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The divisions among American women, based on race, ethnicity, class, and ideology, have been significant throughout history, from the Reconstruction era to the Third Wave Feminism movement. These divisions have shaped the experiences and struggles of women, often leading to diff erent priorities, perspectives, and goals within the broader feminist movement. Starting with the Reconstruction era, which followed the American Civil War, the United States faced the challenge of rebuilding and redefining its society. During this time, women's rights activists began advocating for suffrage and equal rights for women. However, even within this early stage of the feminist movement, divisions based on race and ethnicity were evident. White middle-class women were at the forefront of the suffrage movement, seeking to secure the right to vote and gain more legal and political rights. They faced significant challenges and opposition, but their experiences were distinct from those of women of color. African American women, for example, faced the dual struggles of racism and sexism, fighting for both civil rights and gender equality. The Reconstruction era, with its political and social upheaval, presented a complex landscape for women's rights activists. While the abolition of slavery was a significant step forward, it also brought to the forefront the need to address the rights and status of women in society. However, despite their shared experiences of gender-based discrimination, white and black women faced distinct challenges that were influenced by racial and class divisions. White suffragettes, primarily from middle and upper-class backgrounds, often focused on their own struggles for suffrage and women's rights without fully acknowledging or addressing the intersecting issues faced by black women. This prioritization of their own concerns marginalized the voices and experiences of black women, who were simultaneously fighting against racial injustice and the denial of their basic civil rights. The struggles of black women, who faced both racial and gender discrimination, were often overlooked or dismissed within the larger women's movement. The exclusion and marginalization  of black women within the feminist movement during the Reconstruction era highlighted the profound impact of race and class hierarchies on  collective progress. The emphasis on race and class divisions hindered the formation of a unified front and diluted the effectiveness of the movement. By failing to recognize and address the intersecting oppressions faced by women of diff erent racial and class backgrounds, the broader women's rights movement struggled to achieve its goals of equality and justice. However, it is important to note that there were notable exceptions to this division. Some white suffragettes, such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, recognized the importance of addressing both gender and racial inequalities and actively advocated for the rights of black women. Similarly, black women, including prominent figures like Sojourner Truth and Ida B. Wells, played crucial roles in advocating for both racial and gender equality. The Progressive Era was indeed a time of heightened activism and social reform, with the feminist movement playing a significant role. However, the feminist movement itself, there were notable divisions based on ethnicity and class. Working-class immigrant women, in particular, faced distinct challenges that diff ered from those experienced by middle-class suffragettes. Working-class immigrant women during this era often found themselves living in impoverished   conditions and working in factories, where they encountered numerous hardships. Their struggles encompassed issues such as long working hours, low wages, unsafe working conditions, and inadequate housing. Consequently, their focus within the feminist movement revolved around labor rights and the improvement of their living and working conditions. While middle-class white women were primarily concentrated on securing the right to vote, working-class immigrant women had more immediate concerns that directly impacted their daily lives. They recognized that the right to vote was crucial but believed that it was not their most pressing issue. Instead, they sought to address the immediate challenges they faced in their workplaces and communities. Despite the ideological divisions within the Second Wave Feminism movement, it is significant to know that these diff erences also led to a rich and multifaceted discourse on gender equality. While radical feminists and liberal feminists had differing approaches, their collective efforts contributed to significant progress in challenging gender discrimination and shaping the feminist agenda. Radical feminists, who emerged as a prominent voice during the Second Wave, sought to dismantle the patriarchal system entirely. Argued that gender inequality was deeply ingrained in social structures and called for a complete transformation of society. Radical feminists challenged traditional gender roles and norms, highlighting the oppressive nature of the patriarchy and advocating for women's liberation. They believed that true equality could only be achieved by challenging and dismantling existing power structures. However, liberal feminists aimed to work within existing systems to achieve gender equality. They focused on legal and policy reforms, seeking to address gender discrimination through legislative changes. Liberal feminists emphasized the importance of equal opportunities and advocated for equal pay, reproductive rights, and workplace equality. They believed that by working within established institutions, incremental changes could be made to achieve gender equality over time. While these ideological diff erences created tensions within the movement, they also sparked productive debates and discussions. The diverse range of perspectives enriched the feminist discourse and allowed for a deeper understanding of the complex issues surrounding gender inequality. The tensions between radical and liberal feminists often led to innovative strategies and tactics being developed to address various aspects of gender discrimination. The Second Wave Feminism movement in 1920 which granted women the right 1 to vote was successful in raising public awareness about issues such as gender discrimination, reproductive rights, and workplace equality. The movement paved the way for legal reforms and social changes that continue to shape gender dynamics today. Ultimately, the ideological divisions within the Second Wave Feminism movement were not detrimental to its overall impact. Rather, they reflected the diverse perspectives and strategies adopted by feminists in their fight for gender equality. The debates and tensions that arose from these diff erences further propelled the feminist movement forward, fostering critical dialogue and ultimately expanding the scope of feminist activism. These divisions continued during the first and second waves of feminism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. While some white suffragists focused on securing voting rights for women, African American women were often marginalized and excluded from mainstream   1https:Uwww .womenshistory .org/exhi bits/femi nism-second-wave   suffrage organizations. Prominent figures like Sojourner Truth and Ida B. Wells fought for both racial and gender equality, recognizing the interconnected nature of their struggles. Class divisions also played a role in dividing American women throughout history. Early feminist movements were often driven by middle and upper-class women who sought to challenge their societal roles and gain more opportunities. African American women faced unique challenges as they struggled not only against gender discrimination but also racial oppression. The women's suffrage movement of this era primarily focused on securing voting rights for white women, neglecting the rights of African American women. These women were caught in the intersection of two forms of discrimination, facing a twofold battle for equality. Despite their pivotal role in the broader struggle for women's suffrage, African American women found themselves marginalized and excluded within the suffrage movement itself. Organizations like the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA)2  which aimed to secure voting rights for women through a constitutional amendment. Susan B. Anthony's tireless activism and advocacy efforts have left a lasting impact on women's rights and continue to inspire generations of activists.  Was and the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) predominantly prioritized the concerns and goals of white women, inadvertently overlooking the unique experiences and challenges faced by African American women. One prominent example of this exclusion was the 1913 Women's Suffrage Parade in Washington, D.C., where African American women were initially told to march separately at the back of the procession. Frustrated by this blatant discrimination, African American suffragists like Ida B. Wells-Barnett and Mary Church Terrell asserted their rightful place by refusing to march in segregated groups, demanding equality within the movement3. As the feminist movement progressed into the first and second waves in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, racial tensions continued to persist. The suffrage movement, aiming to secure women's right to vote, was marked by divisions along racial lines. Some white suffragists, while fighting for their own enfranchisement, excluded African American women from their organizations and events, reinforcing racial discrimination within the feminist movement. Women of color faced additional challenges, such as institutionalized racism, economic disparities, and "severe unemployment rates4 ." As a response to these intersecting forms of oppression, the concept of intersectional feminism emerged. Intersection al feminism which is "A form of feminism emphasizes the recognition that systems of oppression affect individuals in distinct  ways due to factors such as race, class, ability, sexuality, and other characteristics 5." This organization acknowledges that women's experiences are shaped by the intersections of various identities, including race, ethnicity, class, sexuality, and more. It recognizes that struggles against sexism   https:   jwww.loc.gov/collections/national-american-woman-suffrage-association-records/about-this­ collection/#:-:text=The%20National%20Woman%20Suffrage%20Association.federal%20amendment%20for %20women's%20suffrage . https://guides.loc.gov/american-women-essays/marching-for-the-vote 4https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3734&context=gc       etds#:-:text=Black%20women %20also%20faced%20severe,of%20unemployment%20for%20white%20women . 5   https:  jwww.humanrightscareers .com/issues/what-is-intersectional-feminism/#:-:text=lntersectional %20feminism%20is%20a%2otype. %2C%20sexuality%2C%20and%20other%20characteristics    .   cannot be divorced from struggles against racism, classism, or other forms of discrimination. Intersectional feminism seeks to create a more inclusive and equitable feminist movement by centering the experiences and voices of women who face multiple forms of oppression. It aims to address the unique challenges faced by women of color and other marginalized groups, promoting solidarity and recognizing the interconnected nature of various systems of oppression. Understanding and addressing racial and ethnic divisions within feminism is essential for  creating a more just and inclusive society, where all women can fully participate and thrive. Ideological diff erences have also contributed to divisions within the feminist movement. Feminism encompasses a range of perspectives and approaches, and diff ering ideologies have shaped the movement's trajectory. For example, during the Second Wave Feminism of the 1960s and 1970s, diff erent feminist factions emerged. Liberal feminists focused on achieving legal and political equality, fighting for reproductive rights, equal pay, and anti-discrimination legislation. Radical feminists challenged the patriarchal system as a whole, seeking a complete transformation of society to eradicate sexism. Cultural feminists emphasized the value of women's unique qualities and roles, aiming to revalue traditionally female qualities and contributions. These ideological divisions often led to debates and disagreements within the feminist movement. While all feminists shared the goal of gender equality, the strategies and priorities they emphasized differed, reflecting their distinct ideological perspectives. It is important to note that throughout history, efforts have been made to bridge these divisions and create a more inclusive feminist movement. Intersectional feminism emerged as a response to the intersectionality of diff erent forms of oppression, recognizing that women's experiences are shaped by the intersections of race, class, gender, and other identities. This approach aims to address the specific needs and challenges faced by women from diverse backgrounds. The Third Wave Feminism movement, which gained prominence in the 1990s, sought to incorporate intersectional perspectives  and expand the feminist agenda to include issues such as body positivity, LGBTQ+ rights, and global feminism. This wave emphasized individual empowerment and recognized the diverse experiences and identities of women. In conclusion, the divisions among American women based on race, ethnicity, class, and ideology have been significant throughout history, from the Reconstruction era to the Third Wave Feminism movement. These divisions have shaped the experiences and struggles of women, often leading to diff erent priorities, perspectives, and goals within the broader feminist movement. From the early exclusion of black women in the suffrage movement to the ideological differences between radical and liberal feminists, these divisions have highlighted the challenges of achieving unity and solidarity among women fighting for gender equality. However, it is important to recognize the progress that has been made in addressing these divisions. The emergence of intersectional feminism and the incorporation of diverse voices and perspectives have paved the way for a more inclusive feminist movement that seeks to address the unique challenges faced by women from diff erent backgrounds. By acknowledging and embracing the intersections of race, ethnicity, class, and ideology, the feminist movement can continue to strive for a more equitable and just society for all women.     Citation Research Guides: American Women: Topical Essays: Marching for the Vote: Remembering the Woman Suffrage  Parade of 1913. (n.d.). https://guides.loc.gov/american-women­ essays/marching-for-the-vote About this Collection  I National American Woman Suffrage Association Record s  I Digital Collections  I Library of Congress. (n.d.). The Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/collections/national-american-woman-suffrage-association­ records/ about-this-collection/#:  :text=The%20National%20Woman %20Suffrage %20Association,federal%20amendment%20for%20women's%20suffrage.   Feminism:  the Second  Wave. (2020, June 18). National Women's History Museum. https://www.womenshistory.org/exhibits/feminism-second-wave Women and W omen and Work: African American W ark: African American Women in Depr omen in Depression Er ession Era America. (n.d.). Sarah Ward.

  Race has played a gigantic role in Texas history. In my essay I will convey multiple examples on how race shaped the history of the great state of Texas. I chose this theme because to me this was the best way to relate to the assignment and present the information. I believe race is one of the most important components to understand Texas history. The race is a categorization of people based on shared physical and social traits into discrete groups within a particular culture. Initially, the phrase was meant to refer to users of a shared language; later, it has been used to relate to national loyalties. For over 14,000 years ago, diff erent races began to arrive in what is now known as the Americas. Over centuries, a varied group of American Indians established empires on the continent of Texas, establishing sophisticated cities and creating complicated trading networks and complex social structures (Smith, 2009). However, Europeans changed this when they first landed on what was to become the Texas Gulf Coast throughout the 16th Century; such long-standing Native American cultures were upended. Several prominent American Indian tribes were displaced and destroyed. In contrast, many more were destroyed due to the loss of control over resources, such as food and land, by the United States government. Early races in Texas   The notion of race in indigenous Texas may be traced back to the earliest forms of civilization. The Karankawas were among the very first Native Americans in Texas to come into contact with Europeans. In 1528, the remnants of a Spanish catastrophe included explorer Alvar Nez Cabeza de Vaca, who washed up on the shore and lived among the indigenous people for six years (La Vere, 2004). Greater than three hundred years later, by 1685, the Karankawas invaded and destroyed the little French town of Fort St. However, over many decades after European colonization, more racial segregation occurred. Europeans captured and enslaved an increasing number of Red Indians, with many slaves arriving from   Africa. The continual influx of new tribes impacted the survival of the first races in the state of Texas. Upon the arrival of European settlers, the residents of Central Texas did not belong to the indigenous inhabitants of Texas. The Tonkawa and Caddo were among the two most significant indigenous races in Central Texas (La Vere, 2004). When Europeans invaded the region, the Caddo territory reached only much further west as the escarpment, while the Tonkawa range covered the Edwards Plateau region. The Caddo people had huge communities, farming, and well-developed urban culture. At the same time, The Tonkawa belonged to a semi-nomadic community of buffalo hunters who practiced minor cultivation and settled in sparsely populated areas. The latter hunted mammoths on Buttermilk Creek but had probably come a few hundred to thousands of years before European settlers. The Atakapa, Mariame, Karankawa, and Akokisa were a few American Indian races who lived along the Texas Gulf Coast. They lived near the beach during half of the year and moved up to 30 to 45 miles inland the rest of the year, although they were also semi-nomadic. Hunting, fishing, and foraging for tubers and other fruits and vegetables allowed them to adapt eff ectively to living on the ocean's edge. It wasn't long before they came up with inventive solutions to common problems, such as smearing their bodies in alligator and shark grease to ward off mosquitoes. Finally, most western and eastern states have indigenous populations and traditions, both contemporary and traditional. These peoples and distinct cultures are prominent and apparent in the public domain. There are only three small reservations left in Texas. The Alabama-Coushatta in East Texas and the Kickapoo, mostly on the Rio Grande - were established for migrants Native Americans. This means the survivors of tribes who were compelled into Texas from original homes and lands in the eastern parts of the United States. Although they were originally from now New Mexico, many of the Tigua Indians who live   on Texas' third reservation, which is in the El Paso region, were, in fact, immigrants from that state, people who fled their homelands during the Pueblo Revolt in 1680.   The beginning of the 19th century would be the beginning to a long period of violence and war in Texas that would almost lead to the removal of Hispanic presence. In 1800 Napoleon Bonaparte, French military leader, forced Spain to give up power of Louisiana as a part of his grand scheme to have his own French empire in North America. When his plan succeeded, he sold the territory back to the United States in 1803. This sale of land was called the famous Louisiana Purchase. A lot of conflict would begin to occur after the Louisiana purchase such as the Mexican War of Independence. There were many deadly battles throughout the war but the bloodiest battle to ever occur on Texas soil happened in 1813 and led to the deaths of thousands of Tejanos. This bloody battle left Nacogdoches completely abandoned and left San Antonio in ruins. Mexico was able to gain independence after winning the war against Spain.   This period after Mexico gained independence is most known as Mexican Texas. Mexico had been struggling for independence for about a decade and this long fight had left the nation in a dire situation. Throughout the war hundreds of thousands of lives had been lost and injured leaving most of the country in grief of their loved ones. With so many lives being lost the country was uneasy. Apart from that, agriculture was completely ruined, and this was a huge problem for the entire country as this is something that everyone relies on. Mexico was trying to build their empire back up and one of the things they needed to do was form a solid national government. In 1823 the country decided to move from a centralized monarchy to a federal republic. In 1822, Father Refugio de la Garza (San Antonio's parish priest) arrived in Mexico City as Texas's delegate to the Imperial congress, and he came with a list of things that Texas   needed to improve. One of the things that he had on his list was that Texas needed a military campaign to stand against the Indians. He also stated that they would need to build a barrier to protect them from both Indian and foreign intruders. Father Refugio de la Garza had a small amount of success as some of the colonization and secularization laws that he supported was passed but most were not. He was unable to get the government to take him serious enough to address the troops that were already situated in Texas let alone expand their military power and get more troops. When Stephen F Austin left for Mexico City in 1833, there was an influx of people from the United States illegally crossing the Sabine and not acknowledging the Law of April 6. These people were influenced by a book on Texas by Mary Austin Holley who is Austin Connecticut's cousin. In this book she depicted what it was like to live in Texas in the Anglo colonies at that time. She used convincing language throughout her book like "even privations become pleasures" and "people become ingenious in overcoming difficulties." People now looked at Texas as a land of wealth. The Spanish and Mexican officials saw the Anglo-American  colonization as a great opportunity to improve Mexico after its devastation after the war. They also saw it as an opportunity to diminish the threat of US expanding. Although everything looked like it was going to go plan by 1830 the immigration from the United States was way out of Mexico's control and with Mexico losing control that gave America room to move in. Race played an enormous part in America's expansion into Texas. Just think about this you were a certain skin color you were taken out of your home and everything in your world that you worked for has crumbled just because of the color of your skin. Your way of life was altered without their consent just because someone wanted to better their family, they tear down another.   After the 1819 Adarns-Onis Treaty defined the U.S.-Mexico boundary, Spain began actively encouraging Americans to settle their northern province. Texas was sparsely settled, and the few Mexican farmers and ranchers who lived there were under constant threat of attack by hostile Indian tribes, especially the Comanche. This shows that two races were already there that they came and uprooted them and their loved ones.   Texas was annexed by the United States in 1845 and became the 28th state. Until  1836, Texas had been part of Mexico, but in that year a group of settlers from the United States who lived in Mexican Texas declared independence. The annexation of Texas contributed to the corning of the Mexican American War. Essentially that's what the war was, the name of it is the evidence." Mexican American" sounds like a race war to me. U.S. President James K. Polk, who believed the United States had a "manifest destiny" to spread across the continent to the Pacific Ocean. A border battle along the Rio Grande started the fighting and was followed by a series of U.S. victories. When everything was said and done, Mexico had lost about one-third of its territory. Now that is a clear example of one side conquering another side, I.E. Mexican American. "The Mexican government seemed equally determined to avoid losing any part of her national domain" Western Historical Quarterly Vol. 1, No. 2 (Apr. 1970), pp. 161-174 (page 1).   This shows you that they were ready to do whatever it took to succeed. This race war was over territory that ended up being settled by government officials after the American warpath.   In April 1836 gained Texas its independence. Texas requested immediate admission into the United States, but opposition from the North to the addition of another slave state to the Union. The last time I checked slavery was the ownership of a human being used for work without pay. So, Americans owed people of color to expand the United States all   because one race felt more superior than another to take them and use them anyway, they saw fit. What do you mean by expanding? you may ask, let me elaborate. African Americans did all the dirty work so America could be where it is today.   Race has been a huge influence on the expansion of America. Since the start, it was us verse them. When I say that expression, I mean the Americans versus whoever they wanted to trounce. Race is embedded into the United States, the examples that I've given in this text are proof that race played a gigantic part in expanding America into Texas. With that expansion came with the oppressing of a certain demographic of people that where enslaved because of it.   Texas is one of the states that reveals a great history of slavery in the United States. Throughout the entire state, Texas acts as a condensed version of the slavery practice as an entity. Texas had urban and rural environments where slavery was treated diff erently based on the circumstances and rulers' altitude towards the African Americans. Even if slavery had begun to fall apart in various parts of the Southern United States, Texas had rigidly embedded slavery in its fabric. The African Americans had been inextricably tied to the history of Texas since its past colonization days. Despite the African, American Texans being a subject of racism and oppression, violence, slavery, and discrimination created their culture and community. Through their valuable cultural and historical contributions, they developed the Texas state.   Texas was a unique state as it had both mixed rural plantations and urban environments where slavery was first practiced and was made a vital activity of the state's economy. According to Calvert et al. (2020), 30% of the Texas population were slaves in these rural plantations in 1860. Slavery was treated as an economic institution because it was profitable to most Texas landowners who acquired slaves. Slavery for Africa Americans was     not practiced in the Northern part of America despite being the most industrialized part of America. The Northern natural environment was efficient because the landowners harvested large amounts of cotton (Calvert et al., 2020). The cotton plantation was the primary source of passive income throughout the Texas state because goods were produced and manufactured from the plant. Due to these production and manufacturing mechanisms in the cotton industry, African American slavery continued to become a vital cog.   As per Beamish (2017), slavery began to end in some parts of the urbanized South before the civil war was raised. However, this is not the case in Texas; there was rampant militancy of the slave owners, especially in the urban areas. Unlike other slaves in the U.S who had given up on being treated violently by the whites, the Texan Black slaves did not resolve social control across the state as they had the willingness to endure and persist torture in the plantations. In the white patriarchal culture, it was embedded that the Mexicans were taken out of Austin upon being charged with interrupting the city slaves (Buenger, 2016). Mexico had outlawed the practice of slavery earlier ago thus, and Texas acquired its unique virtue of identity that separated the Hispanic population from the whites and practiced subsequent assimilation in the U.S (Beamish, 2017). Slavery was part of the Texas lifestyle for the Hispanic population. On Juneteenth, Arnette Gordon Reed tells personal tales about Texas and American racism by taking us through the unrelenting racism hidden in Texas history. Gordon-Reed combines the history of America, family chronicle dramas, and searing memoir episodes to give a historian view of Texas's long journey to Juneteenth. Gordon-Reed further recounts the origin of slavery in Texas and illustrates the vast challenges that African Americans went through during the 19th century (Gross, 2021). Gordon-Reed is aware of the cowboys, ranchers, oilmen narratives that dominated the Lone Star State lore; thus, she forges her home state narrative with the implications of all the enslaved people driven to Texas.   Ultimately, Texas was much more conservative than in other U.S Southern parts where slavery was rampant. There were fewer chances of anti-slavery laws liberalization before the civil war began. Slaves were the link to handling all types of production and were merely visible society members in Texas because the state was poorly mechanically industrialized compared to the North. The Texas slaves were willing to endure slavery, violence, and discrimination no matter painful the torture was. The whites successfully encouraged slavery because the slave population rapidly increased than the other population, and both the urban and rural industries became highly dependent on slavery labor.   In my paper I have provided an abundant amount of evidence that shows race has aff ected Texas history. Some of it good some bad but none the less shaped the history. Without these components Texas wouldn't be Texas and you ask so what? So, what if slavery didn't happen well let me tell you. One there wouldn't be so much division in the world today as there is. Two African American would not be looked upon as a lesser species than others and last it would have made the United States a better nation. Work Cited     Beamish, I. (2017). Capitalism and Second Slavery in Texas.     Buenger, W. L. (2016). Texas and the South. Major Problems in Texas History, 3.     Calvert, R. A., De Leon, A., & Cantrell, G. (2020). The history of Texas. John Wiley & Sons.     Gross, T. (2021). "On Juneteenth" Historian Examines The "Hope" And "Hostility" Toward Emancipation.  NPR.org.  https://www.npr.org/2021/05/25/ 1000131568/on-juneteenth­ historian-examines-the-hope-and-hostility-toward-emancipation   La Vere, D. (2004). The Texas Indians (No. 95). Texas A&M  University Press.   Smith, F. T. (2009). Historic Native Peoples of Texas by William C. Foster. Southwestern Historical  Quarterly, 112(3), 315-316.