Geography Homework Help

Generally, the legal environment around the globe can be classified into two major types: common law and code law (civil). The US has a common law system while Germany has civil law.  In common-law nations, the chief source of power is case law in the method of judicial opinions. Furthermore, in the US legal system, judges serve as arbitrators, presiding over lawyer-directed trials and forming suitable resolves fairly flexibly. (Ligeti, (2019). On the other hand, in a coded law system, such as in Germany, judges have a more fundamental inquisitorial function to examine facts, cross-examine suspects, scrutinize witnesses, and execute codified law to their verdict in a rather stricter way as compared to the US law system. in the US, cases are predominantly resolved centered on precedent, which is used to rule the present or future cases. However, in Germany, civil law is codified, meaning that they have restructured legal codes covering all matters capable of being presented in court, the pertinent process, and the suitable penalty for every felony. the precedent in civil law is just used to ascertain administrative of constitutional court matters.  Since a judge or a panel of judges will resolve all cases coming to court, there is no usage for juries in the German legal system. In some particular (criminal) cases, several lay individuals are appointed to help the judge, and their votes amount just as much as the judge’s vote. (Badawi, (2019). On the other hand, the US legal system prerequisites a jury panel comprised of laypersons who evaluate evidence bestowed to them and discover facts and implement the law. In both countries, the sources of law include the constitution, custom, legislation, (subsidiary legislation and statutes), and international law. However, the US legal system draws laws from court precedent and convention. (Gelter, (2018). The German legal system also draws from judicial precedent and convections in continental systems. However, they are not commonly recognized. Finally, both legal systems have case law, they approach regulation and settle issues in distinct ways, from distinct perspectives. References Badawi, A. B., & Dari-Mattiacci, G. (2019). Reference networks and civil codes. See Livermore & Rockmore, 2019, 339-65. Gelter, M., & Helleringer, G. (2018). Fiduciary Principles in European Civil Law Systems. Ligeti, K. (2019). The Place of the Prosecutor in Common Law and Civil Law Jurisdictions. The Oxford Handbook of Criminal Process.

Human geographers must take language and religion into account while studying a culture. To better comprehend cultural identities, geographers chart the evolution and current distributions of languages and religions around the globe. Additionally, geographers are less interested in theology when studying religion and more interested in the interplay and transmission of religious beliefs through time and geography and how this impacts the cultural environment. Geography is interested in the study of language because it is the vehicle through which subjective meaning is transferred and because of the inherent power relations in this meaning (Andresen, 2016). Communicating allows humans to interact with one another by taking action, comprehending, and responding to one another. One must be familiar with the process of linguistic drift in order to grasp the workings of language geography. Languages undergo progressive change when transmitted down through generations or from one region to another, just like genes do, as they are inadequately duplicated and passed down (Andresen, 2016). Before states began mandating a single language for the entire population, linguistic diversity occurred more along a gradient of languages that shared characteristics with those closest to them regarding geography. Topographical elements, such as mountains, vast bodies of water, deserts, or untamed forests, can significantly impact the degree to which people in nearby communities or states can communicate with one another, even if they are geographically close. It only took a perilous mountain range to cut off (or substantially restrict completely) communication between different language groups, and long enough of that and their languages would diverge to the point where they would not be understandable to each other (Babbel.com & GmbH, 2020). This is especially true in some languages, such as Basque. Linguists have been baffled by Basque, also known as Euskara, for a long time because it appears unrelated to any other known living language. Geographical barriers, such as the surrounding mountain ranges, allowed Basque to develop in relative isolation throughout thousands of years. Broad, level landscapes (think plains) are "linguistic spread zones" characterized by a high degree of linguistic diversity due to the overlapping and eventual replacement of many speaker groups. The Eurasian steppe, sub-Saharan Africa, and the American Great Plains are all examples of such places. Language is influenced by geography in more nuanced and direct ways as well. Humans at higher altitudes tend to make different sounds, which alters the acoustic foundation upon which languages are built (Preston et al., 2022). The study of language geography focuses on the global distribution of languages and the formation of linguistic countries and nation-states. Linguistic boundaries are often determined by political borders, though there are many other cultural, economic, and, yes, geographical factors at play. This can be seen in action in the cryptic whistled languages of many mountain and forest societies. Whistled languages are developed as a means of communication when conditions make spoken language impractical. Whistles are more efficient than yells since they do not reverberate, do not distort across distance, and do not require as much effort to transmit (Preston et al., 2022). As mobile phones and globalization have become more commonplace, there is less of a need for younger people in these countries to acquire the whistled dialects. However, this is still an exciting illustration of how geography may influence human language. The evolution of a language is a dynamic process. By delving into the many paths that language has taken, we can learn about the evolution of the mind. Research on language acquisition has shed light on the development of specialized functions and the breadth and adaptability of cognitive processes at crucial points in our understanding of how we learn. Geography is interested in language study because it is the vehicle through which subjective meaning is transferred and because of the inherent power relations in this kind of meaning. Language makes the ability to express oneself, comprehend one another, and respond to one another possible. References Andresen, J. (2016, April 29). Linguistic Residual Zone: New York City. Julie Tetel Andresen. https://julietetelandresen.com/new-york-city-a-contemporary-linguistic-residual-zone/ Babbel.com, & GmbH, L. N. (2020, March 6). How Geography Affects Language. Babbel Magazine. https://www.babbel.com/en/magazine/language-geography Preston, D. R., Bayley, R., & Escalante, C. (2022). Variation and Second language acquisition (Vol. 28, p. 1). John Benjamins Publishing Company. http://digital.casalini.it/9789027257727 - Casalini id: 5337072

There is no single discipline across the globe that has no representation in some visual culture and contemporary art. The field of study of interest, in this case, is Communication, with journalism as the specialization. According to Benjamin (2010), when journalists merge narrative skills with new technology, they can offer a better understanding of the surrounding environment, clarity, and high quality context. This work shall discuss this piece of combination, journalism, and art, how the latter can help in the development of the prior. The artist of choice for this work is Jeremy Deller, a British installation, video, and conceptual artist born in 1966, London UK. Jeremy Deller does not make use of a single medium, but he rather instigates social interventions. Most of his work is also collaborative (Bibliography, n.d). This work analyzes three of Deller's pictures by linking them to journalism. The first piece of Deller's work to be analyzed is him flying a flag of a smiley face for Thomas More's Utopia, approximately half a millennium later. This art was jointly designed and hosted in collaboration with Fraser Muggeridge, a flag of the current day well known smiley face hanging over Somerset House in line with the launching of Utopia 2016. More's book had a vision of a self-contained island world where the systems and community had complete equality. This work was timely as the celebration marks exactly 500 years since the seminal work and it captured the attention of the current generation by the use of brightly colored flag, yellow, and a smiley face on it, something that is commonly used today. Journalism entails reporting what has happened and making it known as wide as possible. The content of this price of art by using what captures the attention of the audience intended, and linking it to the real piece of information to be passed out, that is More's work Utopia, gives a clue of how one can effectively carry out their work in journalism  (Ellis-Patterson, 2016). The second piece of work is the exhibition on Venice Biennale (Batty, 2015). Last year's Venice Biennale exhibition was highly concerned with the plight of workers. Jeremy Deller delved into the industrial heritage of Britain in exploring the emerging of the urban working class and its effects on culture and society. His work portrays as much play as it does politics. On a wall is a series of Victorian pictures of unidentified South Wales female workers looking startled and exhausted after a hours of rock breaking, titled 'The Shit Old Days.' The title makes reference to the "The Good Old days,” an entertainment show on BBC. His idea was to criticize the company for calling the day one is not working a day off. Deller further put a comparison of the current day and the past ones to drive the point home by the placing of a black banner with the text messages being sent to workers with zero hours. This form of art being a form of activism, where the plight of the oppressed is highlighted connects to journalism. Journalism in itself is not only about bringing out stories to the light but also to speak out for the voiceless, being bold not to be afraid of telling the stories while being careful to ensure you capture both the playful and political parts (Batty, 2015). Just as Jeremy Deller did, journalism requires one to have adequate information that they can link current happenings to what occurred in history and use aspects like comparison or similarities to make sure that a story brought forward is clearly heard. The third piece to be examined for this work is Jeremy Deller's life-size inflatable Stonehenge version (Jones, 2012). Stonehenge over the years has had a negative perception of it being evil and not a place worth risking a visit. Some of the negative perceptions have come from medias like movies portraying it in bad light. It has been a lonely place, adrift from a bouncing castle as far as the east is from the west. For conservation reasons, the English heritage restricts access to the stones themselves. Creating a life-size recreation of it helps in having the feel of being there in person. Changing how the general public perceives something is also something that one as a journalist may be required to do sometime in their career. A journalist may have to recreate a real life situation to their audience by either capturing excellent videos or using descriptive words that are excellent. There is no single discipline across the globe that has no representation in visual culture and contemporary art. Specifically looking at journalism and art, the three works of Jeremy Deller described in this work; one can learn many things from art concerning journalism. Jeremy Deller has shown a consistency in linking his work to the past, using brighter colors, mixing play and politics, and finally employing aspects that capture the attention of the audience addressed like in the case of the smiley face on the flag. All this can be borrowed into journalism to make sure the work effectively reaches the audience intended. Regarding the form of art, Deller has used his art to inform, address oppressions, and change the perception of the public from negative to positive, all which journalism  can incorporate.   Appendix Figure 1: Art number one.   Figure 2: Art number two.   Figure 3: Art number three   References Batty, D. (July 1, 2015). Jeremy Deller 's Artworks Draw Links between Victorian Factories and Zea-Hours Contracts. Theguardian. Accessed October 4, 2016. Web. https ://www.the guardian. com/society/201 5/j ul/011art -venice-biennale-j eremy-deller-zero­hours-contracts Benjamin, A. H. (2010). Science of Data-Driven Journalism. The Tow Foundation and the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation. Retrieved from http://towcenter.org/wp­ content/uploads/2014/05/Tow-Center-Data- DrivenJournalism.pdf http ://towcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/201 4/05/Tow-C enter-Data­  Driven-J ournalism .pdf Bibliography. (n.d). Jeremy Deller. Accessed October 4, 2016. Web.  https://www.artsy.net/ artist/j eremy-deller Ellis-Peterson, H. (January 25, 2016). Jeremy Deller Flies Flag for Thomas More's Utopia, 500 Years Later. Theguardian. Web. https://www.theguardian.com/ artanddesign/201 6/j an/25/j eremy-deller-flies-flag-thomas­ more-utopia-500-years-later Jones, J. (August 2, 2012). Jeremy Deller's bouncy castle softens the Image of Stonehenge. Theguardian. Accessed October 4, 2016. Web. https://www.theguardian.com/ artanddesign/j onathanj onesblog/201 2/aug/02/j eremy­ deller-stonehenge-bouncy-castle

Daron Acemoglu’s article “Root Causes” explores the gaps in living standards and development levels between rich and poor countries. While there are many proximate causes of poverty within countries such as a lack of education or outdated technology, Acemoglu focuses on the fundamental causes. The article provides two fundamental hypotheses to explain the gaps: the geographical hypothesis and the institutional hypothesis. The geographical hypothesis states that the underlying causes for differences in prosperity come from a country’s geography, climate, and ecology. These factors shape a society’s technological advantage and influence the incentives of its inhabitants. For example, a country with fertile soil may have an incentive to excel in agriculture and develop advanced technologies for harvesting. However, while nature does have an impact on economic well-being, it is shown that human influence is stronger. Segwaying into the institutional hypothesis, which focuses on the human factors impacting prosperity. Institutions play a crucial role in determining a country’s economic success. A “good institution” exhibits these key characteristics. Firstly, property rights are enforced which provides individuals with confidence that their assets are protected under the law. This confidence encourages investment which contributes to economic development. Secondly, constraints are placed on the actions of powerful individuals, such as elites and politicians. This ensures a sense of equality throughout the society which encourages broader participation in economic activities. Unfortunately, many countries nowadays lack these good institutions, with individuals lacking confidence to invest due to inadequate protection of property rights and excessive control of the economy by elites. The concept of reversal of fortune challenges the notion that initial advantages within a country always lead to long-term economic success. European colonization is a prime example of this, where initially rich societies such as the Aztecs and the Incas were subjected to a reversal of fortune. The institutions imposed by colonizers show the significance of the reversal of fortune. For example, Belgian colonizers exploited the Congo, a country rich in resources, for their own benefit. Property rights were disregarded as Congolese were forced into slavery and elite power was allowed to go unchecked. Their colonization resulted in a significant divide between the rich and the poor, leading to economic distress. This demonstrates that when the idea of a “good institution” is neglected, the gap between prosperity and distress widens. Institutions must be implemented in a way that meets the needs of all members of society, rather than serving the interests of a select few. The concentration of power among the elite often leads to abuse. For meaningful institutional change, those in power must be willing to act for the benefit of everyone. Failing to do so perpetuates economic inequality and hinders development. Recognizing the importance of institutions in economic development means implementing necessary barriers and reforms to support the disadvantages and educate the elite on responsible use of their power. By addressing these fundamental causes, societies can work towards reducing disparities and fostering sustainable economic growth.  

Buffers are terminologies that are used to refers to regions of storage that are used in holding information or data temporarily while being moved from one location to another. One of the most significant features of buffers is the determination of method parameter in determining how buffers are created. Buffers can be constructed in two basic methods being Euclidean and geodesic, where Euclidean is used in measuring the distance in a double dimensional Cartesian plane. They work best during the analysis of the distance on projected coordinate system features. For the geodesic buffers, their functionality comes during accounting for the earths actual surface. The geodesic features are created when considering input features dispersed. They are also used when the preservation of properties such as area during spatial reference of input features are of distorting distances. During buffer creation, there are two major formats that are offered. The parsed data stream that is normally from the parse process. Parsed data refers to a data string transformed to a different set type. For instance, when it is received in HTML format, the parser will be able to convert it into a more understandable and easily to read type. The data stream is composed of parsed XML document and the header. While parsing the XML document, it is read and an interface provided for the user to access the documents. Briefly discuss what Model Builder is, including the following topics in your discussion: Why Model Builder provides a graphic template What models created in Model Builder allow users to do What scripts are, and what they can be used for. Geoprocessing workflows are built using programming languages that are known as Model builder. Spatial analysis is always documented and automated using geoprocessing models. It is used in creating and is modification of the models interpreted as a diagram linking process sequences together and geoprocessing tools, whilst utilizing one process' output as another process input. Some of the benefits of model builders include its ease of use in the creation and workflow Runnings. It also enables creation of tools that can be used in python scripting. Graphic templates can be taken as features that have been created for particulate uses that are meant to save designers time and an able proper flexibility while editing. The graphic templates normally contain text colors and images that that are in most cases appealing to the eye (Esri, n.d). The graphic templates are used in illustration of tools and variable elements. Further more, the readability of the model is enhanced through the diagram properties, display properties and the pictures for the elements and label to document. The models built by the model builder has many functions to the user. Some of the most specific functions include the following. They have the ability of selecting different layers by their attributes. Through the buffer, they can help create an area within 1500 feet distance around specified areas (Esri, n.d). They can also help the user erase the buffer area within the selected zones. Finally. They have the ability to intersect, in that they can help in overlaying the erase tool output with different layers hence ease in identification of areas meeting the needed criteria. Script is a command lists that is executed by scripting engines on certain specific programs. Their major functions are in generation of web pages or process automation on local computers. A typical example is Dos script that maybe utilized in process running in windows computers (Christensson, 2006). Macintosh machines may make use of apple scripts. When describing script files, they can be termed as documents containing instructions that are written in a scripting language. With that the overall implication is that majority of the scripts can be edited or opened using basic text editors.   References Christensson, P. (2006). Script Definition. Retrieved 2021, May 5, from https://techterms.com Esri, (n.d). Fundamentals of Model Builder. Retrieved from, https://proceedings.esri.com/library/userconf/cahinvrug09/papers/tech- workshops/arcgis_desktop_fundamentals_of_using_modelbuilder.pdf Esri, (n.d). How Buffer (Analysis) works. Retrieved from, https://pro.arcgis.com/en/pro- app/latest/tool-reference/analysis/how-buffer-analysis-works.htm