Homework answers / question archive / Your Final Thesis document should include the following: (you may also use the provided  Thesis_Template2019

Your Final Thesis document should include the following: (you may also use the provided  Thesis_Template2019

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Your Final Thesis document should include the following:

(you may also use the provided  Thesis_Template2019.docx

which aligns with this formatting and has instructions to customize your thesis).

• A cover page with the title of your thesis, your name, advisor name, course, and date.
• A Table of Contents with section names and page numbers
• An abstract: 300-400 words that concisely describe the specific problem that your thesis addresses, how it addresses it, your major findings and implications.
• The body (text) with appropriate headings and page numbers at the bottom. The body of your document (text) should be double spaced throughout, 12 point Cambria or Time New Roman font, with indented paragraphs, 1-inch margins throughout. Remember sub-headings are your friend for organization purposes. Remember in-text citations.
• The Thesis Body must include:
  1. Introduction
  2. Background (optional, as necessary)
  3. Methods (for literature reviews this can be embedded in Introduction)
  4. Findings/Results
  5. Discussion
  6. Conclusion (can be combined with Discussion)
  7. References Cited, formatted to APA 6th or 7th edition (only include ones you've actually used in your text)
• Tables and Figures, properly numbered and labeled according to APA 6th or 7th edition, included either in-line or after your text and before your references (talk to your thesis adviser to clarify which they prefer).
• Don't hesitate to contact your advisor if you have any questions or concerns about your thesis.

Directions for using this template are contained within the template. Please read everything before deleting anything. DELETE THIS BOX BEFORE PRINTING. Insert your title here using mixed case Choose an item. Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Environmental Studies By Your Legal Name as it appears in the University records California State University, Sacramento Choose an item. Choose an item. Committee Name, Thesis Advisor 1 Copyrighted by Your Legal Name Choose an item. 2 Abstract Begin Typing Here The abstract is a required part of your document. The abstract begins on page ‘ii’ which is the first page number to appear in the document. The abstract is the first item to appear in the Table of Contents. The abstract is double spaced just as the document itself is double spaced. DELETE THIS BOX BEFORE PRINTING. ii Dedication Begin Typing Here This is the (optional) Dedication page. If your document contains a dedication it replaces the text above (Begin Typing Here) and is paginated in sequence following the abstract. DELETE THIS INSTRUCTIONAL TEXT BOX BEFORE PRINTING DELETE THIS WHOLE PAGE IF YOU ARE NOT INCLUDING A DEDICATION IN YOUR DOCUMENT iii Acknowledgments Begin Typing Here This is the (optional) acknowledgments page. Acknowledgments must be written in complete sentences and double spaced. DELETE THIS INSTRUCTIONAL TEXT BOX BEFORE PRINTING DELETE THIS WHOLE PAGE IF YOU ARE NOT INCLUDING ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IN YOUR DOCUMENT iv v Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................... ii Dedication .......................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgments.............................................................................................................. iv List of Tables .................................................................................................................... vii List of Figures .................................................................................................................. viii Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 Using this Template [This is a First-Level Subheading] ................................................ 2 Inserting and Numbering Figures [This is a Second-Level Subheading] ................... 2 Numbering Figures ..................................................................................................... 4 Inserting and Numbering Tables ................................................................................. 6 More About Illustrations ................................................................................................. 7 Useful Information and Things to Remember .................................................................. 10 Landscaped Pages ......................................................................................................... 11 Bibliography ..................................................................................................................... 12 Appendix A. Program Names .......................................................................................... 13 Appendix B. Landscaped Page ......................................................................................... 14 Appendix C. Where to go for Additional Help ..................Error! Bookmark not defined. vi List of Tables Table 1 A sample continued table ....................................................................................... 8 By using Word’s “Insert Caption….” Feature you can build your List of Tables (this page) and List of Figures (the following page). The label and number, the caption, and page number appear in columns 1, 2, and 3 respectively. You can update all fields prior to submitting your document by selecting the table, right click the text, and select “Update Field.” DELETE THIS INSTRUCTIONAL TEXT BOX BEFORE PRINTING DELETE THIS WHOLE PAGE IF YOU DO NOT HAVE TABLES IN YOUR DOCUMENT vii List of Figures Figure 1 Location of "Breaks' on the Page Layout Tab ...................................................... 1 Figure 2. A continued figure. Part A Bar Graph; Part B. Line Graph; Part C Pie Chart ... 5 Figure 3 Sample Landscaped Page .................................................................................. 15 By using Word’s “Insert Caption….” Feature you can build your List of Figures (this page) and List of Tables (the previous page). The label and number, the caption, and page number appear in columns 1, 2, and 3 respectively. You can update all fields prior to submitting your document by selecting the table, right click the text, and select “Update Field.” DELETE THIS INSTRUCTIONAL TEXT BOX BEFORE PRINTING DELETE THIS WHOLE PAGE IF YOU DO NOT HAVE FIGURES IN YOUR DOCUMENT viii Introduction This is the first chapter of your document. It is often titled “Introduction” but you may use any title that suits your purpose and is agreed upon by your committee. The chapter number and title (or equivalent) uses “Heading 1” quick style in the Styles menu. Using a ‘Section break – next page’ and the “Heading 1” quick style will insure that each new chapter or chapter equivalent begins with a 2-inch top margin. To insert a ‘Section break – next page’ go to the Page Layout tab on the ribbon. On the Page Layout ribbon select ‘Breaks’ and then select ‘Next Page’ from the ‘Page Breaks’ box. Then select Next Page from the Section Breaks menu. Figure 1 Location of "Breaks' on the Page Layout Tab 1 Using this Template [This is a First-Level Subheading] This template has been set up to meet the basic formatting requirements for thesis and dissertations given in the “Guidelines for Formatting Theses, Dissertations, and D.M. A. Documents.” The margins are correct; the table of contents is formatted correctly; the necessary parts are in the correct order; the page numbers will appear in the right place and in the right form; it has an acceptable font face and size. For the first page of a chapter or chapter equivalent, use a ‘Section Break – Next Page’ to go to the top of a new page, then type the chapter title. Include “Chapter” and the number with the title. When you are done with the title (Chapter #. Title), highlight the entire thing. Then select ‘Heading 1’ from the Styles menu. Selecting Heading 1 will insert the necessary top margin, center the title, and mark for inclusion in the Table of contents. You will need to update the Table of Contents after completing the document by clicking the table on the Table of Contents page and clicking ‘Update Table’ in the upper left corner of the table. The first-level subheading utilizes the ‘Heading 2’ quick style in the Styles menu. Using this style includes your first-level subheading in the Table of Contents. After typing the heading in the document, highlight the entire heading and then select ‘Heading 2.’ If you are numbering subheadings you must include the number with the subheading and highlight the entire entry (number and heading) before selecting Heading 2. Inserting and Numbering Figures [This is a Second-Level Subheading] Figures are identified below the illustration, both number and title. If your figure has notes to identify certain parts, the notes are to be inserted between the figure and the 2 number and title. If the notes are part of the title, the entire title must appear in the list of figures. To insert the caption for an illustration, place the curser below the bottom of the illustration and then go to ‘References’ on the ribbon and click ‘Insert Caption. For a figure, make sure the ‘Label’ is figure and type the title/caption in the ‘Caption’ box (top box), then click ‘OK’. This will place the Figure number and caption/title on the page with the figure and mark it for inclusion in the List of Figures. You will need to click on the List of Figures and update the table (click ‘Update Table’ in the upper left of the table) to ensure your List of Figures updates correctly. Where ever possible, keep figures on a single page, even if this leaves a white space at the bottom of the page preceding the figure. If your figure is of a size that it cannot fit on a single page, a continued style is recommended. In continuing the illustration, the figure number and title appear on the first page of the illustration. The word ‘Continued’ should be inserted below the lower right corner of the figure but above the figure number and title. ‘Figure# continued’ should then appear above the upper left corner of the figure on the next page followed by the remainder of the figure. If the figure continues onto a third page then the word ‘Continued’ would be inserted below the lower right corner (omit the figure number and title) and ‘Figure# continued’ above the upper left corner. The pattern should be followed for however many pages the figure continues. An example of a continued figure can be found on the following pages. Between text and the top or bottom of any type of illustration (figure, table, map, illustration) there must be a space equivalent to three single spaces or two double spaces. 3 Numbering Figures Figures can be numbered in one of two ways. Either consecutively through the entire document or consecutively by chapter. When numbering consecutively by chapter, figures in chapter 1 would be numbered 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, and so on, while figures in chapter 2 would be numbered 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, etc. Figures may only be numbered by chapter, not by subsections within each chapter. Once a figure numbering style is chosen, that style must be used consistently throughout the entire document, including appendices. When numbering by chapter, figures in appendices would be numbered with the appendix letter used in place of the chapter number (ex. A.1, A.2, C.1, C.2). 4 6 5 4 Series 1 3 Series 2 Series 3 2 1 0 Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4 A 6 5 4 Series 1 3 Series 2 Series 3 2 1 0 Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 B Category 4 continued Figure 2. A continued figure. Part A Bar Graph; Part B. Line Graph; Part C Pie Chart 5 Figure 2 continued Sales 1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr C Inserting and Numbering Tables Tables can be identified either above or below the table, both number and title. To insert the table title/caption, place the curser either above or below the relevant (be consistent) and click ‘References’ on the ribbon. Click ‘Insert Caption’. Check that the ‘Label’ is ‘Table,’ then type the title/caption in the first field. Click ‘OK’. This will place the table number and title with the relevant table as well as marking the number and title for inclusion in the List of Tables. You will need to click on the List of Tables and update the table (click ‘Update Table’ in the upper left of the table) to ensure your List of Tables updates correctly. If your table has notes to identify or clarify certain parts, the notes are to be inserted between the table and the number and title. If the notes are part of the title, the entire title must appear in the List of Tables. Where ever possible keep tables on a single page. If 6 your table is of a size that it cannot fit on a single page, a continued style is recommended. In continuing the table, the table number and title appear on the first page of the table. The word ‘Continued’ should be inserted below the lower right corner of the table but above the figure number and title (if identifying below). ‘Table# continued’ should then appear above the upper left corner of the table on the next page followed by the remainder of the table. If the table continues onto a third page, then the word ‘Continued’ would be inserted below the lower right corner (omit the table number and title if identifying below) and ‘Table# continued’ above the upper left corner. This pattern should be followed for however many pages the table continues. An example of a continued table can be found on the following pages. As with a figure, a table must be preceded and followed by space equal to three single line spaces or two double line spaces. Once the choice is made to have three single or two double lines, be consistent. More About Illustrations For the purposes of theses, dissertations, and D.M.A. documents anything that is not text is considered an illustration and must be identified as such. A list (List of Tables, List of Figures, List of Maps, List of Illustrations, etc.) must be located in the preliminary pages following the Table of Contents. 7 Row Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 Hair Color Brown Blond Auburn Black Brown Brown Blond N/A Brown Blond Brown Auburn White Black Black Brown Brown Blond Auburn Black Brown Brown Blond N/A Brown Blond Brown Auburn White Black Black Brown Brown N/A White White Eye Color Brown Hazel Brown Brown Blue Brown Blue Blue Brown Brown Blue Blue Hazel Brown Brown Blue Blue Brown Hazel Brown Black Black Blue Black Brown Hazel Black Blue Brown Black Black Blue Black Brown Hazel Black Glasses Yes No No No Yes No Yes No No No Yes No Yes No No No Yes No Yes No No No Yes No Yes No No No Yes No Yes No No No Yes No Contacts No Yes Yes No No No No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Braces No No Yes No No Yes Yes No No No Yes No No Yes Yes No No No Yes No No Yes Yes No No No Yes No No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No Hearing Aid No No No Yes No No Yes No No No Yes No No Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No No No Yes No No No No No Yes No No Continued Table 1 A sample continued table 8 Table 1 Continued Row Number 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 Hair Color Brown Black White Red Auburn White Black Auburn Eye Color Black Black Blue Black Brown Hazel Black Hazel Glasses Yes No No No Yes No Yes Yes 9 Contacts No No Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Adult Braces No No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Hearing Aid Yes No Yes Yes No No No Yes Useful Information and Things to Remember When using this template remember to end chapters or major sections with a ‘Section Break – Next Page,’ not a page break, and after typing the chapter title (or equivalent) highlight the title and select ‘Heading 1’ from the Styles menu. Use of the section break and Heading 1 will format the first page of each chapter or chapter equivalent according to the Graduate School format requirements. For a First-Level subheading, type the title (including any subheading numbering), highlight the title (include the number if used), and select ‘Heading 2 from the Styles menu. For a Second-Level subheading, do the same thing except select ‘Heading 3’. Only major sections are required to appear in the Table of Contents. Major sections include: Abstract Dedication (if used) Acknowledgments (if used) Vita List of Tables (if used) List of Figures (if used) All Chapter #s and Titles Bibliography (or Reference) All Appendices (is used) 10 Subheadings within each chapter (or equivalent) are not required to be in the Table of Contents, but be consistent. If the subheadings from one chapter are in the Table of Contents, then the subheadings for all chapters must be in the Table of Contents. Landscaped Pages If it becomes necessary to place a table or figure in your document in landscape, the title/caption of the table or figure is put on the page in the same direction as the illustration, the page number remains in the bottom center portrait position, and the top of the landscaped page has a margin of 1.5 inches. The top of the landscaped page goes to the binding edge. 11 Bibliography Turabian, Kate L., A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations. 5th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987. While a list of references may appear at the end of each chapter, the final submitted document must have a unified bibliography that covers the entire document. A consistent style must be used for the references in the bibliography. DELETE THIS INSTRUCTIONAL BOX BEFORE PRINTING. 12 Appendix A. For additional information 13 Appendix B. Landscaped Page If your document contains a figure or table that is too wide to fit on a page in portrait format it may be necessary to place the illustration in your document landscaped. The top of the illustration goes to the binding edge. The legend/caption is in the same orientation as the illustration. 14 Chart Title 7 6 5 4 3 18 2 1 0 Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Series 1 Figure 3 Sample Landscaped Page 15 Category 4 Series 2 Series 3 Category 5 Series 4 Category 6 16 Abstract The proponent of nuclear energy advocate for its adoption in the near future. However, objectivity in nuclear energy analyses reveals a positive outlook. The literature surrounding nuclear energy development features high polarization because of normative and ideological concerns. The paper takes note of the realities and proceeds to consider the next two or three decades regarding the adoption of nuclear energy. It presents the determinant factors that influence the adoption of nuclear energy. It also identifies key factors that could likely derail the investment in nuclear power by the leading global economies. Some of the factors considered include safety and security, climate change, economic competitiveness, and public perception. The paper seeks to draw a conclusion based on public perception and security concerns. It also considers the likelihood of adopting nuclear energy in the global economy. Finally, it concludes that nuclear power is likely to remain uneconomical and not viable for an extended period. ii Table of Contents Table of Contents Abstract................................................................................................................................ii Background..........................................................................................................................4 Approach..............................................................................................................................5 Significance of the study .....................................................................................................6 Literature review..................................................................................................................7 The Emergence of Nuclear energy ..................................................................................7 Factors determining the adoption of nuclear energy ...........................................................8 Economic competitiveness ..............................................................................................8 Nuclear Energy and its Impact on Climate Change.........................................................9 Challenges involving Nuclear Energy ...............................................................................11 Handling unique safety requirements for nuclear energy..............................................11 The danger of proliferation of Nuclear Weapons ..........................................................11 Public Opinion Towards Nuclear Industry ........................................................................13 Nuclear Energy Security....................................................................................................14 Conclusion .........................................................................................................................15 Bibliography ......................................................................................................................16 iii Background The perception surrounding the 21st century relates to the endowment of the century with success and derivation of economic balance. However, the scope of human history continues to depend on critical supply-side provisions. Power source continues to linger as the leading supply side that determines the operation of economic agents. The increase in globalization calls for the need to adopt a new power supply. The ideal power supply also entails minimizing the adverse effects resulting from energy production. Global energy reports note that fossil fuel accounts for 86% of energy demands (Blasio & Nephew, 2018). The revelation creates significant worry owing to the increasing costs of fuel sources. The global oil reserve is at its peak, meaning that future supply will reduce. The reduction in fossil fuel supply coupled with the detrimental impacts of gas, oil, and coal stimulates the need to venture into other energy sources. Carbon dioxide continues to be destructive because it is associated with the increase in climate change. Renewed concern for cleaner energy prompted the regeneration of non-carbon fuel that includes nuclear energy. Commercial testing identifies nuclear power as one of the leading sources of power free from greenhouse gases. Nuclear power continues to boast of a cleaner environment making it desirable for climate change. Despite its advantages, large-scale development, and its adoption, nuclear power still faces contention from different stakeholders. The views from the leading global nations support its adoption while others object. The thesis seeks to understand the future of nuclear energy utilization in the global arena. It considers the future source of clean and sustainable energy. It also fills the role of policymakers who exhibit normative arguments regarding nuclear power. The projections of future needs and energy projections also form an integral objective of the paper, highlighting the need for a balanced picture. Therefore, the report presents economic competitiveness, global security, climate changes, and safety issues as the leading factors for consideration while determining energy security (Blasio & Nephew, 2018). Other factors for consideration include public perception of nuclear and proposed safety arising from the exploitation of nuclear energy. The paper seeks to identify the critical importance of the elements and draw a conclusion based on their interplay. It helps in making a decision relating to nuclear energy exploitation. 4 Approach The thesis begins by covering an essential literature review regarding future projections of nuclear energy. It also discusses the economic perspective of adopting nuclear energy in the future. Under this capacity, the paper makes a critical comparison between nuclear power and another alternative energy source. The leading subjects under investigation include the influence that nuclear energy has on climate change and safety measures resulting from the continued use of nuclear power. The paper also considers literature that identifies the existence of proliferation risks. Future projection also analyses matters about security and safety, including the public’s perception regarding the utilization of nuclear energy. Finally, the paper draws recommendations from different literature reviews. 5 The significance of the study The paper provides immense significance by educating the population on the benefits and economics of nuclear energy. It also includes information relating to the dangers of nuclear energy. Despite the tremendous use attributed to nuclear power, the paper highlights public perception depicting the rejection of nuclear energy utilization. By presenting research findings on the economics and perception of atomic energy, the paper attempts to mend the gaps between energy facts and needs. Finally, the study becomes significant in helping people understand the need to adopt clean energy for future decades. The adoption of clean energy has the impact of mitigating global warming and climate change. 6 Literature review The Emergence of Nuclear energy The quest for the exploitation of nuclear energy began with introducing the Atoms for Peace vision in 1953. The United States president initiated the concept to ensure an increased supply of power in the economy. Indeed, the pronouncement resulted in a massive development and exploitation of nuclear energy (Hore-Lacy, 2010). Indeed, the year 1970 witnessed the emergence of more than 90 nuclear power plants capable of generating 16500 Megawatts of electricity. These power plants were scattered in 15 different countries. The number of power plants increased to 253 plants with a capacity of 135000 MWe located in 22 other countries (Hore-Lacy, 2010). With the increase in the construction of nuclear energy plants, the electricity demand decreased. The decrease in energy demand resulted in reduced activities of the existing power plants. There was a reduction in nuclear plant construction because of the rising cases of accidents, the higher rate of inefficiencies in these plants, and the massive decline in demand for nuclear energy. Finally, the period of the 1990s witnessed another surge in nuclear energy demand emerging from Asia, thereby leading to the construction of 19 power plants (Siqueira et al., 2018). However, the west continued to discourage the building of nuclear energy power plants. The beginning of the century witnessed a renewed surge in nuclear energy demands by the leading global economies. Among others, China, the United States, and India have renewed their focus on developing atomic energy. These nations have since floated plans to increase internal nuclear capacity. The surge follows the global projection of increased nuclear energy demand in the next decade. Pr?v?lie & Bandoc (2018) considers the projections to forecast an increase in energy needs by 55%. With the projected increase in electric consumption from 16930 to 38191 TWh by 2030, the existing electricity alternative must be capable of generating this massive power demand. Therefore, the future depends on the exploitation of nuclear energy reserves. Today, the number of nuclear energy plants has risen to 439, with a capacity of 373 GWe spread across 31 countries (Külahc? & Bilici, 2019). The construction of 36 more plants is underway, while the existing plan considers 93 more nuclear energy plants. Today, 16% of the global electric energy originates from atomic power. Current records also show increased optimism towards adopting nuclear energy by 2030 (Külahc? & Bilici, 2019). The table below provides an analysis relating to utilizing atomic energy and nuclear power projection for 2050. From the table, it becomes imperative that the exploitation of nuclear energy critically rises because of more electricity demand. The leading global nations with the capacity to build and supply nuclear energy include the United States, Russia, Japan, India, China, and South Korea. These countries account for two-thirds of atomic capacity. China takes the lead because of its declaration to build 96GWe of more nuclear power. This capacity exceeds all the other nations. Indeed, the future perception depicts increased acceptance and utilization of nuclear energy. 7 Factors determining the adoption of nuclear energy The adoption of nuclear energy in the future critically depends on the correlation of determining factors. Striking a balance between these factors helps in determining the overall quest to attain nuclear energy power plants. These factors include concerns relating to global warming, economic competitiveness, security considerations relating to energy, and public perceptions. These factors become familiar to the available energy sources. Additionally, nuclear energy exploitation is characterized by high proliferation and safety risks that could spur its future growth trajectory. Economic competitiveness. The initial analysis of the nuclear industry considers economic analysis that compares the nuclear energy generation undergoes comparison with the alternatives like traditional electricity. Natural gas, fossil fuel, and gas denote the leading options towards the adoption of atomic energy. These fuels account for 60% of the energy market share (Cobos-Urbina, 2021). The future provisions depict a slight decline in the amount of power supplied by coal and gas because of their impact on the environment. Also, the exploitation of renewable sources of energy that include solar and wind energy do not highlight potential competition because they do not constitute a central global energy mix. Together, wind and solar power account for 2.1% (Froggatt & Schneider, 2015). Massive investment in technology will enhance the increased absorption of more solar, and wind energy channelled to the national grid. Therefore, the leading energy producers for comparisons denote fossil fuel and nuclear energy. An analytical study conducted by the University of Masa chutes shows that the future of nuclear power levelled against the lifetime cost of the plant. The investigation continues to observe that nuclear power plants remain pulverized. It is also disadvantaged because it does not attract cost advantage over a long period. However, operation management costs will decrease nuclear energy generation by 25% (BalkanSahin, 2018). The report continues that the nuclear energy plant levelized its expenses after four years. After this period, economic values levelled with electricity generation from gas and coal. Upfront capital costs and the extended period for nuclear plant construction make them liable for rising interest rates. The increase in interest rates further prohibits more profitability because it attracts high overruns, extreme uncertainty, and substantial building delay. Modern investors perceive investment in nuclear energy generation as a high-risk proposition more than fossil fuel with its risk-adjusted cost. The consideration of investment decisions favour’s the consideration of alternatives to nuclear energy. The US government subsidies in the form of an investor guarantee to stimulate investment in nuclear by $2 billion (Balkan-Sahin, 2018). Despite the support, the nation failed to receive vital interest towards the establishment of nuclear power plants. The leading perspectives and provisions in the economy also attest to the failure of atomic energy plants in attaining practical energy strategy and credit quality. 8 Additionally, the expansion of nuclear power plants to further develop a nation results in investment uncertainty. An example relates to India, where ten reactors cost more than 300%. The estimated cost for the project was $5.7 billion, but the overall cost for the project totalled $17.7 billion (Cobos-Urbina, 2021). Finally, both policy and political reversal express concern regarding the investment in nuclear reactors. Nuclear Energy and its Impact on Climate Change The 21st century has witnessed a critical rise in the level of climate change. Lobby groups and other concerned nations have raised issues regarding fossil fuel use because it is the leading contributor to global warming. The call for the adoption of nuclear energy has also increased due to the impacts of carbon dioxide. Scientific needs for stabilizing the quantities of carbon dioxide consider reducing 500 parts per million (Francis, 2014). Finally, it calls for a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 50% before the end of the century. The toxic nature of fossil fuel, together with its high carbon levels, calls for altering policies on greenhouse gas emission. If the current policies remain unchanged, total emission will likely rise from 9.7 to 36.7 Gigatons of carbon dioxide between 2000 and 2030 (Cobos-Urbina, 2021). The realization signifies an enormous increase of carbon dioxide by 110%. The Kyoto protocol came into existence with the incentive of helping different nations reduce their overall emission of carbon. However, the Kyoto protocol does not recognize nuclear energy as one source of reducing carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere. Instead, it calls for the adoption of renewable sources of energy. The relevance in utilizing nuclear energy towards reducing carbon concentration lies in its ability to emit clean gases other than greenhouse gases. According to the global report, installing a nuclear plant with a capacity ranging from 1072 GWe instead of an efficient coal electric plant can reduce carbon emission by 1 billion tonnes of carbon (C) every year. Therefore, nuclear energy contributes to reducing carbon emissions by facilitating more than 600 million (C) annually (Barnes & Barnes, 2018). Indeed, the illustration above puts nuclear energy at the forefront of the reduction of carbon emission. Other measures like increasing the efficiency of fossil fuels reduce carbon emissions by 30%. The research results in the United States reveal that a collection of methods like conservation, $50 per surcharge, including increased efficiency, resulting in a 22.5% reduction in carbon emission (Barnes & Barnes, 2018). The above revelation leads to the consideration of the reliable measures of reducing carbon concentration. Finally, despite the enactment of the Kyoto protocol in 1990, few nations have fully implemented the agreement, different activities continue to jeopardize successful steps taken towards ensuring a carbon-free atmosphere. The European Union continues to advocate for the inclusion of nuclear energy in the global space to help in reducing climate change. This follows the rise in uncertainties and ineffectiveness resulting from carbon consumption in the atmosphere. The European Union has instituted measures to ensure payment to the member states to reduce carbon dioxide emissions (Schmid, 2015). For this reason, Europe continues to champion the adoption of nuclear energy. The United States also renewed its technology relating to the extraction of energy from renewable sources. Therefore, a standstill exists between the United States and the European Union because they call for renewable energy sources 9 and nuclear power (Bae & Lee, 2019). However, both factions consider the need to have efficient energy, minimal carbon emissions, and sequestration options. Finally, both entities have reached a consensus towards penalizing high carbon emitters. 10 Challenges involving Nuclear Energy Handling unique safety requirements for nuclear energy Unlike the use of fossil fuels, nuclear technology features the need for unique safety requirements. Breach of safety measures has adverse measures on the environment and human beings. The development of nuclear power involves different stages that call for extreme care. Moreover, the reactor core functioning and waste disposal stages pose a significant threat to safety. The damage to a reactor core can potentially cause catastrophic damage to the people within the radius. Two of the deadliest global accidents are related to nuclear. They include the Chernobyl disaster and incident at three miles island. These accidents affected more than nine million people spanning around 150000 square kilometres (Francis, 2014). Other nuclear energy accidents ranging from minor to moderate also feature global nuclear accidents during the 1990s. Despite the establishment of technological advancement claims, these nuclear accidents continue to rise, with the latest accidents being recorded in the last decade. The recent accident occurred in Japan owing to the leakage of uranium that pushed atmospheric levels by a factor of more than 20,000 times (Balkan-Sahin, 2018). Nuclear energy generation poses greater danger arising from the possibility of mishap. The rise in the number of atomic reactor tanks further intensifies the case of more accidents. Also, the enacted technologies of Light Water Reactor remain unproven. Finally, generation iv reactors are still on the verge of undergoing tests before reaching the final stage of maturity and testing. Another potential danger arises from the spent fuel located at the back of the reactor. The nuclear cycle results in the discharge of wastes that continue to exhibit radio activities for thousands of years. Reprocessing plants would recycle these spent fuels to release the high-level waste that presents a hazardous proposition. The spillage of any radioactive materials poses a great danger to the air, water, and soil. It can also burst into flames, thereby causing widespread environmental and human damage. The danger of Increased proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Despite the massive benefits attributed to the exploitation of nuclear energy, there are imminent concerns that derail its adoption. The fears regarding the proliferation of nuclear weapon technology also come into play. The atomic fuel originating from reprocessing plants through closed cycles provides a more accessible route that necessitates weapons development. Reprocessing technology takes the lead in separating plutonium from spent fuel. It is then subjected to recycling through mixed oxides to generate pure plutonium that aids the manufacture of weapons (Yavuzaslan & Cetin, 2017). The global regime has failed to identify the ideal method of disposing of plutonium because excess stockpile becomes visible in areas closer to nuclear energy tanks. 11 The disposal of nuclear waste continues to pose a significant threat because of the likelihood of diversion to weaponry. The Russian fissile material wastes easily divert towards weapons development. The rise in the number of power plants results in a subsequent increase in waste materials. These wastes become transported in the water, on land, and through the air. The transporters can likely divert the waste transportation towards developing weapons of mass destruction (Gabbar, Abdussami, & Adham, 2020). The commercialization of fast reactors and the increased need for fabrication and reprocessing of the plutonium mixer in the MOX fuel can directly utilize weapons manufacture (Schmid, 2015). Indeed, nuclear proliferation has emerged as the leading complex challenge in the global energy sector (Barnes & Barnes, 2018). Various NonProliferation Treaties (NPT) provision calls for the development of nuclear fuel cycles. The treaty grants them responsibilities that allow individual disposal of the plutonium proceeds. The challenge regarding the proliferation of nuclear weapons continues to adversely impact the adoption of nuclear energy because it presents security challenges. Waste from nuclear power has the potential of harming a more significant percentage of global economies. 12 Public Opinion Towards Nuclear Industry Apart from concerns about the proliferation of plutonium, other problems hindering large-scale nuclear energy adoption describe public sentiments. The outcry arising from two disastrous accidents of the Chernobyl and Mile island reduced nuclear power exploitation. The incident that occurred in the 1980s resulted in the industry’s slump (Francis, 2014). Public variation differs from nation to nation, but the underlying factor pertains to the historical outcome of the nuclear sector coupled with the cost of energy sources and public awareness. The leading sentiments raised by the general relate to the envisioning of security and safety measures. Future problems likely to arise through nuclear involve safety, proliferation, security, and lack of support. Despite the adoption of modern technology and safety, public opinion focuses on the adverse events in the past (Schmid, 2015). They fear the reoccurrence of similar events, thereby leading to their capacity to withhold their support for the development of nuclear energy. Despite a lack of awareness amongst the public in third-world nations, support for atomic exploitation remains adamant because of the government’s perceived outcome and high spending to generate energy. 13 Nuclear Energy Security The increase in global development exerts pressure on the world’s supply of finite energy sources. The global economy needs a predictable and abundant energy source to spur economic growth. An increase in global energy demands is likely to increase fossil fuel prices, thereby leaving other global economies vulnerable because of external disruptions (Barnes & Barnes, 2018). Nuclear energy is favourable compared with fossil fuel on the subject of security. However, nuclear and uranium energy appears more abundant and evenly distributed than fossil fuel. Therefore, it seems more secure. Also, nuclear energy attains its benefit from the higher density than fossil and its close objectives. Critical advantages surround nuclear power; they include competitiveness, less burden on the state, and higher density than competitors. However, energy security hampers the enactment and exploitation of atomic energy by the leading global economies. 14 Conclusion The future for adopting nuclear energy continues to experience mixed reactions due to its advantages and challenges. High resource burden and anti-proliferation strategies reduce the acceptance of atomic energy with vulnerabilities. Countries that perceive energy security consider optimistic scenarios to adopt measures about the derivation of energy balance. Other concerns relating to the safety and security of nuclear energy hinder the widespread adoption because these two catastrophic accidents scare the public against adoption. Proponents of nuclear energy adoption argue that it reduces global warming through the reduction of carbon quantity. With the rise in global warming and increased carbon content in the atmosphere, there is a dire need to adopt measures that clean the atmosphere. Nuclear energy comes in handy because it does not produce carbon content in any way. The scope of proliferation, insecurity arising from nuclear energy, and negative public perception hinders adequate investment. The contention continues to rage between adopting renewable energy sources or nuclear power as an alternative to fossil fuel. Finally, despite the advantages associated with acquisitions and utilization of atomic energy, time is not suitable for its adoption. 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