such advances is spread over a more extended period. The reimbursement is commonly made in reasonable portions of a fixed sum. These advances are repayable over a time of 5 years and greatest up to 15 years. Term credit is needed to set up the new business movement, redesign, modernization, development/expansion of existing units, acquisition of plant and hardware, vehicles, advance for setting up an industrial facility, development of manufacturing plant building or acquisition of other steadfast resources. These credits are by and large made sure about against the home loan of land, plant and hardware, building, and different protections. The typical pace of intrigue charged for such credits is commonly very high. Bank Oerdraft: Office is pretty much like the money credit office. Overdraft office is the consequence of concurrence with the bank by which a current record holder is permitted to pull back a predetermined sum well beyond the credit balance in his/her record. It is a momentary office. This office is made accessible to current record holders who work their records through checks. The client is allowed to pull back the sum as and when he/she needs it and to reimburse it through stores in his record as and when it is helpful to him/her. Overdraft office is commonly allowed by banks based on a composed solicitation by the client. A few times, banks additionally demand either a promissory note from the borrower or individual security to guarantee the well-being of assets. Intrigue is charged on real sum pulled back by the client. The financing cost on overdraft is higher than that of the rate borrowed. Discounting of Bills: Apart from giving money credit, advances, and overdraft, banks likewise award monetary help to clients by limiting bills of trade. Banks buy the bills at face esteem short enthusiasm at the current pace of enthusiasm for the time of the bill. This is known as 'limiting of bills'. Bills of trade are debatable instruments and empower the indebted individuals to release their commitments towards their loan bosses. Such bills of trade emerge out of business exchanges both in the interior and outside the exchange. By limiting these bills before they are expected for an ostensible sum, the banks help the business network. Obviously, the banks recuperate everything of these bills from the people subject to make installment.  SECONDARY SERVICES: The optional administrations of business banks are ordered into organization administrations and general utility administrations. Coming up next are the optional administrations of business banks. 1. AGENCY SERVICES: Agency administrations are those administrations which are delivered by the business banks as operators of their clients. They include: Assortment and installment of checks and bills in the interest of the clients. An assortment of profits, intrigue, and lease, and so on in the interest of clients, if so, taught by clients. Buy and offer offers and protections for the benefit of clients. Installment of lease, intrigue, protection premium, memberships, and so forth for the benefit of clients, if so taught. Going about as a trustee or agent. Going about as operators or reporters in the interest of clients for different banks and monetary establishments at home and abroad. Bancassurance administrations to their clients by business banks. Bancassurance as a method for dissemination of protected items is as of now in power. 2. GENERAL UTILITY SERVICES: General utility administrations are those administrations which are delivered by business banks not exclusively to the clients yet additionally to the overall population. These are accessible to general society on installment of an expense or charge. They include: Giving letters of credit, voyagers' checks and blessing checks. Endorsing of offers, debentures, and so on  Safe-guarding of assets in store storage. Guaranteeing credits drifted by government and public bodies. Providing exchange data and factual information valuable to clients. Going about as a ref with respect to the budgetary status of clients. Undertaking unfamiliar trade business. Entryway step banking like get of money, get of instruments, conveyance of money against checks got at the counter and conveyance of interest draft. Vendor banking like money related, specialized and administrative administrations under one rooftop.  TECHNOLOGICAL SERVICES: Banking exercises through the conventional conveyance channel of branch networks were on the decay and clients could do banking business from the agreeable bounds of their homes utilizing most present-day electronic conveyance channels. 12 Banks had the option to convey their items more inexpensively than the customary branch networks stacked with costly staff. The data innovation had empowered banks to build the scope of their items additionally and market them all the more viably. The well-known technological services are the following: ATM (Automated Teller Machine) Credit Card Debit Card Smart Card Internet Banking Core Banking Mobile Banking Tele-Banking E-Cheques Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) Electronic Clearing Services (ECS) Shared Payment Network System (SPNS) Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS) National Electronic Funds Transfer (NEFT) Demat CONCLUSION Business banks assume a significant function in the economy of a nation as they make cash by pooling reserve funds in type of stores and loaning for better utilizes; encourages installment component; and give an assortment of administrations. Business banks in India, in its modem structure, exist since 1770 yet got force after the nationalization of banks that occurred in the year 1969. From that point, banking area had experienced many change measures. In any case, it was discovered that the money related execution of the vast majority of the banks crumbled. To reinforce the financial area all in all, change measures were suggested by M. Narasimha in 1991 and 1998 in phased manner.

Introduction Economic growth can only be sustained if it is supported by a well-educated workforce. As various theories of economic growth say, human capital is an important factor in economic development. Education, health care, training, immigration, and other expenditures that increase an individual's productivity are all considered human assets in economic literature. When it comes to human capital, economists have focused on the function of education and training, but have neglected to consider the importance of physical and mental health. A new wave of research has recently focused on health and the potential link between improved well-being and increased economic output (Raza, Majeed & Islam, 2013). Improved health has a positive impact on the economy, but the link is two-way. The Pakistani government's National Health Policy of 2009 was a major step in the right direction. Health workers will be retrained, and reliable health data will be gathered and used in the planning and implementation of the program. Technology will be used with caution. Pakistan is dedicated to achieving these objectives and implementing an improved 2015 policy plan. Death rates for adults, children, and pregnant women should all drop by 2015 thanks to a variety of health-related initiatives and measures. Importance As was discussed in the beginning of this article, a great deal of research has been done on the topic of the connection between the growth of human capital and economic expansion. According to these studies, human capital has a direct correlation with growth in economic output. As recently as the last decade, there has been an explosion of research into the link between health and economic development (Muhammad, Khan & Hassan, 2016). According to Mirvis, Chang & Cosby (2008), a positive correlation exists between the adult mortality rate and economic growth. This holds true even when life expectancy is substituted for the adult survival rate. Economic growth, on the other hand, has a negative relationship with the fertility rate (Mirvis, Chang & Cosby, 2008). Life expectancy is heavily impacted by the death rate of children. The growth of the workforce is usually smaller than the increase of the population. In the end, a high fertility rate hurts economic growth because it puts more pressure on resources that are already scarce. Additionally, Raza & Majeed (2013) measures health status based on the likelihood of adult survival for each gender and age group. The results of a causality test of the Granger type show that improvements in Latin America's health status, particularly in Brazil and Mexico, are linked to rising economic activity. Annual income increases of 0.8% to 1.5% are related to better adult health (Bhargava et al., 2001). Furthermore, the growth impact of improving the health of women is greater than that of improving the health of men. For example, according to Fogel (2004), GDP is positively affected by both life expectancy and educational attainment. Both labor productivity and capital accumulation can be increased by improving health. One year of increased life expectancy in a population resulted in an increase in productivity of 4%. Based on survival and life expectancy rates for adults with average heights in different nations, Fogel (2004) found that health has a significant impact on economic disparities. Variability in people's health status across countries explains 17–20% of the variation in income across countries (Fogel, 2004). Arora (2001) uses life expectancy at birth, at ages five, ten, fifteen, and twenty, and the structure of adolescence as health indicators for 10 industrialized countries. A new study found that a 30–40% rise in long-term economic growth can be attributed to better health. According to the study, developing countries' low long-term growth can be attributed to high rates of disease prevalence and death (Muhammad, Khan & Hassan, 2016). Grimm (2011) studied the impact of the death rate on economic growth. One study found that an increased mortality rate reduces economic growth by shortening the temporal horizon. Consequently, people choose activities that provide short-term gains at the expense of long-term benefits (Grimm, 2011). Effects To put it another way, health is wealth in the most basic sense. In terms of overall human well-being, physical fitness is the most significant factor. It is a logical claim that a country's high per capita economic growth is caused by a healthy population (Bhargava et al., 2001). Robustness increases the ability of employees to accomplish their jobs and reduces sickness, disability, and the ratio of sick days taken each day, as well as shrinks the number of people who can get better-paying jobs through other means Fogel (2004). In addition, a healthy lifestyle can help students do better in school. The growth economists who have included human capital in their research have been praised for their superior attention to the impact of entrepreneurial education on entrepreneurial intention, but they have shown carelessness in the case of human capital. Researchers have been trying to figure out how health affects economic growth for a long time now, not just recently. There were 28 deaths per 100 live births in developing countries during the 1950s; this number rose to 63 in the 1990s, while the average life expectancy was raised from 40 to 63 years (Bhargava et al., 2001). At the same time, the death toll among children has been reduced as a result of effective immunization. As a result, mortality rates in less developed countries are ten times higher than in countries with a well-established market economy. Pregnancy-related deaths claim the lives of about 400,000 women each year (Raza, Majeed & Islam, 2013). On average, maternal mortality rates in developing nations are 30 times higher than in high-income countries. However, mortality rates are decreasing with time as a result of sound health policies. According to an economic analysis, the government's shortfall in Pakistan is expected to be largely funded by underinvestment in the health sector (Muhammad, Khan & Hassan, 2016). Pakistan is ranked last on this list. Pakistan had high rates of neonatal and maternal mortality, which reduced the country's life expectancy. Impact and mechanisms The business sector stands to gain significantly from the adoption of the health economic model proposed here. Benefits provided by companies, rather than pay, are often based on the goals of improving recruitment and retention, the desire to benefit from particular tax advantages, and the ethical value of improving human well-being (Fronstin & Werntz, 2004). An economic investment case for health care is outlined in the "health as an economic engine" approach. As with other types of financing and infrastructure, health care for employees is an investment in education that adds value to the company, not just a benefit cost. According to Fogel (2004) successful initiatives by companies to boost productivity through employee wellness have been documented (2000). The financial impact of illness on a firm is enormous. Every year, the equivalent of over two million full-time employees miss work due to illness-related absences (Fogel, 2004). Because of the increased "presenteeism" that their bad health causes, the decreased productivity of sick employees while they are on the job has an even greater influence on costs. As many as one-fourth of workers have at least one day a month when they are either unable to work because of a medical issue or are less productive at their job (Raza, Majeed & Islam, 2013). Chronic pain and depression have been shown to have a significant impact on productivity in recent studies (Mirvis & Clay, 2008). There is an estimated $44 billion in lost productivity costs to companies each year due to depression in the workplace. Over $61 billion in productivity is lost each year as a result of pain. Presenteeism accounted for more than three- fourths of all lost productivity in each case. Employees who aren't in good health or die young leave their jobs more often, which raises the cost of replacing them and reduces the long-term benefits that come with long-term experience (Mirvis & Clay, 2008). Over the course of a decade, the total economic effect of chronic disease-related absences and tardiness might reach $5.7 trillion by 2030. Evidence from papers In Pakistan, there is debate about whether or not the "health as an economic engine" approach can work and how it can be used (Bhargava et al., 2001). In general, the study of the relationship between health and economic growth is difficult. It is necessary to consider a variety of factors, such as whether or not health and economic indicators should be used; whether or not causality exists and, if so, in which direction; whether or not it is a primary force; and whether or not non-health variables, such as education and social cohesion, should be considered as covariates (Mirvis, Chang & Cosby, 2008). Furthermore, others have questioned the link between health and economic conditions. According to reports, changes in adult survival explain only a small portion of the variation in per capita income across counties (Mirvis & Clay, 2008). Others say that the model downplays the value of good health on its own in favor of its role in economic growth and that it puts more emphasis on spending on health care than on social reforms that would really help people get out of poverty. It is yet to be demonstrated empirically if it can be applied to parts of an affluent country like the United States, as opposed to poor countries as a whole. To be sure, there are generalizable principles for how health impacts economic development that were discussed at the symposium (Grimm, 2011). Even within a reasonably wealthy nation, the dynamics of health and wealth may be different in a poor section of the country than in the entire country. Health and economic development appear to be more closely linked in impoverished countries than in wealthier ones, according to a number of studies, including Preston's fundamental work (Grimm, 2011). Some comparatively wealthy people in a poor country may be better off than the impoverished in a rich country (Grimm, 2011). It is also possible that a region's relative richness and health can be buffered by the rest of the country's wealth and health, such that the national qualities may take precedence over those of a single region. It is possible that inside a single nation, the flow of resources, information, and technology is superior to the flow between richer and poorer ones. Conclusion The short-term and long-term effects of healthy human capital on economic growth are the primary focus of this article. To achieve this goal, cointegration is necessary. Error correction strategies have been employed in conjunction with this method. There is a relationship between per capita GDP and a variety of other factors, such as the number of people in secondary school and the average age of those enrolled, as well as life expectancy and the mortality rate, but no such association exists for health care spending. The findings show that long-term economic growth is strongly influenced by the health of the population because all health outcomes have a substantial impact on long-term economic growth. According to the error correction model, health indicators do not have a major impact on economic growth in the short term (Raza, Majeed & Islam, 2013). In the short term, there doesn't seem to be a link between health and economic growth, which suggests that health's effects only happen over the long term. By expanding and improving human capital, countries with low human capital can achieve high levels of per capita income like Pakistan, especially if existing stock levels are low. Further research shows that public health expenditures play just a little effect in determining GDP per person (Grimm, 2011). The findings of this study imply that since health is an important component of human capital, it must be taken into account when calculating growth rates for the population at large. For the past several years, there has been an urgent need to do a study that examines the dynamics of Pakistan's health care market. Also, there needs to be a comparison of how private and public health care facilities contribute to improving the health of human capital (Grimm, 2011). References Raza, K., Majeed, S., & Islam, M. (2013). The Impact of Health Indicators on Economic Growth in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences. Mirvis, D. M., & Clay, J. A. (2008). Health and economic development: reframing the pathway. Journal of health and human services administration, 134-155. Fogel, R. W. (2004). Health, nutrition, and economic growth. Economic development and cultural change, 52(3), 643-658. Grimm, M. (2011). Does inequality in health impede economic growth?. Oxford Economic Papers, 63(3), 448-474. Mirvis, D. M., Chang, C. F., & Cosby, A. (2008). Health as an economic engine: evidence for the importance of health in economic development. Journal of Health and Human Services Administration, 30-57. Bhargava, A., Jamison, D. T., Lau, L. J., & Murray, C. J. (2001). Modeling the effects of health on economic growth. Journal of health economics, 20(3), 423-440. Muhammad, K., Khan, S., & Hassan, S. M. (2016). Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to explore some of the different factors that influence how people shop online. The study seeks to answer the research question, what are the challenges facing e- commerce today? The goal is to analyse the factors affecting e-commerce and determine whether or not there is a physical influence on this growing trend. Introduction This study aimed to focus on e-commerce its effects on economy and the challenges it faces today. Since the beginning of time people have been buying goods and services both physically and via an e-commerce platform. In recent times shopping via e-commerce platforms has escalated drastically especially due to the evolvement and advancements made in technology. Social media having made a very huge impact on this trend a lot of companies have used this platform to market and advertise their products and businesses since a large multitude of people having been using them to interact. This has been largely observed during the pandemic period when there was a country-wide lockdown and people could not leave their houses unless they were essential personnel and thus people had to work from home over the internet. People of all ages and social classes interact with the internet every day and thus expanding an eligible market for a company’s goods and services. As a result e-commerce platforms have become countless, from well-known sites like Alibaba, Amazon and E-bay, to smaller sites that are nationwide such as Jumia and Kilimall. The days are gone of having to pay a visit to the supermarket to purchase groceries or go to the boutique to make shoe and cloth purchases. Now it doesn’t matter your size, age, gender, or social standing if you want to buy something. People can now create their own accounts and shop whatever they desire. Review of literature Cyber-security Businesses need procedures and policies so that they create a strong cyber security framework for the organization. In the event of a cyber-attack, a business cannot afford to have downtime in its operations because every transaction that it makes counts towards achieving its success. Businesses especially small ones depend on that income therefore they need to keep their data safe and secure while also encouraging employees to implement policies to combat cyber- attacks. The business needs to be proactive and have a response plan in case of an attack, they should also have software that detects and reports before and when an attack is taking place. A platform that does not have adequate security to keep its user's information private and confidential attracts little or no customers. As a result, businesses should make backups of their data and update their e-commerce sites from time to time as a measure to prevent h acking and security breaches. Identity verification of customers When performing transactions online with customers it is hard to tell apart a serious customer and one that is not even when a user enters their details the genuineness of the data they provide is questionable. Since the website mostly asks for an address and a phone number it's very simple for a user to provide wrong information and when they do so and even make a payment on delivery order, the organization usually ends up making a great loss in terms of cost. Therefore websites need to take the necessary steps to decline these risks for example they may need software that makes an automatic call when a customer places an order so that they can prevent fake orders and send verification codes via SMS to validate customers' identity. Product returns and refund policies Having a good return/refund policy is important to the business, customer satisfaction here should be a priority to make your brand stand out. Whatever product is being sold should be exactly similar to what is being advertised. The organization should have a transparent, easy, and simple return policy so that the customers are more likely to trust that whatever you are selling is worth the money. Customer loyalty Acquiring a new customer is more costly than retaining one, therefore, building customer loyalty is very important in a business it is an indicator of firm performance. When an online store does not meet or understand the needs of its customers it may end up costing them, one customer. Since the transaction between the retailer and the buyer is carried out online building trust between them is difficult. Building that trust may take a few transactions and great customer service. Customer experience Customers usually expect the same experience from one store to another in terms of the website's flow and its segmentation. How the retailer has personalized their products is important while putting into consideration a shopper’s references. Since the shopping is online customers expect a wider variety and range of products and services with different prices altogether. The websites need to treat their customers well online as they would offline. Price and shipping Customers are often attracted to e-commerce sites that have free shipping than those that you have to pay a shipping fee for. The goal for the organization should be to keep shipping fee costs very low and to offer free shipping discounts when a customer purchases a certain amount of many goods. Prices of products on the site should also be fair and even relatively cheaper than the competition to attract more customers while still maintaining quality. Customer service Great customer service is key so that customer satisfaction is maintained. Constant communication with customers is important so that they are kept informed of what is happening. For instance, when there is a delay in shipment and a customer is not informed they most likely will get frustrated and will never shop at your site again. Also if there was damage to their product during shipment they should be informed earlier so that you can start negotiating on how to rectify and deal with the situation. REFRENCES Al-Tit, A. A. (2020). E-commerce drivers and barriers and their impact on e-customer loyalty in small and medium-sized enterprises (Smes). Business: Theory and Practice, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.3846/btp.2020.11612 Haryanti, T., & Subriadi, A. P. (2020). Factors and theories for E-commerce adoption: A literature review. In International Journal of Electronic Commerce Studies (Vol. 11, Issue 2). https://doi.org/10.7903/IJECS.1910 Ismail, N. A., & Masud, M. M. (2020). Prospects and Challenges in Improving E- Commerce Connectivity in Malaysia. E-Commerce Connectivity in ASEAN, 5(April). Kaushik, D., Gupta, A., & Gupta, S. (2020). E-Commerce Security Challenges: A Review. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3595304 Khan, S. W. (2019). Cyber Security Issues and Challenges in E-Commerce. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3323741 Reddy, N. A., & Divekar, B. R. (2014). A Study of Challenges Faced By E-commerce Companies in India and Methods Employed to Overcome Them. Procedia Economics and Finance, 11. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2212-5671(14)00220-2 Roslan, R., & Abd Ghafar, N. (2021). E-COMMERCE CHALLENGES AMONG DIGITAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP STUDENTS, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Management Practices, 4(13). https://doi.org/10.35631/ijemp.413004 Salehi, A. (2013). Barriers and challenges of e-commerce in Iran. Advances in Environmental Biology, 7(8). Salminen, J., Kandpal, C., Kamel, A. M., Jung, S. gyo, & Jansen, B. J. (2022). Creating and detecting fake reviews of online products. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2021.102771 Vargas, V. M., & Budz, S. (2019). Opportunities and challenges in the e-commerce of the food sector. Quality - Access to Success, 20(S2).

Introduction Employee recruitment is one of the factors that help an organization hire the right staff in line with organizational culture and goals. While the recruitment of employees has evolved from traditional interviews to virtual interviews and online hiring, multinational enterprises (MNEs) struggle to hire employees to operate beyond the confinement of one country. As a result, international human resource managers employ other recruitment approaches such as the systematic hiring of foreign fresh graduates (FFGs) into MNEs. Hiring foreign staff is essential in solving international human resource management (IHRM) challenges such as staffing, the search for boundary spanners, and diversity challenges. Through the FFGs approach, MNEs can promote the viability and use of international personnel development methods to create a diverse workforce, overcome ethnocentrism, and meet global production demands. While small and medium enterprises (SMEs) work with employees from the same demographics and physical locations, MNEs have to consider global business demands when hiring their staff. According to Conrad and Meyer-Ohle (2017), FFGs can be a solution utilized in MNEs in Japan. The recruitment approach can be used as an international human resource development method that overcomes aspects of ethnocentric firms. The authors researched to examine Japan's domestic configurations and dealing with liberal market economies. Works of literature covered in this section follow Saunders, Lewis, and Thornhill's (2019)'s research opinion concept of deductive research, where generic information is shared and used to lead to more specific hypotheses and conclusions. Literature Review In the context of the article, understanding IHRM practices in Japanese MNEs requires a deeper understanding of the meaning of ethnocentrism. Using past literature, Conrad and Meyer­ Ohle, (2017) define ethnocentrism as the aspect of hiring more staff with home-country nationals dominating the headquarters while expatriates operate the international subsidiaries of an MNE. In contrast, polycentric MNE allows autonomy of international expatriates and their involvement in home-country operations while geocentric MNEs fill positions without any regard for nationality, just ability. In their examination of literature, Conrad and Meyer-Ohle, (2017) revealed three key points; a) Japanese companies are perceived to be ethnocentric, b) Japanese companies implemented FFGs approach in foreign graduate students from Japanese universities in 2010 c)FFG shares similarities with inpatriation (Conrad and Meyer-Ohle, 2017). Although Japanese companies are perceived to be ethnocentric, it does not mean that other countries have done any better in fully exploiting the potential in their multinational labor force. Chinese companies and customers have been reported to have ethnocentric characteristics in their product judgment, willingness to buy, and animosity towards foreign products. In particular, Parker, Haytko, and Hermans (2013)'s study found out that Chinese consumers show high levels of ethnocentrism towards U.S products and they were unwilling to buy them (Parker, Haytko and Hermans, 2013). This is in contrast with the authors' literature on the assumption that Japanese companies are perceived to be more ethnocentric (Conrad and Meyer-Ohle, 2017). Another important point from the literature is that Japanese companies implemented FFGs approach in foreign graduate students from Japanese universities until recently. Although FFGs are fairly new to other international spectrums, Japan is one of the countries that has benefitted from the international human resource development method. The company expanded its reach to include students from overseas by focusing on Chinese and South-east Asia universities.  Furthermore, pieces of literature for this study argue that FFG shared similarities with inpatriation, an approach that was favored in Japan. Inpatriation is an approach where foreign nationals were hired and trained in their countries and later transferred to Japanese MNEs' headquarters. Such an approach aimed to hire more non-Japanese employees, develop global talent, and support language learning of English as an official corporate language. The major difference between inpatriation and FFG recruitment is that FFG focuses on fresh graduates without prior work experience in the industry. Despite such a difference, the authors were keen to show that they share similarities in systematically introducing foreign employees into an organization's home country and building a diverse environment. (Conrad and Meyer- Ohle, 2017). Four research questions were presented in the study and they addressed the use of FFG as a new recruitment trend in organizations. The second question addressed elements of FFG selection, recruitment, and onboarding in relation to organizational objectives. The third question considered the challenges of FFG while the last question was about the company characteristics that are shaping FFG hiring (Conrad and Meyer-Ohle, 2017). By outlining research questions, the authors make it clear that their focus is FFG as a new international human resource development method Study Design Although the authors do not explicitly share the hypothesis of the study, its literature review reveals that the development of FFG hiring in Japanese MNEs is an IHRM approach that helps organizations overcome ethnocentrism, global production needs, and diversity. Suing semi­ structured interviews, the author collects data from human resource departments of nineteen MNEs and 33 recruits working for a Japanese MNE for less than four years. The interview took place between June 2014 and April 2016 where the minimum time per interview was one hour and a maximum of two hours. Most of the interviews were conducted in Japanese while others were conducted in English, depending on the interviewee's preference and proficiency in each language (Conrad and Meyer-Ohle, 2017). Leveraging knowledge about firms that openly hire fresh graduates, Conrad and Meyer­ Ohle, (2017) followed a non-random approach in selecting their sample size. This approach was appropriate for their research, especially since companies are always conscious of young foreign graduates sharing information about company practices and policies. For that reason, the sample size was not as large as they could expect. The non-random sample from different HR departments in Japanese MNEs was however inclusive of the top known Japanese MNEs (Conrad and Meyer-Ohle, 2017). As the authors gathered their sample population, they also used their existing contacts in Japan to interact with graduates from different academic institutions. It was through such an approach that they interviewed FFGs from different nationalities and company affiliations. More importantly, they sought access to a Tokyo-based non-profit association to enroll more FFGs for the study. This approach led to more samples of Chinese FFGs, thus raising an issue of bias in participants' responses. The authors' decision to ignore the possible selection bias of participants presents a challenge on how such data can be analyzed without presenting a one-sided response and undermining the hypothesis. By doing so, the authors undermined their research philosophy and their development of new knowledge about new international human resource development approaches (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2019). Additionally, the study design showed bias in its data collection as the authors admitted that they did not hear from HR departments and employees from the same company. Intending to use a pragmatic approach in their research, the authors failed to deductively gain a comparative perspective their interviews and qualitative data collections (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2019). Nevertheless, they argued that their research focus was on individual feedback on FFGs and its effectiveness in Japanese companies, and not a comparative analysis in company HR practices. As the authors addressed inefficiencies in their sample collection, they noted that during the actual interviews they emphasized to their respondents the fact that all responses were anonymous. This was a strategy that aimed to ensure that HR departments and employee participants from the same companies were not afraid to provide their honest responses about FFGs approaches in the company.  Additionally, anonymity was an important factor in any study as it promotes honest responses without fear of victimization (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2019). Despite their efforts, the authors found out that respondents from the same MNEs were not honest and transparent in their responses, thus making the four FFG's interview irrelevant in the study. One valuable lesson learned from the study design is that researchers should always select participants independently, especially when the major focus is not comparative. In contrast, researchers can also hire participants from the same workspace, if the study focus area is limited to a specific case study of an organization or a specific region (Conrad and Meyer- Ohle, 2017) During the interviews, HR participants were asked about company objectives, socialization, selection criteria for FFGs. Furthermore, the interview included questions about HR's experience in training new employees, organizational challenges, and other changes that had to be made about FFG recruitment. Similarly, FFG participants were asked questions about the perceptions and experiences relating to the same issues addressed by the HR participants. Moreover, FFG participants were also asked about the aspects that inspired and motivated them to seek job opportunities in Japan. The authors were also keen to include questions about FFG's experiences with their co-workers, interactions with other stakeholders, and how the Japanese employment system can be improved in the future (Conrad and Meyer-Ohle, 2017). Based on the study design, there was a clear advantage in the use of qualitative methods of data collection. For instance, the authors recorded all interviews, with the permission of participants, thus making it easy to reference back on key details and judge the honesty of respondents based on their tone, and reaction to questions. A major challenge with the design is that it was time-consuming and resource-intensive.  For instance, the researchers had to spend time with their contacts before they could use a referral snowball approach to recruit participants. Inclusion of other mixed methods such as surveys and questionnaires could have sufficed and complemented the semi-structured interviews by overcoming its limitations (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2019). Findings Findings from the study were categorized as per the research questions. When asked about their objectives for using FFG recruitment, HR participants gave varied reasons; however, the most dominant ones were to increase diversity and overseas sales. Unlike the previous inpatriation approach, respondents were not keen on the objective of knowledge exchange when using FFG. When it came to selection, socialization, and training, the respondents revealed that they were not keen on the type of degree, but rather the perceived communicable abilities in a candidate's potential to perform in a diverse workforce. Additionally, findings indicated that new employees underwent orientation programs that helped them understand company philosophies, histories, and code of ethics. Also, employees were assigned their first positions in the first three years and could rotate positions after they were familiar with the core business needs. (Conrad and Meyer-Ohle, 2017). These findings showed how Japanese MNEs automatically assign FFGs to their initial positions of domestic sales as a way of preparing them for other roles within the company. The authors share a lot of challenges encountered by the FFGs and HR representatives. While these challenges are covered in detail, it does not take away from the fact that FFGs have been embraced in Japanese MNEs because of their benefits in diversity and increasing company sales on a global scale. HR respondents revealed that FFGs were not happy because of the lack of clear job descriptions, uniform evaluation standards, and the slow pace of professional development. Although career progression in MNEs and SMEs differs, research by Sijdea, Nair, and During (2013) contradicts the study's findings showing that most graduates prefer to work in MNEs because it offers more salary benefits, job security, and career development. The graduates found MNEs to have attractive opportunities as they have a favored work environment and career progression (Sijdea, Nair and During, 2013). Consequently, the study found out that MNEs were not shy about the challenges relating to culture. Companies shared culture-related challenges with FFGs to manage their expectations. HR respondents were keen to share that organizational practices had changed over the years as inpatriation became redundant and FFG gained momentum. (Conrad and Meyer-Ohle, 2017). Such findings fuel the notion that Japanese MNEs are embracing the new recruitment trends of FFG approaches. Discussions From the study's findings, MNEs used the FFG recruitment approach to meet labor force needs, rather than improve headquarter subsidiary communication. The need for workforce diversity and globalization needs are driving factors behind FFGs use in Japanese MNEs. Further, most Japanese companies retain the dominance of hiring more Japanese graduates in host-countries because of challenges in integrating foreign subsidiaries and their lack of strong socialization about the local staff dichotomy. The authors explain that the frustration of FFG employees is due to their lack of knowledge and understanding of the Japanese employment practices. As result, they make a recommendation for organizations to communicate such issues before employees. (Conrad and Meyer-Ohle, 2017). While communicating such issues can help reduce the FFG expectations, The MNEs have a responsibility to do better than communicate. They should also put more effort into helping FFGs understand the Japanese employment framework by training their senior staff, supervisors, and managers about intercultural practices and international employment practices. Limitations The study presented limitations in its small sample size of 9 HR representatives, thus making it hard to apply in a larger context. Further, the semi-structured interviews were time­ consuming, especially since the study could have benefited from mixed-methods such as questionnaires.  Although the data was collected over 20 months, the authors used a cross­ sectional approach in presenting a snapshot of the FFG recruitment approach in different MNEs and HR departments. The extended periods of data collection affected the respondents' views, especially since MNEs can change recruitment practices to meet their organizational needs (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2019). Conclusions The use of FFG recruitment as a new international human resource development approach can help MNEs achieve workforce diversity and meet global production demands. While the study does not offer a quantitative figure on the number of organizations and respondents that are currently using FFG recruitment, the interview responses reveal that Japanese MNEs are embracing the new recruitment approach because it helps them meet labor force requirements and global performance needs. Some of the challenges that were shared included poor career progression and lack of job descriptions to guide employees during their first assignments. Nevertheless, the aspects of improved communication and intercultural training were recommended to overcome such challenges. References Conrad, H., and Meyer-Ohle, H., 2017. Overcoming the ethnocentric firm? - foreign fresh university graduate employment in Japan as a new international human resource development method. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 30(17), pp.2525-2543. Parker, R., Haytko, D., and Hermans, C., 2013. Ethnocentrism and Its Effect on the Chinese Consumer: A Threat to Foreign Goods? Journal of Global Marketing, 24(1), pp.4-17. Saunders, M., Lewis,. And Thornhill, A., 2019. Research Method s for Business Students. 8th ed. Pearson. Sijdea, P., Nair, P. and During, W., 2013. Graduates' Perception of Employment in SMEs and Large Enterprises. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 4(6).

IKEA's difficulties in entering the Russian market were typical of those encountered by businesses looking to expand internationally for various reasons. According to the World Economic Forum research, "different countries develop differently, confront unique infrastructure, socioeconomic, and regulatory issues, face unique environmental and geographic limits, and provide unique commercial prospects" (Derensky, 2017). Strategic management in emerging economies requires a distinct strategy due to the radically different factors affecting these markets. Due to various factors, what works in one's native nation may not operate in another region. First analysis When developing a market entry strategy, it is critical to consider external influences. External considerations to consider when entering a new market include opportunities and incentives. IKEA has frequently demonstrated its capacity to identify and overcome strategic challenges (Chu et al., 2013). Russian markets were no exception. Local government corruption, authorities' reluctance to advance projects and other unexpected barriers were encountered when entering the Russian market (Deresky, 2017). Despite facing problems, IKEA was a master at overcoming them. IKEA waited until it had to retaliate. Those complicit in a corrupt transaction were fired when their superiors allowed it (Deresky, 2017). Because of the Russian market's complexity, IKEA's success here is almost sure to translate to other international endeavors. Second analysis Cultural distance, and more specifically, contrasts in how IKEA worked and the local Russian culture, all contributed to the company's success. A firm's members may develop an intriguing dynamic when their values, norms, languages, and religions differ. According to former IKEA employee Lennart Dahlgren, Russia's government was notorious for accepting bribes to accomplish anything (Faheem, 2017). Conversely, IKEA has repeatedly been named one of the "World's Most Ethical Companies" (Deresky, 2017). Due to these cultural differences, the Russian government and IKEA authorities had a significant cultural split. First recommendation The amount of competition in the current market should also be considered. Despite the founder's longing to expand into Russia, economic and political obstacles prevented it (Deresky, 2017). Opening in Khimki in 2000, IKEA attracted over 40,000 customers (Deresky, 2017). The anticipation for IKEA was intense. Local furniture stores struggled to compete with IKEA's low prices and limited product selection. Without real competition in Russia, IKEA's business strategy of "cheap labor with quick retail pricing" was a sure thing (Faheem, 2017, p. PCS-2). The lack of local competition allowed for rapid success in a new market. There were many benefits but also drawbacks. IKEA overcame these obstacles thanks to the Russian government's corruption. Weird obstacles IKEA had in opening new stores in Russia included moving locations, getting approvals, and having problems days before opening (Deresky, 2017). IKEA overcame these and other obstacles. IKEA should be able to address local concerns while adhering to ethical business principles. Second recommendation Consider economic, social, and cultural, political and legal, market attractiveness, and corporate fit when entering a developing market (''5 Factors You Must Consider," 2014). After addressing these issues, a good strategy for entering an underserved market is required. IKEA created a plan to meet a specific Russian demand. Service was prioritized when opening stores in this new market. IKEA also ran a pilot project in Russia to test its new business strategy (Deresky, 2017). Thanks to IKEA's massive shopping center-style complexes, other businesses have been inspired to join in the groundbreaking structure design of enormous shopping malls. The concept's simplicity permitted increased earnings for all. Conclusion While IKEA began in 1943 as a modest firm selling small items, it quickly expanded in terms of product line and geographic reach. IKEA applied some of those business strategies and began expanding after understanding the need to develop locally sustainable business. IKEA successfully handled the hurdles of growing into new regions by employing a sound strategy and a commitment to be flexible and adaptable. IKEA worked with government leaders from various departments to overcome obstacles and maintained its business strategy of simple design at a reasonable rate while adhering to ethical business practices (Deresky, 2017). IKEA's success in Russia may be attributed to recognizing local issues and overcoming them through best practices that will undoubtedly benefit the company.   References 5 Factors You Must Consider While Your Company is Entering to a New Market. Your Article Library.  (2014). https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/business/5-factors-you-must­consider-while-your-company-is-entering-to-a-new-market/13162. Chu, V., Girdhar, A., & Sood, R. (2013). How IKEA adapted its strategies to expand and become pro fitable in China. Business Today. https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/lbs-case­ study/story/how-ikea-adapted-its-strategies-to-expand-in-china-132642-2013-07-06. Deresky, H. (2017). International management: managing across borders and cultures (9th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall International. Faheem, H. (2021). IKEA in Russia - Ethical Dilemmas l Business Ethics l Case Study l Case Studies. Icmrindia.org.     https://www.icmrindia.org/casestudies/catalogue/Business%20Ethics/BECG 128.htm.

Overview According to Daher and Hajjdiab (2018), the development of cloud computing has made it easier for numerous enterprises all over the world to store vast amounts of data. The scalability and elasticity of cloud computing have made it possible for businesses' Human Resource Management (HRM) systems to store their organizations' crucial information in the cloud. For instance, the Onibere Odunayo Security (OOS-4) model has made it simpler for HRM to store data by having it deployed in the cloud. This has enabled the model to support OOS-4. Software is used in Human Resource Information Systems. This software often combines various human resource activities into a single package. These functions include recruitment, review, administration of benefits, and training. Performance analysis may also be included. The Human Resource Information Systems (HRIS), which are also known as Human Resource Management Systems (HRMS), are available to a wide variety of businesses. It incorporates a strategy approach that comprises storing, collecting, validating, maintaining, and retrieving data required by a specific business about its personnel activities, human resources, and organizational unit attributes (Linthicum, 2018). The data can be retrieved as needed. Purpose of the research When a company's essential data is kept in the cloud, it opens the door to a number of potential problems. These problems are mostly associated with the safety of the data, which calls for an exhaustive investigation into the dangers posed by cloud computing (Guo, 2019). In addition, it is vital to have a conversation about the different facets of cloud computing, with the goal of formulating solutions to the specific vulnerabilities that have been found in order to keep the organization's data secure. Concerns with the security of cloud computing include the virtualization of systems and the sharing of resources. According to Linthicum (2018), organizations and service providers of cloud storage should work together to develop solutions for improving cloud storage security that are based on unique security concerns. In addition, cloud human resource managers are equipped with a variety of modules to ensure that all tasks related to human resources are improved. For instance, choosing the appropriate benefit modules guarantees that management will have complete access to the benefit programs offered to employees. According to Xu et al.'s research from 2020, these benefit plans make it simple to implement other methods like adjusting salary schedules, saving for the education of children, and putting money away for medical expenses. Literature review According to Guo (2019), human resource management entails educating, recruiting, compensating, and evaluating workers, in addition to providing an acceptable response to their issues over justice, labor relations, and health and safety. Computing in the cloud, on the other hand, refers to a method to information processing in which computing capabilities that are generally handled centrally are typically provided in the form of services. These computing capabilities are typically offered to a variety of user-interfacing devices throughout the network systems in accordance with the individual requirements of each device. Computing in the cloud has given rise to a new facet of information technology, which is centered on the provision of a wide variety of services to clients. It is currently utilizing large amounts of computing power and storage space that is associated with cloud storage service providers in order to make sure that computing is made easier for a variety of customers and that their experience is improved. According to Hussein (2018), cloud computing is defined as a platform that makes a variety of services available to its customers based on the demand of users located all over the world. According to Daher and Hajjdiab (2018), the top players in the platform, such as Microsoft, Google, and Amazon, are delivering cloud computing services that include platform as a service (PaaS), infrastructure as a service (IaaS), and software as a service (SaaS) for their customers to utilize (PaaS, IaaS, and SaaS). The Platform as a Service (PaaS) architecture gives its users the ability to create and develop their own apps without having to worry about storage or processors. Users of Google App Engine, which is an example of a platform as a service, have the ability to launch their apps using the programming languages Java and Python thanks to Google App Engine. Additionally, cloud computing has the potential to provide a large amount of leverage for use in human resource management systems. This is because there are many enormous datasets that need to be able to be accessed and stored with ease. It makes sure that human resource managers are able to concentrate on the applications, while cloud computing service providers take care of providing the essential facilities (Hussein, 2018). Many people are concerned about the safety of their data while it is stored in the cloud, and the majority of these debates are centered on the activities that take place in the cloud (Hasan et al., 2020). It was clear that the data as well as the assets consisting of computing equipment and assets needed to be safeguarded. One user of cloud computing may access the databases of other customers using the cloud platform, despite the fact that this presents various opportunities. On the other hand, in order to limit or decrease the number of instances in which other users access data that belongs to other companies or users, the organizations that are utilizing the program are supposed to allocate certain privileges and roles to specific parties. In addition, there has been a rise in the number of attacks that are cloud-based, but strategies and precautions are being developed to prevent incidents of this nature. According to Xu et al.'s research from 2020, the level of data security that is connected with cloud storage should be sufficient to inspire sufficient trust that the platform is safer for enterprises to store their essential data. Practical applications Because it provides both local and global security designs that are relevant to military contexts for human resource information systems, the OOS-4 model is extremely important. This is related to the fact that the model is associated with applying sensitive sorts of information due to the presence of multiple levels of protection measures. The OOS-4 was developed to enable departmental and management security levels, where permission is necessary to post and create summary. This was done with the intention of preventing unauthorized access. In a more fundamental sense, the model generates an organization that possesses the appropriate people at the required places at the required time, which is also carried out in an environment that is more secure (Hasan et al., 2020). According to Xie, 2020, the operational human resource management process, which includes retirement, hiring, training, and deployment, should be carried out in settings that maintain confidentiality and exclude external parties. In addition, strategic human resource management, which provides organizations that are subject to checks with future orientations for their businesses. It also focuses on how management, integrated administrative, and personnel systems ought to be deployed in an effective manner in order to support functional processes both inside and outside the country. For instance, making key information essential for United Nations observation missions available to individuals could lead to intense lobbying on the part of the personnel. The primary purpose that the human resource models provide is to aid in the comprehension and examination of work organization, workforce governance, reward systems, and staffing structures. Management of human resources is an essential function since it plays an important part in fostering positive worker interactions, which are shaped by a variety of different circumstances. According to Ankrah and Sokro (2016), the presence of factors such as these has the potential to significantly impact the level of confidentiality maintained by a system. (Ankrah & Sokro, 2016) The final point is that the human resource system is a data-intensive approach, which means that the records of the organization are typically kept in the form of a database. The database contains all of the records of a specific company that have been captured by the applications. This database is also a typical target for cybercriminals because it contains sensitive company information. It is not always the case that data security is considered until the development of the applications, despite the fact that fixes are issued routinely. The majority of publicly administered human resource management systems either make insufficient use of data encryption or do not use it at all to protect the organization's database. On the other hand, the human resource management system that is available to the public ought to implement data encryption, and Google should make certain that its platforms require apps to be created in programming languages and deployed in runtime environments that are either Python or Java. On the platform for cloud storage, the applications can be accessed either free domain names or the users' own domains. This will ensure that companies are able to easily manage the human resource information systems thanks to the anonymity that is produced by the cloud storage once the information has been encrypted. This will lead to minimal effects from external variables, which will improve the operations of human resource management (Xie, 2020). Conclusion Cloud storage is an essential component of the storage and data protection landscape. The processes of selecting, recruiting, retiring, training, and deploying personnel can all be improved with the help of human resource management in an organization. Because each user's needs are treated uniquely, the cloud storage will provide a level of protection that is superior to that provided by traditional methods. This protection will be provided to the data that is stored there. In most cases, the records that are obtained from the clouds using the applications are in the form of plain text. If you view them from records, they will appear in the form of numbers, which will make it more difficult for persons to gain illegal access to such data and use it. Because of this, it is more difficult for outside forces to access the data of the business and utilize those data to exert influence over the functions of human resource management. References Ankrah, E., & Sokro, E. (2016). Intention and Usage of Human Resource Information Systems among Ghanaian Human Resource Managers. International Journal Of Business And Management, 11(2), 241. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v11n2p241 Daher, Z., & Hajjdiab, H. (2018). Cloud Storage Comparative Analysis Amazon Simple Storage vs Microsoft Azure Blob Storage. International Journal Of Machine Learning And Computing, 8(1), 85-89. https://doi.org/10.18178/ijmlc.2018.8.1.668 GUO, W. (2019). An Analysis of the Innovative Model of Enterprise Information Resource Management Based on "Internet +" and Cloud Computing. Destech Transactions On Social Science, Education And Human Science, (iced). https://doi.org/10.12783/dtssehs/icesd2019/29864 Hasan, M., E, B., Almamun, M., & K, S. (2020). An Intelligent Machine Learning and Self Adaptive Resource Allocation Framework for Cloud Computing Environment. EAI Endorsed Transactions On Cloud Systems, 6(18), 165501. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.13- 7-2018.165501 Hussein, L. (2018). The Relationship Between Information Technology Governance and Human Resource Information Systems Infrastructure. TANMIYAT AL-RAFIDAIN, 37(120), 115- 130. https://doi.org/10.33899/tanra.2018.159991 Linthicum, D. (2018). Approaching Cloud Computing Performance. IEEE Cloud Computing, 5(2), 33-36. https://doi.org/10.1109/mcc.2018.022171665 Xie, Q. (2020). Machine learning in the human resource system of the intelligent manufacturing industry. Enterprise Information Systems, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/17517575.2019.1710862 Xu, Z., Zhang, Y., Li, H., Yang, W., & Qi, Q. (2020). Dynamic resource provisioning for cyber- physical systems in cloud-fog-edge computing. Journal Of Cloud Computing, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13677-020-00181-y

Abstract Over the last few decades, we have witnessed an exponential growth in programming languages, primarily due to the increase in information technologies and increased software demand. Also, continued research has improved how we program and develop software in the modern information age. This paper aims to is a comparative study of some of the three widely used programming languages, namely Python, Java, and C++. Typically, C-based programming languages have dominated the software development arena and have used to develop sophisticated systems across the globe. Java is estimated to be the most applied programming language around the world, with over 3 billion devices running Java. However, C++ and Java are experiencing reduced popularity with the introduction of Python in the programming arena. Python provides admirable features that solve modern-day programming languages, thus attributing to its extensive popularity. This paper advances through chapter one to chapter five. Chapter one gives a detailed overview, such as the background of the study, the problem statement, the objectives of the study, and to research questions that will guide the study. Chapter two provides a detailed literature review and some of the similar works associated with this paper. Section three describes some of the methodologies used in the study. Chapter four provides an analysis of each language's features, while chapter five provides a summary of the whole paper. Chapter 1Introduction Introduction Software engineers, scholars, and programming experts define programming language as a constructed language or computer language designed and developed to help software developers to communicate commands to a computer or a machine. Typically, programming languages are used to control a computing device's behavior by communicating instruction to the machine. Due to the exponential growth in information technologies, there has been tremendous growth in the development of programming languages. For instance, programming languages have five generations from the first time they were introduced in the early 1950s (Oguntunde, 2012). The growth of programming languages has seen software development shift from an era of assembly language to an era where computers are being designed to solve problems in their environment without the programmers. Overview of Java Programming Language and its significance in the software development The Sun Microsystems team lead by James Gosling was the first developer to work on Java in 1991. The original version of Java (Java 1.0) was developed to develop systems for home appliances and was released in 1995. After the release of Java 1.0, the platform promised to deliver a Write Once, Run Anywhere (WORA) technology that could eliminate the high-cost runtimes experienced with other typical languages. As of today, Java has released over eight versions of the platform. One of the Java's latest standard editions is Java version 8 released in March 2014, with Oracle indicating on releasing Java 9.0 in a short while. However, Oracle recommends Java version 7 update 51 as the most suitable version for software development and writing of code. Due to the extensive application of Java across numerous platforms, Oracle has produced various configurations to suit each platform's needs and demands. For instance, Java 2 Micro Edition (J2ME) was developed to primarily support the development of mobile applications, while Java 2 Enterprise Edition (J2EE) was designed to ease the development of enterprise applications. Some of the key features of Java are: Object-oriented – unlike other typical programming languages, the basic unit of a Java program is an object. Objects in Java allows easy scalability and reusability of code (Oguntunde, 2012). Platform independent – during the compilation process of Java, the platform is not compiled depending on the specific machine code requirements. Instead, Java has compiled into byte code that the Java Virtual Machine interprets on the machine on which Java is being run. Security – Java programs support the use of public-key encryption to configure authentication mechanisms. Also, Java supports the development of tamper-free software. Multithreaded – when using Java, it is possible to develop two or more executable programs to execute tasks concurrently. This feature is applied extensively to enable programmers to build interactive systems that can do multiple tasks simultaneously. Portable – since java programs are platform-independent, the programs can be moved one platform to another more smoothly. Architecture-neutral – the object file generated by the Java compiler is architecture-neutral. This means that the compiled code can be run on numerous platforms, and the code can be executed by various operating systems and processors. All that is required to run a java program in any architecture is a java runtime system. Overview of C++ and its importance in software development C++ was developed as an improvement of C, and it was first worked on by AT& T Bell labs in 1979. Generally speaking, any C program can be described or considered a legal C++ program, meaning that C++ is a subset of C. C++ combines the features of both the low-level languages and high-level languages, and it is typically considered a middle-level language. C++ is one of the oldest programming languages still in use today. The language is used extensively in numerous domains such as a high-performance server, entertainment software such as video games, system software, embedded software, device drivers, and application software. C++ is also widely applied in research and has had a significant influence on the development of other programming languages such as Java (Oguntunde, 2012). One of C++'s most notable features is its speed and provision of different programming styles to support the development of software and systems. When dealing with large projects, C++ can be configured to support object-oriented programming. Some of the typical features of the language are: C++ supports generic programming, it is case sensitive, it is statically typed and compiled, and it is a free-form programming language. Overview of Python and its significance in software development Although many still consider Python as a scripting language, Python is a dynamic programming language that can be used to develop sophisticated programs. For instance, Python is being applied by developers to write programs for some of the world's fastest computers. Python is derived from many other programming languages such as SmallTalk, ABC, C++, Modula-3, Unix shell, Algol-68, and many other scripting languages. Python was developed between the late 1980s and the early 1990s by Guido van Rossum. The modern-day version of Python was established in the Netherlands by the National Research Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science. Python is different from Java and C++ in many aspects. For instance, Python's syntax does not use semicolons, but rather uses whitespace. Also, in other programming languages, the programmer must declare variables and define their datatype (Van Rossum & Drake, 2011). When using Python, the programmer uses variables as objects, meaning that there is no need to declare their datatype. Pythons guide developers into writing readable code and reduces the amount of time required. One of Python's distinguishing features is that the language is easy to read and easy to learn. The language is also scalable and portable from one platform to another. Problem statement All programming languages offer various strengths and weaknesses that motivate the programmer to pick them during a software development task. The use of API to implement parallelism is one of the most advanced features that are on some of the existing programming languages. The advancement in technology is making it challenging for young and novice developers to choose the most effective programming language to use. One of the critical challenges is investing time in learning a new programming language and implementing the knowledge in a software development platform under certain constraints.   Goals This paper provides a foundation for programming language paradigms by comparing the three most prominent and extensively used programming languages. This paper also aims to identify the distinguishing features between C++, Python, and Java and analyze which of the three programming languages gives the best performance for any given instance. Research questions What are the distinguishing features of C++, Java, and Python programming languages? How does the usage cost of the three programming languages differ? What is the programming Domain of the three languages? What are the programming paradigms used by the three programming languages? How do the three languages compare in terms of portability, simplicity, and readability? Relevance and significance As stated above, it is challenging for beginners to distinguish between the three prominent programming languages. Also, it is essential for software developers and computer scientists to distinguish the three prominent programming languages. The insights provided in this article offer a robust preparation for selecting the most appropriate language to learn and reducing the inconveniences of learning an unsuitable language depending on one's needs and requirements. On an overall note, this study will help one to choose and learn a programming language that will fit the needs and requirements of his or her software development demands.   Barriers and challenges The exponential growth and development in the three programming languages posed a challenge since it was difficult to compare the three languages at any given point in time. I had to compare the latest version of the technologies. Additionally, Python is still an immature technology that is still under development, mainly due to its application in data mining. As a result, I had contradicting perspectives about the language, and I had to research an extensive amount of articles to identify Python's unique features in software development.   Chapter 2 Literature review Generations of programming languages In total, there are five generations of programming languages that are described by time sequence.   Machine language Machine learning is the first generation of machine learning, and it appeared in the early 1950s. As the name suggests, machine language was written in machine language, that is, ones and zeros, and it was challenging for human-being to understand the language. As a result, the language was prone to errors that limited its functionality. Another critical disadvantage of machine language is machine dependency. The language was developed to meet each specific processor's demands and requirements, meaning that the scientists had to create a different version of the language for every CPU (Ogala & et al., 2020). Symbolic assembly languages The symbolic assembly language is the second generation of programming languages, and it simplified the complexity of machine languages by using symbols to represent the ones and zeros. The assembly language operated at a higher abstraction level compared to machine languages and used number combinations and other symbols such as the dollar, portions of words, and percent to create instructions. The key challenges limiting symbolic assembly languages were their hardware dependency and lack of portability, meaning that software developed using assembly language could not be moved from one processor to another. Problem-oriented languages The third-generation languages were developed between the 1960s-1980s, and they were the first languages to be referred to as high-level languages. These languages used near-English words to develop commands and relied on compilers to convert the code into machine language. The conversion relied on compilers to match the English words with their machine equivalent. One of the distinguishing features that differentiated third-generation languages from the prior generations is that each programming language in this generation had a compiler or an interpreter. Additionally, the languages were relatively quick to execute after they were compiled (Ogala & et al., 2020). One of the critical challenges in this generation was different types of source code was needed for every different processor. Non-procedural languages The distinguishing feature with fourth-generation programming languages is that they are more concerned with the problem being solved than how the actual coding will be done. Fourth- generation programming languages are friendly, are independent of the operating System, and the processor can be used by non-programmers, are portable, and have intelligent options that automate various tasks during the software development process. The most notable programming languages in this generation include MYSQL and SQL.   Fifth-generation programming languages The 5GL programming languages are still under development and rely on modern-day technologies such as artificial intelligence and machine learning. The 5GL programming languages will automate the generation of code and creating instruction to solve a problem. These languages will require minimal supervision or interactions with programmers. The languages in this generation will have the capacity to think for themselves and address challenges that would otherwise prove to be challenging to solve using programming languages in other generations. Time Comparing between Java and C++ software Another study by (AlHeyasat & et al., 2012) provides a detailed study that compares the flexibility of Java and C++ in executing some given tasks. The study focused on determining the time needed to run some given algorithms and determining the execution's swiftness and efficiency. The scholars used the same algorithm to determine which programming language was useful in than the other. in simpler terms, the results of which software is better were based on the time the two software took to execute the same algorithm. The study found that Java took an average of 500 microseconds to execute the algorithm while C++ to an average of fewer than 450 microseconds to run the same algorithm. The conclusion of the study indicates that although Java is a robust language, C++ is more effective in executing programs since it requires less time to compile and run an algorithm compared to Java.   Chapter 3 Methodology Due to the time limitation in this research, I relied on the comparative analysis to compare the three programming languages. The primary goal of this analysis study is to identify the fundamental and advanced features of Python, Java, and C++ to determine their distinguishing factors and their suitability to be applied in different programming environments. Additionally, I carefully reviewed each language's advantages and disadvantages and the problems each language can solve. This comparative analysis focused on identifying the distinguishing features between the three programming languages using the following criteria: Readability Programming paradigm Programming Domain Portability Usage cost Programming environment   Chapter 4 Findings and analysis Programming domain Software development has advanced exponentially to affect every aspect of our lives. Among the various applications of software development are in business applications, systems programming, and scientific applications. Java and C++ standout as hybrid programming languages since they are used in almost every aspect of programming. As a result, these two languages have been extensively applied in software development and have played a significant role in the development of other programming languages. The two languages have data structures that can be applied in a wide range of applications in the development of scientific and business applications (Foster, 2014). One of the key differences between the two languages is that C is typically used for large projects, while Java is used for relatively smaller projects. For instance, C++ is used in the development of operating systems and other complex software programs such as the Symbian Operating System and Linux Operating system. Java plays a minimal role in the development of such systems, and not a single operating system that has been developed using entirely Java. Python is also a hybrid language that is typically used as a scripting language for the web application. However, Python also has the capacity to support the development of standalone software programs that can be executed independently. However, Python is not as widely applied as Java and C++, and its yet to be used in the development of a large project such as an operating system. Programming paradigm The programming paradigm of a language provides details on the design characteristics that must be followed during the development process. In other words, the programming paradigm provides details on the styles used to write instructions. Java programming languages support the use of various programming paradigms, such as object-oriented, reflective programming, and structured programming. Typically, Java is used due to its ability to support the object-oriented programming paradigm (McMaster & et al., 2017). In an object-oriented paradigm, messages are passed to objects and the basic unit of the program in the object. Objects have state and can do something within the software. Structured programming means that the programs have nested control. Java also supports the imperative programming paradigm meaning that the commands are written as a sequence of instructions. In imperative programming paradigm, the commands are written step-by-step and are also interpreted in the same format. The following code samples indicate the difference between the three programming paradigms.   Object-oriented programming Result = []; For a in name { If a.lastname.length>4{ Result.add(a.lastname.toUpper); } } Return result.sort; Structured programming paradigm Result = []; For i=0; i<length(lastname); i++{ A=lastname[i]; If length(a.lastnale)) >5 { addToList(Result, toUpper(p.name)); } } Return sort(result); Imperative programming Result = [] I = 0 Start: Numlastname = length(lastname) If I >= numlastnale goto end A = lastname [i] Namelength = length(a.lastname) If namelenght = toUpper (p.lastname) addToList (result, upperName) next: i = i + 1 goto start end: return sort (result) just like Java, C++ and Python are multi-paradigm programming languages that various programming paradigms. For instance, C++ supports generic programming, structured, object- oriented, and functional programming. C++ uses procedural calls to support the imperative programming paradigm. Both C and C++ have similar programming styles. Similarly, Python also supports object-oriented and structured programming styles. Python is a hybrid language and based on its design characteristics, and it supports other programming paradigms, such as aspect-oriented programming and functional programming.   Readability The readability of programming language is determined by the consistency of its rules and the clarity of the keywords used in the language. Java is relatively easy to learn and understand since it requires the programmer to understand only 50 keywords. As a result, the readability of Java is very effective and impressive, especially since the keywords are not complicated and are consistent. The consistency of Java is also extended to its coding rules. The use of operators, coding conversions, importing libraries, and dealing with exceptions in Java is consistent throughout the language. It is, therefore, appropriate to conclude that Java is a highly impressive and readable programming language. Unlike Java, C++ readability is not very impressive due to the numerous inconsistencies affecting the language coding rules. Also, C++ has multiple rules and an average of 84 keywords, which are relatively difficult to understand. Some of the keywords in C++ include goto, enum, break, struct, bitand, static, auto, alignas, static_cast, case, switch, if, for, explicit, false, delete, xor, volatile, using, union, true, float, bitor among many others. the rules used to handle exceptions in C++ are also not consistent and requires the programmer to cram when to use which rules and when not to use them (Foster, 2014). On an overall note, the readability of C++ is not as impressive as the readability of Java. Python was explicitly designed to overcome the readability challenges of other programming languages, with Java and C++ being involved. Python has only 35 keywords that are relatively easy to understand and remember. Some of these keywords are true, and, as, del, from, print, continue, while, lambda, is, try, false, return, raise, import, nonlocal, not or, exec, break and many others (Van Rossum & Drake, 2011). All the keywords in Python are English words, meaning that it is easy for the programmer to remember them and understand their use.   Furthermore, Python has a reduced set of rules and syntactic exceptions. These characteristics make Python the most readable programming language among all the three programming languages. Simplicity Simplicity describes the simplicity of learning a language and understand how it works. The simplicity of the three languages can be gauged by developing a simple program such as the "Hello World" program. In Java, the program will be a three-part structure with the System.out part, it is printing the message on the screen. For a beginner or a novice programmer, understanding the three parts and their functionality can be challenging, thus making Java a complicated and challenging language to learn (McMaster & et al., 2017). Similar to Java, developing a "Hello World" program in C++ involves a series of steps that can be difficult to understand. The numerous variables that one must declare in C++ complicate the learning process even further. In Python, the creation of the same program is much simpler since the print command is in natural language. To create a "Hello World" program in Python, the programmer only need to write 'print "Hello World!" this makes Python the simplest language to learn for beginners and novice programmers. Portability The portability of a programming language defines the language's ability to work in different processors and operating systems. The portability of a programming language relies on the abstraction between the system interface and application logic. The Java Virtual Machine (JVM) makes Java a highly portable programming language, meaning that software and systems developed using Java can run on any processor and in any operating system. Java provides abstraction in three distinct ways, namely OS portability, CPU architecture portability, and source code portability (Foster, 2014). Software produced using Java produces a source code called J-code that enables java codes to be run in any CPU architecture. The JVM means that java programs can be run in any system regardless of the underlying java compiler, Operating System, and CPU. Since C++ is an integral part of all major operating systems, the programming language is highly compatible with most existing technologies and systems. However, different versions of C++ such as C++11, C++98, and C++03 use different compilers, which are not compatible with each other. as a result, C++ can be said to be less compatible compared to Java. On the contrary, Python has impressive portability and can be integrated with the major operating systems such as Windows, MacOS, and Unix. Programming environment The programming environment defines the friendliness of the editors used by the programming languages. Java relies on two Integrated development environments (IDEs), namely Eclipse and NetBeans. C++ can also use the two IDEs used by Java since they support extensibility and plugin support. The two IDEs enable the programmer to start new projects and debug the source code during development. The programs also trace errors during development and will allow the programmer to detect them more easily. Additionally, the IDEs provide visual editors that would allow developers to develop GUI more comfortably. Visual studio is the most common option for C++, and most programmers use this tool to develop C++ programs (Satav & et al., 2011). Visual studio, NetBeans, and Eclipse are open source programs, and developers do not have to pay a fee. Pythons have numerous programming environments and can use any environment stated above. Other programming environments used by Python include PyCharm that provides features such as a debugger, unit testing, code navigation, and code completion. Other Python programming environments support Web development with Web2Py, Mako, Flask, and Django. Usage costs Some of the costs associated with programming languages include development costs, training costs, marketing costs, program execution costs, and maintenance costs. The usage cost of a programming language is directly proportional to its easy to learn and understand. Python is the cheapest programming language to use since it reduces the costs associated with training, development, and maintenance of Python software programs (Foster, 2014). Since Java is more readable than C++, it is less expensive than C++. C++ is the most expensive language to use between the three programming languages. The usage costs are some of the significant aspects that organizations consider when selecting the language to develop their systems.   Chapter 5 Conclusion Many in the software development industry continue to view Java as the most appropriate language moving forward due to its extensive applicability and portability. Also, many programmers are appealed to Java as the standard programming language for software development due to its advanced features. However, Oracle must strive to develop Java and release versions that are compatible with the requirements of the modern-day requirements such as data mining and the use of Artificial Intelligence and machine learning in the development of software. C++ continues to appeal to experienced programmers as the most effective programming language to execute large programs and native coding, such as the development of complex video games. On the other hand, Python is attracting young developers who are passionate about exploiting modern-day technologies fully. Python is surpassing its close competitors such as Ruby, and it is moving forward rapidly to emerge as one of the most applied programming languages across the globe. Implication and Recommendation Anyone within the software engineering industry can use the underlying programming principles identified in this paper to be able to pick the right language Learning a new programming language is relatively hard, especially if one does not have the skills to distinguish the best language for him or her to learn. Continued research should be conducted to help us identify how the three languages differ in terms of exploiting modern technologies such as Internet of Thing (IoT), Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning.     References   AlHeyasat, O., Abu-Ein, A. A. K. & Sharadqeh, A. A. (2012). Time comparing Java and C++ software. Foster, Elvis. (2014). A COMPARITIVE ANALYSIS OF THE C++, JAVA, AND PYTHON LANGUAGES. McMaster, K., Sambasivam, S., Rague, B., & Wolthuis, S. (2017). Java vs. Python coverage of introductory programming concepts: a textbook analysis. Information Systems Education Journal, 15(3), 4. Ogala, J. O., & Ojie, D. V. (2020). COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF C, C++, C# AND JAVA PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES. GSJ, 8(5). Oguntunde, B. O. (2012). Comparative analysis of some programming languages. Transnational Journal of Science and Technology, 2(5), 107-118. Satav, S. K., Satpathy, S. K., & Satao, K. J. (2011). A Comparative Study and Critical Analysis of Various Integrated Development Environments of C, C++, and Java Languages for Optimum Development. Universal Journal of Applied Computer Science and Technology, 1, 9-15. Van Rossum, G., & Drake, F. L. (2011). The python language reference manual. Network Theory Ltd..

As a Web Development major, I have learned to appreciate the exhilarating moment when my mind engages a new language. Learning PHP has been an experience, to say the least. There were a few times where I incorporated JavaScript, whereas that is a language that I am comfortable with, and I guess by default, that is typically what I code. In the beginning of the course, I was worried about what software I should use, and what would be acceptable, but thankfully I just had to click on the link that was provided, and it was smooth sailing from there. This course has been very informative, and unfortunately due to some inconvenient illness, I got pretty behind. I would suggest to any future student to make sure you do not get behind. Playing catchup can be very difficult, especially when you are a full-time student and working a full-time job. It is best to just stay on top of the workload, and if you run into any issues, just reach out to the professor, and hopefully work something out. Throughout the duration of this course, there has been many up’s and downs. A few ups have been learning the capabilities of PHP. It is tremendous. I have taken Python, JavaScript, C# and ASP.NET and I am happy to add PHP to this list. I really enjoy learning a new language and comparing them to the other languages that I have learned. Now sadly we must take the good with the bad. I did not enjoy the day and time of the meet. I had to watch the meets recording the day after, or while doing my homework. I know it is hard to determine and set an appropriate time for the meet that works for everyone, which I am sure is difficult. A few significant learning moments in this course was learning about PHP form Processes and how you can use $_GET, $_POST, or $_REQUEST superglobal arrays to access form data. I found this very interesting. I also enjoyed learning about the form processing workflow – Access the value in $_POST(carefully), check that the submitted value is valid, process the value(MVC) and then redirect or render a template. There was a video based on this process which was located in the week four videos section and the video went over an example which was very informative. I understood this process much better because of it. Nevertheless, I had multiple ah ha moments. As mentioned before, I was very worried about what software we would be using. I was dreading the first homework assignment because it is always a hassle to get a grasp of things right in the beginning. I worried so much about the first assignment and then when I opened the link, I realized the professor included a starter link to the opensource site that we would be modifying. This was a great a moment for me, and as also a relief. Another ah ha moment was when I was completing homework ten. I was having issues with question two - Alice and Bob want to have a private (encrypted) email conversation. Explain how Alice can send a secure email to Bob using public/private key cryptography. I am not sure where my head was at during this, but I initially wrote something completely off the wall, and then I remembered something very similar being discussed in the weekly videos. I then located said video and the video touched based on a similar scenario. I was relieved that I remembered something so similar and was able to refer back to it and get full credit for that question. Lastly, based on my experience and expectations, how would I characterize what I have learned in this course? For starters, I was nervous for this class. I took python last semester, I am more comfortable coding in JavaScript, and I code in SQL every single day for work. I was nervous that I would get too confused. Every language is different. I am very experienced in SQL, I like coding in JavaScript, and the last programming language I took was Python. It is a mess. I was nervous that I would code one line in JavaScript, the next in SQL, and so on so forth. I however think I did okay. On the first few assignments, I got some feedback that I was coding in JavaScript. Which I will admit did not surprise me, but once I got that feedback, I made sure that I was coding in PHP. I will say that I enjoyed the database section of the course. It was a break from programming language, so I just focused on the basic SQL. I work with ER diagrams, relational databases every day. I work in the IT Department for Genesis HealthCare as a Reporting Analyst. English Is our first language there, SQL is our second, and Clinical terminology is our third (I consider this another language because of how extensive it is). Now to characterize this all to what I have learned in this class, I would say I learned how to differentiate PHP with other languages and I learned that it is an open source language, which is always convenient. I created my Mother’s website using Bootstrap, which was self-taught, and if I would have known this language beforehand, I probably would have attempted to create her website using PHP frameworks. In conclusion, I enjoyed this course. I got behind, and I will receive a low grade, but I actually enjoyed learning this language. The capabilities are impeccable and if my mother ever needs me to modify her website, I might just rebuild it using a php framework. I would not mind learning more about the language, and configuring something using PHP and maybe the ah ha moments do not have to stop because the course ended. Thank you for everything Professor Whitney.