Homework answers / question archive / Homeostasis/Metabolism ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Define homeostasis Define metabolism Describe how organisms mediate exchange of material with the environment List the main functions that organisms have and the different body systems that plants and animals use for those functions Describe the differences in organ system requirements for small, aquatic organisms vs larger or terrestrial organisms Describe the general operation of a nervous system Describe the general operation of an endocrine system Describe why homeostasis often utilizes negative feedback loops List the basic steps in a homeostatic response, from stimulus to effect Describe the different ways heat can be lost or gained and the role/function of insulators Define ectothermic and endothermic Write or draw the human thermoregulatory homeostatic responses Describe the adaptations of the integumentary system to aid in thermoregulation Describe the basic operation of counter current exchange in thermoregulation in vertebrate limbs List the main uses of energy in the body Define metabolic rate and calorie Describe why oxygen consumption is a useful measurement of metabolic rate Describe the relationship between body size, surface area, and energy consumption in endotherms List the reasons why metabolic rate may change Define hibernation and estivation Describe why organisms do hibernation or estivation Organ Systems ? Describe the role of a circulatory system ? Compare and contrast features and operation of a closed circulatory system and an open circulatory system ? Describe the role of a respiratory system ? Describe the features of a respiratory surface and ventilation and explain why both are required for a respiratory system ? Describe the operation of the countercurrent exchange in the fish gill structures ? Describe the structure and operation of a trachea system and identify the organisms which use a trachea system ? Describe the basic function of osmoregulatory and excretion systems ? Define osmosis, hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic ? Compare and contrast aquatic invertebrates, marine (ocean) vertebrates, and freshwater vertebrates in their osmoregulatory challenges, adaptations, and behaviors ? Describe how water is gained and lost in terrestrial organisms ? Compare and contrast the molecules made by organisms when excreting nitrogenous wastes ? Describe the basic steps in waste processing ? Compare and contrast protonephridia, metanephridia, and Malpighian tubules and identify the organisms which use these structures

Homeostasis/Metabolism ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Define homeostasis Define metabolism Describe how organisms mediate exchange of material with the environment List the main functions that organisms have and the different body systems that plants and animals use for those functions Describe the differences in organ system requirements for small, aquatic organisms vs larger or terrestrial organisms Describe the general operation of a nervous system Describe the general operation of an endocrine system Describe why homeostasis often utilizes negative feedback loops List the basic steps in a homeostatic response, from stimulus to effect Describe the different ways heat can be lost or gained and the role/function of insulators Define ectothermic and endothermic Write or draw the human thermoregulatory homeostatic responses Describe the adaptations of the integumentary system to aid in thermoregulation Describe the basic operation of counter current exchange in thermoregulation in vertebrate limbs List the main uses of energy in the body Define metabolic rate and calorie Describe why oxygen consumption is a useful measurement of metabolic rate Describe the relationship between body size, surface area, and energy consumption in endotherms List the reasons why metabolic rate may change Define hibernation and estivation Describe why organisms do hibernation or estivation Organ Systems ? Describe the role of a circulatory system ? Compare and contrast features and operation of a closed circulatory system and an open circulatory system ? Describe the role of a respiratory system ? Describe the features of a respiratory surface and ventilation and explain why both are required for a respiratory system ? Describe the operation of the countercurrent exchange in the fish gill structures ? Describe the structure and operation of a trachea system and identify the organisms which use a trachea system ? Describe the basic function of osmoregulatory and excretion systems ? Define osmosis, hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic ? Compare and contrast aquatic invertebrates, marine (ocean) vertebrates, and freshwater vertebrates in their osmoregulatory challenges, adaptations, and behaviors ? Describe how water is gained and lost in terrestrial organisms ? Compare and contrast the molecules made by organisms when excreting nitrogenous wastes ? Describe the basic steps in waste processing ? Compare and contrast protonephridia, metanephridia, and Malpighian tubules and identify the organisms which use these structures

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Homeostasis/Metabolism ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Define homeostasis Define metabolism Describe how organisms mediate exchange of material with the environment List the main functions that organisms have and the different body systems that plants and animals use for those functions Describe the differences in organ system requirements for small, aquatic organisms vs larger or terrestrial organisms Describe the general operation of a nervous system Describe the general operation of an endocrine system Describe why homeostasis often utilizes negative feedback loops List the basic steps in a homeostatic response, from stimulus to effect Describe the different ways heat can be lost or gained and the role/function of insulators Define ectothermic and endothermic Write or draw the human thermoregulatory homeostatic responses Describe the adaptations of the integumentary system to aid in thermoregulation Describe the basic operation of counter current exchange in thermoregulation in vertebrate limbs List the main uses of energy in the body Define metabolic rate and calorie Describe why oxygen consumption is a useful measurement of metabolic rate Describe the relationship between body size, surface area, and energy consumption in endotherms List the reasons why metabolic rate may change Define hibernation and estivation Describe why organisms do hibernation or estivation Organ Systems ? Describe the role of a circulatory system ? Compare and contrast features and operation of a closed circulatory system and an open circulatory system ? Describe the role of a respiratory system ? Describe the features of a respiratory surface and ventilation and explain why both are required for a respiratory system ? Describe the operation of the countercurrent exchange in the fish gill structures ? Describe the structure and operation of a trachea system and identify the organisms which use a trachea system ? Describe the basic function of osmoregulatory and excretion systems ? Define osmosis, hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic ? Compare and contrast aquatic invertebrates, marine (ocean) vertebrates, and freshwater vertebrates in their osmoregulatory challenges, adaptations, and behaviors ? Describe how water is gained and lost in terrestrial organisms ? Compare and contrast the molecules made by organisms when excreting nitrogenous wastes ? Describe the basic steps in waste processing ? Compare and contrast protonephridia, metanephridia, and Malpighian tubules and identify the organisms which use these structures. ? Describe the 4 steps of digestion ? List the main uses of food for an organism ? Compare and contrast complete and incomplete digestive systems ? List adaptations for digesting plant material ? Describe the basic operation of the ruminant digestive system ? Describe the basic function and components of immune systems Animal Hormones ? List the 3 steps in cell communication ? Define the different types of hormone signaling ? Compare and contrast the operation of signaling by protein hormones and steroid hormones ? Describe the intestinal pH homeostatic response the role of secretin ? Describe the suckling response and the role of the oxytocin positive feedback loop ? Describe the role of ecdysone and juvenile hormones in regulating insect molting and metamorphosis ? Describe the purpose of tropic cascades ? Describe the blood calcium homeostatic response ? Describe the ways a single hormone can lead to different responses in different cells ? Describe the blood glucose homeostatic responses ? Nerves and Muscles ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Describe the basic nervous system response, from stimulus to response Describe the main parts of a neuron and the direction of information flow Describe how neurotransmitters are used Describe the process of sensory detection Compare and contrast direct sensory detection and indirect sensory detection Describe what mechanoreceptors do and list examples of stimuli they are used to detect. Describe the basic operation of the crustacean statocyst and fish lateral line Describe the basic steps of chemoreception and list different body structures used for chemoreception in different organisms Describe the basic operation of simple light detection Describe the basic structure of compound and lens-forming eyes Describe how and why the lenses of terrestrial vertebrate eyes and cephalopod eyes differ Describe how the axon resting potential is established Describe how specific ion movements affect the resting voltage potential (hyperpolarization, depolarization) Describe the steps of action potential generation including the state of key ion channels during each step Describe how an action potential propagates down an axon in only one direction and the role of specific ion channels Describe the structure of myelin sheaths and their role in axon potential propagation ? Describe how an action potential is converted into neurotransmitter release at the synapse ? Describe the basic structure of the sarcomere in both the contracted and relaxed states ? Describe the steps of muscle contraction, including the role of specific neurotransmitters, calcium, and ATP ? Describe the role of antagonistic muscle pairing for locomotion in organisms with exoskeletons, endoskeletons, and hydrostatic skeletons Plant Physiology ? Describe the process of germination ? Compare and contrast primary and secondary growth and the role of apical and lateral meristems, vascular cambium, and cork cambium. ? Describe what we are seeing when looking at tree rings ? Describe the basic soil characteristics and what factors contribute to differences in soil ? Describe how plants acquire cations from the soil ? Distinguish between macronutrients and micronutrients and list the key macronutrients plants require ? Describe the key ways mutualisms with bacteria and fungi enable plants to get greater access to specific nutrients they require ? Describe the different ways water can move through plant tissues ? Describe how water potential gradients enable plants to extract water from the soil and do bulk transport up the xylem ? Describe how plants regulate transpiration and gas exchange by opening and closing stomata ? Describe the basic mechanism of how plants move sugars throughout the body ? Describe how plants respond to different environmental stimuli ? Describe the basic steps of the plant immune response ? Describe the role of key plant hormones in regulating specific processes ? Describe how and why plants use pheromones