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Introduction: Parenting is a two-people job, however according to the labour laws in India only a woman is responsible for taking care of the child. The deep-rooted ideology of ancestors can be seen in the legislative framework of India. Maternity benefits in India are also framed in a patriarchal manner and thus, give little to no importance to the duties of a father in parenting. It proposes a problematic approach to the idea of gender equality and shared responsibility in a household. In today’s time both the parents in a household are seen to be working and the sole burden of parenting is placed on a woman that affects her physical as well as the mental health. Due to lack of paid-paternity leave, it is observed that fathers are made to choose between their child and work which denies the fathers an opportunity to connect with their new-born. In many households, a father cannot afford to take unpaid leave and thus he is forced to prioritize his job over his child. This is where the father’s responsibilities are kept limited to him being a breadwinner and a mother’s responsibilities are kept limited to taking care of ‘her’ child. And this is how the phrase “man of the house” comes into play. Lack of parental benefits not only sows’ seeds of patriarchy in the household but also plays a vital role in shaping a child’s mindset. Growing up in a family where the burden of money making is solely on the father and burden of child-care is only on the mother sets a foundation of gender-inequality in the minds of a child. This paper aims at highlighting the lack of legislative framework for fathers and other significant partners in labour laws in India. Additionally, it also analyzes the parental laws in other countries. Paternity laws in India: In the year 1999, paternity benefits were proposed in the public sector that provides father to take a 15-day paid leave either before or within 6 months from the date of delivery of the child, however no such provision was made for fathers working in a private sector. Then recently in 2017, paternity benefit bill was proposed in the Lok Sabha by Maharashtra MP, Rajeev Satav, which allowed men working in government sectors to take a 15-day paid leave that can be extended up to 3 months. Legal objective behind proposing this bill was significantly to remove gender gaps in labour law. This bill also aims at eliminating the upper hand that patriarchal approach holds on labour laws in India. It is also a first step towards reducing the dual burden on a new mother to juggle between her responsibilities to provide for the family as well as the assumed responsibility of care that society implies on her. The amendment proposed that every worker in an unorganized sector or a private sector who has worked for minimum of 80 days in the establishment has the right to avail paternity benefits as laid down in the bill. Employee is liable to receive benefits based on average daily wage received by him for the number of days he has worked in the establishment. It is imperative to point out here that, top Indian Companies like Flipkart, Google, Vodafone have given a place to paternity leaves in their internal policies. What becomes more crucial is to understand that there is no law or legal mandate for these companies to insert paternity leaves in their policies. They have done this merely because of the objectives set out for the paternity bill, 2017. Even after the proposition of this bill, there is no eagerness in the legislature to make laws regarding paternity benefits. The bill only serves the purpose of a guideline for the private establishments and the discretion lies in the hands of higher management to make rules for the same. Why do we need Paternity laws in India: Since section 59 of the Code on Social Security (Hereinafter, The Code) allows the state to take autonomy over woman’s body and personal choices, they should also play a proactive role in reducing their dual burden during childbirth. They can do that with the help of providing for better paternity laws in the country where the father plays an equal role in raising the child. By implementing paternity laws in the country, they would allow biological fathers, or commissioning fathers to have an equal contribution as is of the mother. Another benefit is that the paternity benefits will allow both the parents to focus on the professional side of their life. Currently, the mother must sacrifice her professional life to take care of her child but when the paternity laws will be implemented; both the parents will share an equal burden. This will allow the woman to take out time for her professional commitments as well. This will have a positive effect in terms of reducing the percentage of women leaving workforce because of pregnancy. Section 60 of the Code only emphasizes on the role of a woman in being a mother and thus grants women paid maternity leave for 26 weeks. The provision is not inclusive in its complete sense, and it demands to be more liberal in its approach. Section 65 of the Code eliminates the mental trauma that a father might have gone through due to the medical terminated pregnancy of his wife. Moreover, it also neglects the duty of care of a man towards his wife. Practically speaking, during tough times such as a medically terminated pregnancy as well as after tubectomy, a woman might need more support whether physically or mentally from their partner. Section 67 of the code only allows a woman to visit the crèche facility provided by the employer. It puts the complete burden of childcare on the mother and portrays a patriarchal approach of the legislators. A father is not given a choice but to visit his own child, which also highlights the problems that single fathers might face. Paternity Laws around the World: Each parent should be responsible for childcare and only the mother should not be tasked with taking care of the child, thus they should both be eligible for paternity and maternity leave, respectively. While maternity breaks are quite common in India, paternity leaves are lagging. The father receives these leaves either before or right after delivery. Most of the time, both parents are employed. Men are therefore tasked with having to support their families financially on their own. As a result, both men and women must share equal responsibilities for doing home duties. As we see there aren’t any special or even slightly inclusive paternity laws in India, but is it the same in other countries around the world as well? There are a few countries which offer quite an extensive paternity leave, and we shall see these countries and analyze their respective paternity laws. Norway : A statutory parental leave of 49 weeks where 100% of the salary is given or 59 weeks with 80% of the salary is provided which is to be divided between both the parents. There are certain conditions which are to be adhered to such as the father must take 2 weeks of paid leave when the child is born and an additional 14 weeks of paid leave anytime till the child turns 3 years old. The parents can use the balance weeks as per their convenience. Iceland: The country in their recent 2021 legislation bought a change in their parental leave scheme which now provides for a 12-month leave jointly to the parents which is to be divided equally. 6-weeks out of this is transferable to either parent. The right to such leave would expire once the child turns 24months old. The amount of leave is 80% of the average salary and a special scheme is provided for students and people who are not in the workforce. Sweden: The country has encouraged gender equality by banning the terms maternity and paternity leave and instead have classified it as parental leave. It is a combined leave of 480 days (16 months) with 80% of their salary out of which the father must take a leave of 3 months. The leave can be utilized till the child turns 8 years old.9 Finland:  In Finland, parental as well as childcare leave is provided. Parental leave given to the parents is a leave of 320 days of which both are entitled to 160 days each. A parent can transfer a total of 63 days to the other parent. The law is not just limited to mother and father but is gender neutral and applies to adopted or surrogate babies. Single parents are entitled to all the 320 days. Spain: In 2021 itself Spain has amended their parental laws and increased the paternity leave from 12 weeks to 16 weeks. The leave of 6 weeks must be taken after the delivery and the rest can be taken anytime for the next 12 months after the child is born. The leave is compensated by 100% salary. Japan: Japan is the only country which provides the highest number of leave days. The law provides a leave of one full year exclusively for the father. This leave is altogether different from the leave provided to mothers. Though few opt for this leave due to cultural and social stigma. As we see there quite a few countries which provide paternity leaves and such countries that do not discriminate between genders and are more welcoming towards same-sex marriages. These countries also acknowledge single parenting and give equal opportunities to people in such inconvenient situations. Comparing such liberal and people friendly laws to the paternity laws present in India we see the absolute disparity and non-existence of such laws in our legal structure. As mentioned above India only gives 15 days of paid leave extended up to 3 months to only government employees. This leave is also not explicitly mentioned by the legislation. The legislation must seek inspiration from countries such as Norway, Sweden or Iceland and introduce a comprehensive parental leave scheme. Introducing a parental leave scheme which gives an equal amount of leave to both parents at a certain percentage of their salary would be highly beneficial for the family. The father would be present during the primitive growth of the child, and it would also enable him to take care of their significant partner. In India having a law which enables fathers to spend more quality time with their spouse and children would enhance the child’s connection with their fathers. Finland has accepted adoptive and single parents and included same-sex marriages in their laws which must be done India as well as it would be beneficial for couples having certain medical ailments related to reproduction to opt for adoption as they would have an incentive of leave. These initiative-taking and liberal laws would benefit single parents as they would get to spend quality time with their kid without the burden of having to earn a living for a certain time. The single parent could also utilize the leave time given to the other parent as is the case in Finland. The problem in establishing these laws is the societal pressure faced by men to be the earning head in the family and the patriarchal concept of mothers being the one’s to take care of the child. The benefit of leave given in the above-mentioned countries is majorly by the government of the country or divided between the government and the employer. In India, due the economic conditions prevailing, the burden for providing such leave would solely fall on the employer which would again be troublesome as they would have to provide for both parents. The government should establish either certain tax benefits or incentives to employers who provide paternity benefits. The need for such laws is a priority but would definitely take some time to evolve. Conclusion: Due to his presence during the delivery, the father is attentive to the needs of both the mother and the new-born kid. He becomes more helpful around the house and kinder to the infant as a result of this realisation. Fathers who take maternity or paternity breaks might devote more time to their families and assist out at home. Additionally, being there throughout the kid's formative years makes it simpler for the kid to establish a close relationship with both parents rather than just one. Additionally, the child would be educated by seeing that providing care is a shared obligation and not a position based on gender. Even if Indian law is not too restrictive, it nonetheless appears to have its roots in the idea that a mother's primary job is to take care of her kid. The fact that the leave is only available to single male parents supports this idea. It designates a father's participation in raising children as a last resort. If paternity leaves were available to all men equally, men might relieve some of the burden which falls on their spouses. Women who are solely responsible for childcare are forced to take lengthier absences from work, and in the worst scenarios, they may have to give up their jobs permanently. As mentioned, the government does not have any special laws for paternity leave, but certain private companies do provide paternity leaves to their employees. Microsoft, Facebook, Deolitte, provide 12 weeks, 17 weeks and 16 weeks of paternity leave respectively to their male employees. Thus, a change is underway it just has to catch wind to become a concrete law. Written By: Diksha Sindhi and Radhika Kabra

Abstract: Climate change presents one of the most pressing challenges of the 21st century, with far- reaching implications for the global economy, environment, and society. This essay explores the economics of climate change mitigation, focusing on the economic costs and benefits of various strategies aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to a changing climate. Beginning with an overview of the scientific consensus on climate change and its potential impacts, the essay examines the economic consequences of inaction, including damage to infrastructure, disruptions to agriculture, and loss of biodiversity. It then delves into the economic rationale for climate change mitigation, analyzing the potential costs of mitigation efforts and the expected benefits in terms of avoided climate damages, improved public health, and enhanced energy security. The essay also considers the role of policy instruments such as carbon pricing, renewable energy subsidies, and emissions trading systems in driving the transition to a low-carbon economy. Furthermore, it discusses the importance of international cooperation in addressing climate change and the challenges associated with achieving consensus among nations with varying levels of economic development and emissions intensity. Through this comprehensive analysis, the essay aims to provide insights into the economic dimensions of climate change mitigation and inform policy discussions on how best to tackle this global challenge. Outline: Introduction Overview of the urgency and significance of climate change as a global challenge. Statement of the thesis: exploring the economics of climate change mitigation and the potential policy responses. Scientific Consensus and Impacts of Climate Change Summary of the scientific consensus on climate change and its potential impacts on the environment, economy, and society. Discussion of observed and projected changes in temperature, precipitation patterns, sea levels, and extreme weather events. Economic Costs of Inaction Analysis of the economic consequences of climate change, including damage to infrastructure, disruptions to agriculture, and loss of biodiversity. Examination of the potential impacts on various sectors of the economy, such as tourism, insurance, and energy. Economic Rationale for Climate Change Mitigation Evaluation of the economic rationale for mitigating climate change, including the concept of the social cost of carbon and the economic benefits of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Analysis of the potential co-benefits of mitigation efforts, such as improved public health and energy security. Policy Instruments for Climate Change Mitigation Overview of different policy instruments for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, including carbon pricing mechanisms, renewable energy subsidies, and emissions trading systems. Analysis of the effectiveness and efficiency of various policy approaches in incentivizing emission reductions. International Cooperation and Climate Policy Discussion of the importance of international cooperation in addressing climate change. Examination of the challenges associated with achieving consensus among nations with varying levels of economic development and emissions intensity. Case Studies Examination of case studies highlighting successful climate change mitigation efforts at the national, regional, and local levels. Analysis of the factors contributing to the success of these case studies and the lessons learned for future policy implementation. Technological Innovation and Climate Solutions Exploration of the role of technological innovation in driving climate solutions, such as renewable energy technologies, carbon capture and storage, and sustainable agriculture practices. Analysis of the economic opportunities associated with technological innovation in the context of climate change mitigation. Financing Climate Change Mitigation Discussion of financing mechanisms for climate change mitigation efforts, including public funding, private investment, and international climate finance. Analysis of the challenges and opportunities for mobilizing financial resources to support climate action. Conclusion Summary of key findings and insights. Reflection on the importance of addressing climate change through economically efficient and socially equitable mitigation strategies.

Abstract Distance education can be identified as the method of teaching the teacher and student interacts while they are physically separated. This research study focuses on virtual learning in higher learning institutions and the impact made by using them. In this, technologies are involved in correspondence to internet, videos, audios and use of computers. Virtual learning has become the mainstream in most of higher learning institutions which is the version of distance learning today. Computers and internet are used as the delivery mechanism with most of the course content delivered online. However, virtual learning is not a new way of learning as it can be traced in the early 18th century where it was common in the late 1800s but later grew rapidly in the 1990s due to advancement in technology. California has been at the forefront in embracing virtual education in institutions of higher learning. Virtual learning, with the use of web-based technologies continue to extend the reach of settings to training and education giving a vast array of experiences and support to students and teachers at any place and anytime. Virtual learning has become the most dynamic, exciting yet challenging for every institution that has embraced it. These trends raise concerns about the effect of online learning on the student outcomes in both short and long term. With the advancement in technology, online learning has provided new access to higher education with online participation increasing in each state’s largest ethnic group. Offering more online versions for courses with high demand should be considered as a priority. Universities in California should review the quality of current online courses and implement standardized learning management system to assess the student’s engagement and behavior and identify what should be improved. Introduction Virtual learning is relatively a new phenomenon though there is a generation of interest in the higher education with only a few studies of examining its effect on online courses on student outcomes. This has been done using large and representative set of online courses. With increase in the cost of attending colleges and a decline in access to higher education, officials in higher learning institutions are looking to virtual learning as a better way to increase access, promote completion and serve the needs of students. Being an alternative to face to face courses, virtual learning not only needs to be less expensive but should also yield comparable student outcomes to be cost effective. Literature review There has been a vast growth of online courses for institutions in higher learning especially in the 21st century. Virtual learning has evolved over the years and is continuing to bring more advanced versions in educational practices. Technological innovations have led to people in every age bracket learn from a distance by use of a variety of different mediums. Accessing online courses has become more popular leading to a greater number of students pursuing online learning. The exponential increase in online learning has raised its credibility with the growth in its popularity revolutionalising how learners of all ages can access and consolidate their academic knowledge. The main benefit accorded by most lecturers and learners in California is the one-on-one learning afforded by technological supplements. E-learning has reduced financial expenses where the institutions require minimal learning facilities and some expenses incurred are reduced while the students benefit from reduced transportation and tuition fees. Virtual learning also reaches some target audience as it becomes affordable and accessible to many anytime and anywhere. Virtual learning enhances group communication where students are able to work with team members via chat rooms and emails which are easier than coordinating specific times when everyone can attend physically. To avoid digital illiteracy, one should check the degree in technological proficiency which includes participating in classes, submitting the work, ability to successfully log in and communicating with classmates and lecturers. One should choose a school that offers technical support services where one can also freely ask tech questions. To curb technical issues in the free online services with the internet, having a reliable internet connection is crucial. Flexible time scheduling is great for every online user due to multiple responsibilities for them to be successful and be beneficiaries of the virtual education. Enhancing motivation to online learners should be done by asking them to engage frequently in the learning sessions, schedule their time and have a positive mind and give positive self-talks about virtual learning which will improve their productivity by building up their confidence. Summary In the Covid-19 pandemic, there has been an increase in the use of virtual learning in institutions in California. They are putting together plans to offer their education services to students even in the order of stay-at-home as they participate in mitigating the spread of the corona virus. There are a number of benefits associated with virtual learning which also comes along with some challenges. With the numerous studies in the past few years, students successful and competent with virtual learning are said to have technology skills, literacy, and independent orientation towards learning, strong time management values and are highly motivated by intrinsic sources. References Annansingh, F. (2019). Mind the gap: Cognitive active learning in virtual learning environment perception of instructors and students. Education and Information Technologies, 24(6), 3669-3688. Quantitative and qualitative methods of study are used. The purpose is to explore the disparity between students and the instuctor’s perception of cognitive learning experience in a virtual learning environment. Students embraced virtual learning with its cost effectiveness and it was favorable to the instructors due to one-on-one interactions with the students. Boda, I., Tóth, E., Csont, I., & Nagy, L. T. (2017, September). The use of mythological content in virtual learning environment. In 2017 8th IEEE International Conference on Cognitive Infocommunications (CogInfoCom) (pp. 000307-000314). IEEE. Qualitative and quantitative methods of study are used. The purpose is to discuss the implementation and presentation features of three-dimensional virtual library mode. More advanced versions in educational practices are coming up in virtual learning. Han, H. C. S. (2017). iSee: Teaching Visual Learning in an Organic Virtual Learning Environment. International Journal of Education & the Arts, 18(38). The research study uses both qualitative and quantitative methods of study. The purpose is to understand how the virtual world processes of observing and creating can help students learn virtual theories. The hands-on virtual experiences help students learn visual theories and perceive the real world environment. Khazaal, H. F. (2015). Problem solving method based on e-learning system for engineering education. Journal of College Teaching & Learning (TLC), 12(1), 1-12. The study uses a mixed type of study; quantitative and qualitative research study with the purpose of solving the problem in providing education by use of e-learning. Students are involved by solving a problem in basic electrical circuits presented on the e-learning system which the researcher or the teacher uses to get results. Better results were obtained and recommendations were put across like encouraging group work for students. Li, H., & Yu, J. (2020). Learners’ continuance participation intention of collaborative group project in virtual learning environment: an extended TAM perspective. Journal of Data, Information and Management, 2(1), 39-53. The study uses quantitative method of study. The aim is to explore learners’ intention to return to the electronic environment. This could be done through wikipages. Technological acceptable model is effective in explaining the intention of students to return to using Wikipedia for the online learning. Maghool, S. A. H., Moeini, S. H. I., & Arefazar, Y. (2018). An educational application based on virtual reality technology for learning architectural details: challenges and benefits. ArchNet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research, 12(3), 246. The mixed type of study is used; quantitative and qualitative method of study. The paper discusses the benefits and challenges of developing the virtual reality technology and show how Learning Architectural Details Using Virtual Reality can be used in construction sites. The analysis was able to investigate the architectural details and they seemed fit for the architectural students in doing their virtual learning. Muñoz-Cristóbal, J. A., Gallego-Lema, V., Arribas-Cubero, H. F., Martínez-Monés, A., & Asensio-Pérez, J. I. (2017). Using virtual learning environments in bricolage mode for orchestrating learning situations across physical and virtual spaces. Computers & Education, 109, 233-252. Quantitative method of study is used. The research paper presents an evaluation study involving the use of learning buckets in learning institutions in a course of Physical Education in the Natural Environment for pre-service teachers. Phungsuk, R., Viriyavejakul, C., & Ratanaolarn, T. (2017). Development of a problem-based learning model via a virtual learning environment. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 38(3), 297-306. The study uses a mixed type of study with the purpose of developing a problem-based learning model using a virtual learning environment for undergraduate students in the Photography for Communication Arts course. Students found it hard to be interested in learning materials and courses in class having a motivation in various types of lessons. Saiger, A. (2016). Homeschooling, virtual learning, and the eroding public/private binary. Journal of School Choice, 10(3), 297-319. Qualitative method of study is used. The purpose is to analyze home schooling to be treated as private education subjecting it to public regulation. Virtual learning is embraced with the advancement in technology for the learners. Sumtsova, O., Aikina, T., Bolsunovskaya, L., Phillips, C., Zubkova, O., & Mitchell, P. (2018). Collaborative learning at engineering universities: Benefits and challenges. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET), 13(1), 160-177. Qualitative and quantitative methods of study are used in the research study. The paper concerns educational approaches incorporated in syllabuses of learning institutions.

In the 21st system of healthcare, health information technology is one of the solid establishments of the future. Modernization in the healthcare system is unmistakably noted when we think about how we were forty years prior and where we are today. The requirement for development in healthcare was the main motivation behind the innovation and development of computers in medical service provision (McBride et al., 2012). A large portion of the previous forty years of technological development was spent on applications of computers for purposes of administration but of late clinical process patient care has become the main focus of the foundation of new information and ideas in healthcare technology Growth in technology in clinical applications is the new pattern in healthcare, and it will keep on assuming a key role for a considerable length of time to come. Patient-centered care is the most vital feature of high-quality care. Informatics of health particularly technological advances can facilitate patient-centered care as with the help of information technology there can be a mechanism where the patients can not only avail important information to their clinicians but also share the information with family, friends, and other patients. This information may make the patients to significantly control their care. Information technology may also be used by nurses in coordinating care and sharing important information with their colleagues (Doswell et al., 2013). Information resources and communication tools can be utilized by nurses and patients in their interactions in one way or another. Healthcare settings currently coordinate online booking arrangements, electronic prescription of medicine, telehealth, and laboratories which are portable where informatics clinicians are vital in ensuring that the computerized solutions interface with one another. Technology helps reduce errors in medication. Errors in prescribing medication are another normal clinical blunder that can prompt very adverse problems. An electronic prescription can help lessen errors in prescription by permitting the medical attendants to electronically send prescriptions to the pharmacy. Clinical alarms, banners, and updates are likewise ways in which technology can assist lessen errors in medication and advance the safety of patients (Friganović, 2016). Nursing documentation is an element of information technology in healthcare services. The systems of nursing information are designed for clinicians where documentation can be best utilized to grow their skills and knowledge of quality care. Nursing, specifically, has essentially profited by these new ideas and keeps on looking through better and fresher techniques to improve patient care. The electronic patient record has become a significant aspect in the workflow of information and using information technology will end up improving the efficiency and quality of patients' results. Patient documentation is a very important skill when it comes to communicating the patient’s condition and organizing care depending on the patient's needs. Errors in medical fields cost about 40 Billion dollars yearly and these errors can be avoided by using information technology (McBride et al., 2012). The information, however, does not only give nurses alerts so that they can avoid errors but also helps them automate several tasks thus improving the productivity of nurses while at the same time reducing costs that are associated with healthcare. Baccalaureate Generalist medical attendants are significant in making sure that information technology is used in the healthcare systems (Doswell et al., 2013). They provide both direct and indirect care. In this role, nurses pay the part of advocating for and educating patients. These roles are as of late done using information systems installed in medical clinics and the utilization of other distributed systems. Changing socioeconomics and progressing advances noted in information technology are a truth of healthcare practice. In this concern, therefore, generalist nurses give proof-based care to patients and casualties inside this environment that is changing. These nurses utilize research discoveries in structuring and actualizing care that is cost-effective, multidimensional, and of high caliber. Understanding patients and the significant qualities they add to the healthcare relationship is equally paramount. The Baccalaureate nurses give care across all environments, that is, they center around population healthcare, individual, family, and community as they monitor and oversee parts of the surroundings to foster good health. Baccalaureate medical attendants are monitors, organizers, organizers, and managers of care. Every one of these roles requires information technology for it to work out (Fujino & Kawamoto, 2013). Decisions and recording systems should all be incorporated into the healthcare systems to play out these jobs adequately. As experts, Baccalaureate nurses are knowledge workers who utilize a wide and all-around depicted knowledge base for training. This knowledgebase must be installed in an information system. Proficient Nursing requires solid correspondence, critical thinking, clinical judgment, and appraisal aptitudes which some can be joined into the information systems, for example, decision-making systems, to help in thinking out. Nurses use technology diversely to settle on healthcare-related choices. The eCare systems give data for better and reliable decision-making at all degrees of management. In the interim, directors in many hospitals are utilizing a similar blood sugar level reading in various manners. The eCare data feed into the medical clinic's key performance indicator (KPI) dashboard, which reports hypoglycemic and hyperglycemic rates at the hospital, department, and enterprise level. By accessing that information in near-real time, bedside staff, senior leaders, and unit managers can be inconsistent and efficient communication about desires and how to get rid of hindrances to accomplishing metrics of performance and clinal standards. Computerized decision-support systems can assist nurses with bringing together complex data and guide medicinal services management and treatment. The systems coordinate patient attributes to an electronic knowledge base to adequately create patient-specific evaluations or suggestions. Straightforward Decision support can be paper-based; however, computerized decision support systems have the benefit of having the option to process patient-specific data quickly and match it to mechanized choice calculations. The systems are intended to help with the clinical dynamic procedure. Electronic documentation tools give numerous features that are simply intended to increase both the quality and integrity of clinical documentation, improving communication between all stakeholders of the hospital. It is unlike the past where the information was inaccurate as it was handwritten some of which could get lost. The quality of the information entered into the social insurance database might be controlled consequently compromising the integrity of the outcomes given to the patients. These features address conventional prerequisites for documentation rules while supporting late far expansive technologies. There are many existing standards and guidelines on documentation standards and rules that primarily address evaluating documentation authorship standards, and structures advancement in a paper health record (Fujino & Kawamoto, 2013). With the proceeded with the progression of electronic medical records, there is a concern that an expected loss of documentation integrity could in the long run bring about undermined patient care, quality detailing, and examination, care coordination just as fraud and abuse. References Doswell, W. M., Braxter, B., Dabbs, A. D., Nilsen, W., & Klem, M. L. (2013). mHealth: Technology for nursing practice, education, and research. J Nurs Educ Pract, 3(10), 99. Friganović, A. (2016). Nursing and implementation of modern technology. Signa vitae: journal for intesive care and emergency medicine, 12(1.), 23-27. Fujino, Y., & Kawamoto, R. (2013). Effect of information and communication technology on nursing performance. CIN: Computers, Informatics, Nursing, 31(5), 244-250. McBride, S., Delaney, J. M., & Tietze, M. (2012). Health information technology and nursing. AJN -*12The American Journal of Nursing, 112(8), 36-42.7`1  --+          11=

The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act is which in other words is known as the Financial Services Modernization act that began in 1999 and is now relevant in society today. The act itself was created for the United States to control and monitor the ways that financial institutions dealt with the private information of individuals. The passing of this act was important so that it could keep the individuals protected financially. Since the time that this act was been passed, while the intentions behind the act were positive, there are still many people who have their financial information compromised which is a significantly negative problem. This is something that affects our country today. The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act comes in three different parts. The three parts of this act consist of the Financial Privacy Rule, The Safeguards Rule, and Protecting provisions. In addition, this act requires the financial institutions to give the majority of the clients a composed notice that was private which discusses the private sharing rule. The Gramm- Leach-Bliley Act, while it has a few downsides and problems of compromising, has very positively impacted the nation and the general security of customers from bank to bank. This increase in general security has caused our overall economic system to be strengthened and for consumer confidence to increase. The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act has had such an expansive effect on the United States. In the United States, people have become increasingly worried about their bank information being compromised. The process of customer information being compromised is individually one of the main reasons that this act would come into play. The United States could make a framework where individuals realized that without this law being passed, undesirable data would be shared, which exhibits an absence of protection. By giving clients their arrangement of trade, it secures the data the native does not have any desire to be shared. Many individual polls took place in which stated that consumers were growing increasingly unhappy with banks lack of concern with their privacy. Studies that were done proved the consumers unhappiness was concerned with the current bank standards of the level of privacy for their consumers. The Gramm-Leach-Bliley has changed our daily living in different ways because it began to cancel out laws that were instilled in the era of the Depression. The act now represents and supports money related exchanges in today’s day in age. Essentially, this impacts how banks, securities firms, and different kinds of monetary establishments could combine to offer their clients a more entire scope of administrations. Furthermore, this bill finds a way to revise a portion of the most exceedingly terrible misuse of the 1977 Community Reinvestment Act a confused exertion that constrained banks to put resources into distraught neighborhoods notwithstanding when it was not fiscally achievable and to give shoppers huge new insurances of individual money related information. Despite the fact that it is as yet not an ideal blend of conceivable monetary administrations changes, this enactment speaks to the hugest deregulation of the budgetary administrations industry in finished 50 years. This act specifically affects my life in more ways than just one. A portion of the reasons that this act influences my life alongside the majority of my family and friends is on the grounds that it is ensuring something that we as a whole utilize which is financial balances, account numbers, and routing numbers. Without these things our bank information would simply be at the hands of people we did not intend it to be in. People would continually have access to our information with no regulation without this act. Yet, this is something that is profiting everybody with a money related circumstance at the current time alongside organizations. With this in mind, the fact that we once did not have this act makes it clear to see that without it, it was incredibly hard to monitor money related situations. It truly proves to be useful when managing budgetary circumstances since you don't need to be over the greater part of your monetary circumstances. Individuals may now simply get all that data from your bank which has every one of the records of what cash you deposited or withdrew along with the money that has been spent. In addition, if money was taken out from your bank account that was not your doing, then the act itself comes into play. The bank would then be responsible for letting this situation occur. The bank itself would then have to figure out what is going on and get to the bottom of it for their customers. The Gramm-Leach-Bliley-Act, coming into play in the year 1999, has since changed the way that our banks protect the information of consumers. Following a couple of changes and rectifications along the way, it is still having a positive impact in the world and helping individuals' lives all over our country. The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, that is used to protect and keep our financial information safe, has exemplified and proved its need in our economic world to date. Works Cited Center, Electronic Privacy Information. “EPIC - The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act.” Electronic Privacy Information Center, epic.org/privacy/glba/#reduce. Neale, Faith Journal of Economics and Business, 2005. United States. General Accounting Office. Financial Privacy : Status of State Actions on Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act's Privacy Provisions. U.S. General Accounting Office, 2002. Topic Proposal The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act is relevant in today’s society. The act itself was created for the United States to control and monitor the ways that financial institutions dealt with the private information of individuals. The passing of this act is important to keep individuals protected financially. While this act was passed with good intention, there are still many individuals who have their financial information compromised. In the United States, people became increasingly worried about their bank information being compromised. Many polls took place in which stated that consumers were growing increasingly unhappy with consumers lack of concern with their privacy. Studies that were done proved the consumers unhappiness with the current bank standards of the level of privacy they had about sharing unwanted information. Center, Electronic Privacy Information. “EPIC - The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act.” Electronic Privacy Information Center, epic.org/privacy/glba/#reduce. This is a good source because the website really explains the importance of the Gramm- Leach- Bliley Act. It is a great college source because it explains the history behind the act and the privacy protection under the Gramm Act. Neale, Faith Journal of Economics and Business, 2005. I thought that this source would be useful for my paper because it discusses not only what the act is but how it can be harmful. As I said earlier, while the act was put in place with good intentions, there were some downsides. This is a good source for college because it is a scholarly source. United States. General Accounting Office. Financial Privacy : Status of State Actions on Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act's Privacy Provisions. U.S. General Accounting Office, 2002. I found this book through the WSU library and I found it to be very credible and release. This book discusses the privacy aid that was intended to come from the Gramm Leach Bliley Act and why it was meant to be a positive, protective thing.

Manitoba is a Canadian province that borders Saskatchewan to the west and Ontario to the east. It is one of the prairie provinces and has a landscape of prairies, forests, mountains, rivers and lakes stretching from Hudson Bay on the eastern side to the Arctic Tundra in the north. Manitoba has a population of about 1.3 million people and has its headquarters in Winnipeg. The province has vast business opportunities ranging from tourism to agriculture. The government of Manitoba has been continually working to make starting a business as accessible as possible for its residents. For instance, different programs are available for people that desire to start farming, such as AgriInsurance, AgriDiversity and AgriInvest (Dubois, 2022). Individuals that reside in other countries but have excellent business ideas have also been provided with The Entrepreneur Pathway that guides them on how to immigrate to the province and start their business (Dubois, 2022). Nonetheless, depending on the type of business that one intends to put up, there are different legal forms that they have to submit. This essay explores the entire business legal structure and process of business registration in Manitoba. Different Legal Forms of Business Ownership After conducting market research, developing a business strategy and seeking financing, the entrepreneur needs to pick a business structure. The business structure also determines the legal forms required to get it running. Sole Proprietorship In a sole proprietorship, the entrepreneur has complete control of the business; it is also very inexpensive and easy to set up as there is no need for registration with the province (Dubois,2022). However, the entrepreneur is fully liable for all their obligations and debts to the business. This implies that in case of business failure, the entrepreneur will lose their assets such as savings and home. Partnership A partnership comes with increased capital and shared liability. They are the most suitable when there is more than one owner (Dubois, 2022). Partnerships can either be limited or general. General partnerships allow for the liability of all partners and equal power to make decisions, while the limited partnership has limited partners restricted control over the business. Corporations Corporations are much more complex than sole proprietorships and partnerships. They come with advantages, such as being a separate legal entity and having limited liability. They can be either provincial or federal. Manitoba requires that all corporations be registered with the Companies Office. Non-Profit Corporations, Cooperatives and Societies Non-profit corporations and cooperatives are much more expensive to incorporate and also more expensive to operate, but they also come with limited liability and allow ownership of property. Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Legal Forms of Business Ownership   2.1.            Sole Proprietorship Advantages Disadvantages Usually has a low startup The owner has unlimited liability for the   company's debts, and there is no distinction       between business and private assets   (Tasmanian Government, 2023). The owner keeps all profits. There is limited capacity for raising capital   (Tasmanian Government, 2023). Easy to establish and operate The role and responsibilities in making day- to-day decisions solely lie with the owner (Tasmanian Government, 2023). It is easy for the owner to change the legal structure later (Tasmanian Government, 2023). It is hard for the business to retain employees of high caliber.   Taxation happens to a single person, and the   business has a limited life. 2.2.            Partnership Advantages Disadvantages There is an extra set of hands The partner cannot make decisions on their   own. There is additional knowledge Profits need to be split. There is less paperwork compared to a   corporation There may be disagreements. The financial burden is less. The partners are still not separate from the   business. There are fewer taxes involved. Taxation is done individually. 2.3.            Corporation Advantages Disadvantages Easier capital access, continuity, business security, and protection from personal liability. Protocols and rigid formalities must be followed, subject to double taxation and time- consuming. Non-Profit Organizations Advantages Disadvantages Continued existence, it can get funding, is entitled to the property, can start legal action, and has limited liability. Its incorporation is more expensive. The operation of a non-profit organization or society is more expensive. This comes as an       administrative burden where the auditor needs to be appointed (Companies Office Website, 2023).     New Registration Sole Proprietorship and Partnerships   Forms Description Fee Request for reservation of   name Name reservation is needed   before registration of a name. $45.00 Name Registration of the business Registration of an unincorporated business, such as a partnership or a sole proprietorship $60.00 Registering of a Limited Partnership Registering an extra- provincial limited partnership or a Manitoba Limited Partnership $350.00 Registering a partnership that has limited liability Registration of an extra- provincial limited liability partnership or a Manitoba partnership with limited liability $350.00 Power of Attorney The appointing of a power of attorney is needed when none of the registrants of the unincorporated business $40.00       resides in Manitoba.   Consent & Undertaking/ Consent This applies when one company is giving another consent to use their name - New Corporations   Forms Description Filing Fee Requesting name reservation. Before the incorporation of a new corporation in Manitoba, a name is required. $45.00 Articles of Incorporation (Share Capital) Needed in the incorporation of the new business in Manitoba $350.00 Articles of Incorporation (without share capital) For incorporation of a new corporation in Manitoba that is non-profit. $120.00 Consent to Act as the first director of the incorporation This refers to the consent to be the director of a new corporation in Manitoba when the individual is not an incorporator of the corporation (this is filed with the articles of incorporation) No fee is charged. Articles of Amalgamation (Share Capital) These are needed when an amalgamation of two corporations in Manitoba is being done to form a corporation with share $350.00       capital.   Articles of Amalgamation (without share capital) This is needed during the amalgamation of two or more corporations in Manitoba in the formation of a corporation without share capital. $350.00 Power of Attorney During the formation of a corporation, a power of attorney needs to be appointed when no officers or directors of a corporation in Manitoba reside in the province. $40.00 Certification of counterparts This is the certificate of comparison given to the lawyer during the submission of documents in counterpart. No fee is charged. New Cooperatives   In coming up with a new corporative in Manitoba, the following payments are made for new registration:   Forms Filing Fee Requesting name reservation. $45.00 Articles of Incorporation For incorporation that is not in subclause (ii), the charges are $250.00 For incorporation of a cooperative       under community service, the   charge is $70.00 Request of consent to perform in the capacity   of the first director. No fee is charged. Articles of amalgamation $250.00 Options of paying. Payments in the company's office are done   through Mastercard or Visa. (information in these tables has been obtained from the Companies Office website, 2023) After a business has been registered, the entrepreneur usually takes the next step is opening a business bank account. At the local financial institution, the entrepreneur can open a bank account. The requirements for opening the bank account are a copy of the business registration document, the Business Number and a partnership agreement. After opening the bank account, the entrepreneur can consider registering a domain name for the business. Reserving a domain name is essential in creating a website and obtaining a custom email address (World Trade Center Winnipeg, 2021). To confirm if the Internet registration authority is available, the entrepreneur can check with the Canadian Internet Registration Authority through www.cira.ca. After completing the above steps, an entrepreneur must confirm whether to apply for a business license. Application for an occupancy or building permit also needs to be done. Businesses outside the city of Winnipeg, they must get in touch with their local municipal offices. Application for a vendor/ direct seller's license may also be required. This is particularly important if one plans to advertise their goods through a vehicle, flyers, business cards or door- to-door (World Trade Center Winnipeg, 2014). An application for registration must be made to Manitoba as a craft operator/home hobby, renovator or manufacturer. Registration of tax accounts is also essential. PST or RST stands for retail sales tax, which refers to the tax applied on rental or retail sales of goods and services in Manitoba. The Goods and Services Tax covers taxes that are applied to most services and supplies in Canada. Maintenance of business records is also essential for any business. They are mandated by the law to record all their transactions as support for their expenses and income. The business must keep tax documents for at least six years from the current year. Different documents have different retention periods, which a business must adhere to. Further guidance regarding this can be obtained from ARMA International, HR professional personnel, lawyers or accountants. Insuring property is also essential for a business, whether starting up or running for some time. Businesses must consider other insurance forms such as bonding, inventory, errors and omissions, business interruption, disability and liability. For businesses intending to export and import commercial goods, adding an export/import account to their business through contact with the Canada Revenue Agency is essential. Some of the factors to consider for such businesses include international trade agreements, labeling and packaging requirements, and export/import controls. References Companies Office Website. (2023). Forms and Fees. https://companiesoffice.gov.mb.ca/forms.html Dubois, A. (2022, October 25). How to Register a Business in Manitoba? Hardbacon. https://hardbacon.ca/en/business/register-a-business-in-manitoba/ Tasmanian Government. (2023). Sole Proprietorship- Advantages and Disadvantages. https://www.business.tas.gov.au/manage_a_business/tax/choosing_a_business_structure/sole_proprietorship World Trade Center Winnipeg. (2014, April). Starting a Business in Manitoba Checklist. https://cfmanitoba.ca/images/heartland/docs/starting-a-biz-checklist.pdf World Trade Centre Winnipeg. (2021, August). Your Guide to Starting a Business in Manitoba. https://www.wtcwinnipeg.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Your-Guide-to-Starting-a- Business-in-MB.pdf

Introduction The world's rapid population growth, combined with the sprawling maturing of cities and urbanization, has dramatically impacted human life and its surroundings. The truth is that at the current rate of development, this level of growth is unsustainable. According to Olander, cities all over the globe are structured in such a manner that they encourage car dependence, which is bad for nature and bad for people's health. Over the past few years, modern planners have developed new land perspectives to protect the environment, public health, safety, and citizens' overall well­ being. The majority of movements by walking in the city seek to reduce reliance on automobiles to create a more efficient society (Nieuwenhuijsen and Khreis, 2016, p. 94). It is considered among the current development trends that reduce dependence on cars is the car-less city. A car-free zone is intended to have no vehicles on the streets. It may appear unreasonable at first, but many towns around the globe are evading automobiles and focusing on more nature­ friendly modes of transportation. Getting individuals out of their vehicles is still a critical issue. Even in nations where civic space and public transportation are secure and realistic, this can be tough; it is complicated in zones where these infrastructures and amenities are insecure, expensive, and unreliable. According to Olander, new urban and transportation projects should prioritize environmental and health concerns over allowing private vehicle use to ensure that cities are structured around individuals rather than vehicles. By refining movements and making sure civil participation in how municipalities are constructed and experienced, as well as improving health and unifying the communal fabric that will make our society more buoyant, a shift toward fewer vehicles can aid our municipalities not only survive but develop (Doheim et al. 2020, p. 231). The report examines the concepts of carless city perspectives: tourism, hospitality and events industries, environmental impacts, and social impacts. Tourism, Hospitality and Events Industries Olander claims that tourism, hospitality, and event occasions are all part of the services industry, and these perspectives have long been recognized as a valuable economic development tool to major world car-free city destinations. Their perspectives both impact the carless municipalities positively or negatively. The critical relevant effects are: Impact on the city as a tourist destination According to Olander, the implementation of carless municipalities is likely to have both direct and indirect tourism significances. Car-free city policies are likely to increase the degree of active movement and physical pursuits, which may affect better tourism and give out more occasions and chances for individuals to interact with each other in civic space. The critical component is that direct economic effects of tourism happen within a car-free city area and are used by dwellers and tourists for professions and pleasure. The indirect effects of tourism can be seen in legal and governmental investment costs encircling a tourism contribution. This investment may not be strictly connected to tourism, but it favours both tourists and residents. The purchase and sale of emissary materials, such as more supplies for hotels during peak tourism, exemplify tourism's indirect effects. Changes in types of occasion hosted in the city According to Cohen and Hopkins (2019, p. 74), lessening our reliance on gasoline vehicles is not only good for the hospitality and our well-being; it will also cultivate the path for a brighter future for the municipalities. A tilt focused on fewer cars can aid our cities not only create more room for outsiders and tourists but grow by improving the social amenities that ensure civic hospitality in how cities have been designed and run, as well as improving everybody's manners and tightening the mutual conduct of each individual that will make the city more resilient. On most occasions, the streets are congested with traffic and crime and pollution in some cases. Thus, temporary car-free zones serve as a platform for exercising our will to the municipality and creating a new city vision. Opportunities for new hospitality Business Recognizing business's role as an integral part of city centres is critical. Municipalities must involve and engage businesses throughout the development of the car-free city center to ensure that concerns are addressed, and solutions are incorporated into the project (Kirn and Lee, 2018, p 431). Furthermore, close collaboration with business organizations is critical in fostering trust and cooperation between the business community and the municipality. Finding compromises, particularly on delivery access The Environmental Impacts issues, is critical to demonstrate to businesses that the municipality wants to make proposals work for them and that their input is valued in these discussions. According to Olander, the latent environment benefits and environment profit may come from raised physical activity as individuals stroll, cycle, and run to catch out transportation. Diminished traffic-connected air pollution, silence, and lower magnitude of heat discharged by cars benefit the environment. The vital, relevant issues are: Impacts of city's carbon footprint and sustainability According to Ercan et al. (2016, p. 1260), car-free cities initiatives worldwide are based on refining the biodiversity of residential procurements reduced carbon footprint; nonetheless, little of them are evaluating the environment footprints attained by particular policies via the use of environmental impact evaluation gauges. In Europe, for instance, driven first hand by the want to minimize greenhouse gas release, Oslo has developed new bike paths, charge clogging fees in rush hour moments, control parking zones, and cub all individual owned vehicles from the city center. Hamburg intends to remove vehicles from a figure of town streets, which will be converted into pathways. A complex network environment connecting parks and other zones in the city that will cover forty percent is also being upgraded. Madrid also intends to pedestrianize the town center in order to make it car-free. Germany recently voted to prohibit the sale of all new combustion-engine vehicles beginning in 2030. Impact on Pollution and Climate Petrol and diesel are highly flammable and toxic liquids. The vapors emitted when petrol and diesel sublimes and the substances produced when fumed in automobiles take part in environmental pollution, more so air pollution (Marquez et al., 2018, p. 1-4). When gasoline is burned, it emits carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas. Gasoline is a fossil fume that is harmful to the environment since they release carbon dioxide when burned. C02 constructs an invisible sheet layer in the atmosphere that prevents warmth from escaping and thus heats the Earth. Global warming is the end outcome of this. There will be no or less emissions of these toxic and poisonous gases in car-free cities, leading to a conducive and better municipality environment. Improved Environmental Reviews Development Olander opines that environmental assessments, often in the form of environmental impact or strategic environmental assessments, play a critical role in developing car-free cities. They ensure that project decisions are well-informed and based on a thorough examination of their environmental and social implications. They work by ensuring that these consequences are not only identified but also avoided or mitigated. When carried out successfully, environmental reviews have the potential to improve both quality of life and economic efficiency significantly. Environmental reviews should be an essential tool for achieving sustainable development following international commitments such as the new carless city agenda. The Social Impacts According to Olander, constructing a zone of inclusion can be vital in cities where individuals have historically been isolated and economic imbalance advances to plough deep ditches among societies.  For instance, in Bogota, the influence is such that zones that are basically off-limits, either as they part the low classed or as they are considered too menacing, have become appealing areas for everybody to taste and enjoy. The vital, relevant issues are: Public responses and Impact to change Some civic debate participants have squabbled that the globe before and after car-free cities will look intrinsically contrasting. One essential superposition is that the plights will change individual opinion in such a process that it will result in the significant communal and political change (Bieda, 2016, p. 50-61). Olander contends that, while some blueprint liking is somewhat volatile and susceptible to shift due to development, key values set up during initiation are likely to maintain the stability. The stability and change of a better-chosen set of policies and principles prior to and throughout car-free city projects execution. In terms of core values, the degree to which everyone holds more realistic or post-realistic values is determined by the individual's socioeconomic position throughout initiation to socialization. Demographic  and Health changes There are approximately 2 billion parking spaces in the United States, which can accommodate 250 million vehicles. Even before COVID-19 lockdowns reduced car travel and inspired mayors to open streets to pedestrians, there was an oversupply. Now, pandemic-inspired changes, combined with a trend toward alternative modes of transportation, are raising the prospect of car-free cities. Meanwhile, business leaders must reconsider how to reach customers. Olander believes cars should be considered more than a fad in cities, where cars are treated as guests. They envision a future in which sidewalks are expanded, bike lanes rule, green spaces abound, and social service offices are located in pedestrian-friendly areas. Impact on Crime Rate Changes By reviewing the Metric measures, car-free cities consistently reduce the arrest rate of those involved in crime (Khreis et al., 2016, p.249-267). After the project was launched, felony arrest rates, particularly for motor vehicle violations, decreased. The contribution of such deterrence measures explains more of the decline in crime in cities such as Oslo. Before reviewing the outcome patterns from car owners, a variety of possible mechanisms associated with lower crime rates in carless cities, as well as the contextual conditions for their operation, are presented. Based on the information available, some preliminary conclusions can be drawn about how carless municipalities can help reduce crime in the city. Conclusion The truth is that most individuals prefer convenience to maintain the environment, pure air, and historical materials for future generations. Indeed, it is more convenient to take off from the residents and drive your vehicle to wherever you are rather than walking to public station and waiting in a hot and cold climate to board a public transport vehicle and shift routes several times before arriving at your destination. If the goal is to eliminate automobiles from cities truly, alternative modes of transportation must be convenient. As a result, travel time and waiting time for the public transport to arrive at the end of their journey will be minimized. Planners must ensure that the suggested transportation structure is able to satisfy all transportation wants during climate deterrents when designing the transportation system. Recommendations Cost-effective operation The surrogate means of transportation must be cost-effective to build and preserve. For instance, the Oslo carless city design necessitates three utilized ways with only sixty perfect working trains to give out services to the whole municipality. Furthermore, utilizing shorter routes, dense usage, and rail transportation aid inefficient energy and our fossil resources. Low-cost public transportation To have general transportation convenient to all residents, the ticket expense must be low or free. Yeah, you read that correctly: complimentary amenities for everyone! Cities can use levy funds to fund public transportation rather than preserve streets for vehicles or state gas subsidies, which are common in vehicle-centric cities. There should be no discrimination against the poor individuals compared to the upper-class people. Fares should be the same. Service is available 24 hours a day, seven days Because public transportation is the only mode of transportation other than cycling that stipulates quick entry to all zones of the municipality and can be used by all groups of citizens, it must be available at all times. Bits of the system may be taken out of work for maintenance when fewer residents use civil transportation, but all terminus must be kept available. Olander car-free city's closed-loop topology allows it to put off half of the system while still giving out services to all stations within the municipality. It may build on time to usual trip times because residents must take winding routes in some instances, but the gross travel time will still be less than one hour. Quick transportation system The surrogate means of transportation must be quick in order to provide enough and sufficient services to a prominent figure of individuals in a short period. The interval between stations and the standard and amount of facilities may have an impact on the speed. Furthermore, the passengers must be able to tolerate the acceleration and speed. Travellers, for instance, can cozily cope with accelerations at high speeds of up to 160 km/h. Bibliography Bieda, K., 2016. Car-free cities: urban utopia or actual perspective?. In Back to the Sense of the city: International Monograph Book (pp. 50-61). Centre de Politica de Sol i Valoracions. Cohen, S.A. and Hopkins, D., 2019. Autonomous vehicles and the future of urban tourism. Annals of Tourism Research , pp.74, Doheirn, R.M., Farag, A.A. and Badawi, S., 2020. Success Measures for Transforming Into Car­ Free Cities: Recommendations for Implementation. Humanizing Cities Through Car­ Free City Development and Transformation, pp.231. Ercan, T., Onat, N.C. and Tatari, 0., 2016. Investigating carbon footprint reduction potential of public transportation in United States: A system dynamics approach. Journal of Cleaner Production, 133, pp.1260. Khreis, H., Warsaw, K.M., Verlinghieri, E., Guzman, A., Pellecuer, L., Ferreira, A., Jones, I., Heinen, E., Rojas-Rueda, D., Mueller, N. and Schepers, P., 2016. The health impacts of traffic-related exposures in urban areas: Understanding real eff ects, underlying driving forces and co-producing future directions. Journal of Transport & Health , 3(3), pp.249- 267. Kirn, H.K. and Lee, T.J., 2018. Brand equity of a tourist destination. Sustainability, 10(2), p.431. Marquez, F., Espinosa, M., Pacheco, J., Jimenez, E.R., Zuluaga, J.G. and Franco, J.F., 2019, August.  Impact of a car-free day on C02e and PM2.  5 emissions in intermediate cities­ Ibague as a case study. In 2019 Congreso Colombiano y Conferencia  Internacional  de Calidad de Aire y Salud Publica (CASP) (pp. 1-4). IEEE. Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J., & Khreis, H. (2016). Car free cities: Pathway to healthy urban living. Environment international, 94, 251-262. Olander, S., 2007. Stakeholder impact analysis in construction project management. Construction management and economics.  [Online] 25 (3), pp.277-287.

Introduction Object Oriented Programming or OOP is a software programming concept that is entirely built on ‘objects’. OOP presents the application developer and the customer with different advantages. Object orientation tends to overcome other development-related challenges and superiority of software items. The innovative programming technology delivers maximum flexibility for engineers, higher software efficiency and reduced operating costs [CITATION Jas08 \l 1033]. Through descent, obsolete coding can be removed and current groups can be expanded. We may build programs from regular functional modules that interact with each other instead of beginning to compose the application. This saves production time and improved profitability [CITATION Per13 \l 1033]. This essay explains the key principles of OOP and its benefits for programming. Key Principles of Object-oriented Programming There are fundamentally four key principles that mark C++ language an object oriented paradigm in world of programming. These are Data Abstraction, Inheritance, Polymorphism and Encapsulation. These are likewise known as four tenets of object oriented programming. Encapsulation: This infers to the mechanism of hiding of information execution via limiting right to use public methods. In this accessory method is made public and instance variable is kept private to accomplish it [CITATION PBK14 \l 1033]. Abstraction: Abstract term infers to an idea or concept that is not related to any specific instance. Utilizing abstract Interface/Class one can express the purpose of the class instead of the real execution. In a manner, a class must not identify the inner specifics of another in mandate to utilize it, simply acknowledging the interfaces must be decent enough. Inheritance: This articulates “has-A” or/and “is-A” relation among two entities or objects. With inheritance, in derived class, one can reutilize the source code of current super classes. For example, in Java program, notion of “Is-A” relation is built on inheritance in class (via extends) or implementation of interface (using implements). Let’s say, File Output Stream “Is-An” Output Stream that simply reads from the file [CITATION Per13 \l 1033]. Polymorphism: This principle infers single name multiple forms. It is moreover of two kinds – dynamic and static. In static polymorphism it is accomplished by means of method overloading concept whereas dynamic polymorphism is accomplished with method overriding. It is closely associated with inheritance. One can compose a program code that functions on the Superclass and it will function with some subclass kind too. For instance, collections framework in Java has an interface known as java.util.Collection, TreeSet and ArrayList are 2 distinct execution of such interface [CITATION Per13 \l 1033]. Benefits of OOP in C++ OOP has turned out to be an essential portion of software creation. It’s simply due to wide popularity and omnipresent nature of object-oriented languages like C++ and Java; one can’t build application for mobile devices unless one comprehends the OOP methodology. The similar things apply for the severe web development, owning the popularity of languages like PHP, Ruby, and Python. These are the major benefits of OOP for programmers [CITATION Per13 \l 1033]. Modularity for Simple and Easy Troubleshooting: While functioning with OOP language, one knows precisely where to see. In this objects or instances are self-comprised, and all bits of functionality do its individual stuff whereas departing off the additional bits unaided. Likewise such modality permits an IT squad to function on many entities concurrently whereas reducing the odds that an individual may duplicate somebody else’ function[ CITATION Jas08 \l 1033 ]. Reutilization of source code with inheritance: Assume that with the Car entity, a colleague requires a RaceCar entity, and an additional requires a Limousine entity. Everybody creates their entities distinctly however find commonalities amid them. Actually every object is actually simply a distinct type of Car. It is whereas the inheritance approach preserves time: make a standard class e.g. Car, and formerly describe the subclasses (Limousine and RaceCar) that are to take over the standard class’s characteristics [CITATION Jas08 \l 1033]. Efficient Problem-solving: OOP is frequently the utmost pragmatic and natural method, as soon as one gets the sling of it. OOP language permits one to fragment the software into small sized problems/modules that one   formerly   can   resolve   –   single   object   instance   at   a moment [CITATION PBK14 \l 1033]. Conclusion In brief, OOP paradigm offers a clear and concise modular programming structure. The OOP concepts are standard and decent for describing abstract kind of data types. In this execution specifics are concealed from additional program elements. It is simple and easy to change and maintain current source code. OOP supports to execute real-time case scenario. With the utilization of data abstraction and hiding method, one can filter out restricted information to revelation that infers one is keeping protection and offering mandatory information to see. It is a common idea to break down a complicated issue into tiny pieces or distinct parts. This is the action OOP is interested in, because it splits the software code down into bite-sized objects. The information hiding concept lets programmers create protected applications in certain areas of the system that cannot be entrusted with code. The sophistication of coding can be handled easily. Larger and smaller structures can quickly be converted and object-oriented applications.   References Kotur, P. B. (2014). Object Oriented Programming with C++ . Sapna Book House (P) Ltd. Mohan, P. (2013). Fundamentals of Object-Oriented Programming in Java. Create Space  Independent Publishing Platform. Singh, J., & Kaur, P. P. (2008). Object Oriented Programming Using C++. Technical Publications.