Homework answers / question archive / 2 General Paper Formatting ? All text should be typed in Times New Roman, 12-point font, even the running head text and the figure/table descriptions! ? On standard paper (8

2 General Paper Formatting ? All text should be typed in Times New Roman, 12-point font, even the running head text and the figure/table descriptions! ? On standard paper (8

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2 General Paper Formatting ? All text should be typed in Times New Roman, 12-point font, even the running head text and the figure/table descriptions! ? On standard paper (8.5" x 11") with 1" margins ? All text should be double spaced – including your citations (single spacing citations is a common mistake that often costs students a great deal of points) ? All paragraphs should be indented, EXCEPT the abstract paragraph ? Your paper should be set up in the following order: o o o o o o o title page (first page – see sample below) abstract (second page) introduction (third page – see specifics for subheading) method results discussion references - a page break before your subheading will insure proper placement of the section o tables/figures - NOTE: Another common mistake is placing the Tables/Figures in the body of the paper with the Results – this will also cost several points. ? Your final manuscript should be about 8-10 pages in length. It is ok to exceed said number of pages if it is informative and not redundant Running head Format ? The running head (left adjusted) should appear on every page of your manuscript, along with page number (right adjusted) ? A few words (50 characters max) that encapsulate the main idea of your manuscript. The running head should also be similar to your manuscript title ? Needs to be in all caps ? E.g., STROOP AND NICOTINE or STROOP EFFECT AND INTERFERENCE ? On the title page, the running head should include the terms “Running head:” however, this should not be included on any subsequent pages ? NOTE: Several students have the page number on one line and the running head on a different line. Both the running head and the page number should be on the same line. For the Final paper submission this will result in points being deducted for formatting errors 3 Title Page Format ? Manuscript title should be reflective of your variables (e.g., Neuroticism, State Anxiety, Trait Anxiety, etc.) or theoretical approach ? Should not exceed 12 words ? Should state the university affiliation ? The entire title page should be double spaced (we have submissions that are single spaced – please fix this) and centered horizontally and vertically on the top portion of the first page ? Capitalize Each Important Word – Not Whole Words ? DO NOT list submission date, Professor, Class number, or name 4 Title Page Rubric Abstract Format ? The abstract begins on a separate page after the title page ? The abstract header is not in bold or italics (see example below) ? The first sentence of the abstract paragraph is not indented ? Keywords are located at the bottom of the abstract paragraph and the label is italicized (e.g. Keywords: Neuroticism, Personality traits, Anxiety ....) ? An abstract should be between 150-250 words ? Example Abstract: 5 Abstract Content The purpose of the abstract is to allow readers to get an idea of what was investigated, the methods used, main findings of the results, and theoretical implications/importance of the study. ? The abstract should give a general overview of all the sections in the manuscript in chronological order (e.g., introduction, method, results, and discussion sections). Therefore, you should include: ? The purpose of the study and the general experimental paradigm. Make sure to mention what measures were used in the experiment ? The number of participants and population (i.e., undergraduate college students) should be mentioned ? Clearly indicate the present study’s IVs and DV ? A general and clear explanation of the noteworthy findings (the main results) – indicate if the results supported the predictions …. Do not include any inferential statistics! ? DO NOT talk about other articles and their findings here ? End the abstract with one sentence indicating the theoretical implications of the study’s findings Abstract Rubric 6 Introduction Format ? The introduction section begins on a separate page, after the abstract. The first line of the introduction should be the title of your manuscript centered (see example below) – DO NOT USE A SUBHEADING CALLED INTRODUCTION – the actual title of your paper is your subheading Introduction Content The purpose of the introduction section is to introduce the primary topic of interest, provide a literature review, and introduce the present study (i.e., the class experiment). General writing guidelines ? You can organize historically: What came first, how has it been modified, what have different authors added to our understanding, how did we get to our experiment? ? Discuss the theoretical implications of the reviewed literature ? How does the literature help us understand the problem of interest, and what questions are still unanswered? ? Use this to transition into introducing your study (i.e., the class experiment) ? Do not use any quotes in your introduction ? Do not use vague terms, such as “mind” or “brain” in any section of your paper ? Every sentence should have a purpose and be informative. If something is not directly relevant or informative, then delete it from your paper. ? Avoid Fluff in your writing: ? Unnecessary words or redundant words (e.g., Participants that participated in the study…) ? Pointless modifiers (e.g., completely, absolutely, just, really, in order to) ? Empty content (e.g., the brain is still a mystery) Language for The Introduction You should be phrasing topics in your introduction in a particular way to provide your reader with a clear and accurate introduction section. Below are some examples of how to phrase particular things: ? The purpose of this study is to investigate….. 7 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? We used ______ in order to examine….. Previous research suggests…. We expect to find that participants ….. … this will support our hypothesis …. Other studies looking at _____ (BFI, STAI, - make sure you cite all of the studies you are thinking about when making the point) have found that ……. Smith, et al. (1979) investigated the automaticity of (reading, naming, etc) using a ______ stroop paradigm to test their hypothesis that _______. Smith, et al. (1979) tested their hypothesis …. Using 2 conditions ….. Their results supported their hypothesis that ……. Similar to the Morris (1980) study investigating …… we expect to find …… When discussing the research, focus on the article being cited and not you ? "The research suggests...", "The results indicate..." are fine ? "I found that..." is not fine When discussing what other people did, use the author’s name as an in-text citation ? i.e., "Hintzman et al. (1972) suggests that..." ? "et al." stands for "and others“ ? Can also write, “Hitzman and colleagues (1972) suggested that…” APA in-text citations ? Do not reference the author by their full name ? Example: “In 1968 James Windes found…” Instead say: “Windes (1968) found…” ? Do not refer to an author as “he/she” after you cite them ? For example, “He found that incongruent stimuli took longer to recite than congruent stimuli” instead say “Incongruent stimuli were found to take longer to recite than congruent stimuli.” ? If you discuss content from a particular article for several successive sentences, then you do not need to cite the author in each sentence. However, if you want to bring up an article again in a different paragraph or section, then you should cite it again. ? For example, do NOT say: “Windes (1968) used congruent and incongruent sets of numerals in a Stroop paradigm. The incongruent numerals were found to take longer to recite than the congruent numerals (Windes, 1968).” ? Instead, say: “Windes (1968) used congruent and incongruent sets of numerals in a Stroop paradigm. The incongruent numerals were found to take longer to recite than the congruent numerals.” ? Be mindful, precise, and particular in how you write your in-text citations ? Be aware of where commas are placed and where parentheses fall for proper APA citations. ? Parenthetical citations should be either at the end, or after the idea if a sentence includes information from multiple sources. ? See the link below for an in-depth explanation concerning in-text citations https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_g uide/in_text_citations_author_authors.html 8 Structuring The Introduction First paragraph ? Within the first three sentences, you should be introducing the “problem” or topic that is going to be discussed in your manuscript. PLEASE USE SPECIFIC WORDS: The problem under investigation, the problem being examined, etc. ? The general idea of our term paper is that COVID-19 has impacted many different aspects of life. There may be individual differences that determine how well people are coping with the impacts of COVID-19. These individual differences may be related to varied personality traits and how prone an individual is to anxiety. 9 Subsequent paragraphs ? The literature review is worth 5 points of the introduction - please use the articles you are writing about in your literature review as examples to understand what is required for a literature review. ? The goal of the subsequent paragraphs is to set the stage for the present study. What research has been done on these topics so far? How is our current understanding of these topics lacking? ? It is recommended that you discuss the STAI and BFI in separate paragraphs ? In one-two paragraph(s) discuss the STAI. What is the STAI? What is state anxiety? How does state anxiety differ from trait anxiety? What research has been done using the STAI thus far (discuss the required sources for the STAI on Canvas). Mention any articles you picked out that are related to anxiety or the STAI. Include additional resources, if you want. Compare and contrast the methods and findings of your different sources. ? In one to two paragraph(s) discuss the BFI. What are the five personality traits? What do each of them mean? What research has been done using the BFI measure thus far (discuss the required sources for the BFI that are on Canvas). Mention any articles you picked out that are related to personality or to BFI. Include additional sources, if you want. Compare and contrast the methods and findings of your different sources. Final paragraph ? Introduce the present experiment (the one we did in class) ? Explain the purpose/aim of the present study…Our research aim was to evaluate the relationship between neuroticism, state/trait anxiety and life factors that have been affected by COVID-19. Say this in your own words! ? Explicitly define the IVs and DV used in our study. o Your IVs - Independent Variables are: the Big Five personality traits domain levels and reported number of aspects affected by COVID-19 Pandemic. These are your predictors. o Your DVs - Dependent Variables are: State and Trait Anxiety. This is what you are measuring. ? Most importantly, discuss the predictions/hypotheses. It’s important that you backup each of your predictions with rationale. There are four hypotheses you are required to discuss, using your own words. The hypotheses are listed below: Summer 2021 Hypotheses Hypothesis 1.) When considering all five personality measures as predictors, it is expected that [IV] neuroticism will be a significant predictor of [DV] state anxiety while [IVs] agreeableness, conscientiousness, extraversion, and openness will not. -Will be tested with a multiple regression. Explanation: Individuals who have high levels of neuroticism are expected to report more anxiety on a moment-to-moment basis (i.e., state). Hypothesis 2.) When considering all five personality measures as predictors, it is expected that [IV] neuroticism will be a significant predictor of [DV] trait anxiety while [IVs] agreeableness, conscientiousness, extraversion, and openness will not. 10 -Will be tested with a multiple regression. Explanation: Individuals who have high levels of neuroticism are expected to report more anxiety on average (i.e., trait). Hypothesis 3.) It is expected that there will be a significant positive correlation between the reported number of aspects affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and trait anxiety. Explanation: Individuals who report more life aspects affected by the COVID-19 pandemic are expected to have more anxiety on average (i.e., trait), and vise versa (i.e., those who have more anxiety on average are expected to have been more affected by the COVID-19 pandemic). Remember: correlations are bidirectional! Hypothesis 4.) It is also expected that there will be a significant positive correlation between trait anxiety and state anxiety. Explanation: Individuals who are more anxious on average (i.e., trait) are expected to have more anxiety on a moment-to-moment basis (i.e., state), and vise versa (i.e., individuals who are more anxious on a moment-to-moment basis are expected to report more anxiety on average). Remember: correlations are bidirectional! NOTE: You can combine Hypothesis 3 and 4 in order to simplify your writing. Introduction Rubric 11 Method Section The purpose of the method section is to provide the reader with a detailed explanation of the participants, materials, and the procedure(s) used in your study. You should dedicate one subsection to each of these topics. ? Rule of thumb: Your methods section should have enough information that someone can replicate the study – think about this. ? If you are struggling to conceptualize what a Method section looks like, we urge you to observe the Method sections of the papers you are reading. Do not however copy their format - use the format we are providing you below. Method Format ? The Method section begins directly after the Introduction section. The first line of the Method section should contain the Method header center aligned in bold. A common problem we have seen is students writing “Methods” instead of “Method” -- this mistake will cost you a point ? The second line of your Method section should contain the Participants subsection header left adjusted in bold. See example Method section below ? The Materials and Procedure subheadings should be formatted the same way as the Participant subheading ? Example Method Section: 12 Method Content Participants subsection: ? Indicate the number of participants involved in the study. Make sure to use APA style when reporting numbers! For example, do NOT start a sentence with numerals ? Demographic information of the participants (sex, age range) should be reported in paratheses. Once you mention the demographic information, you do not need to reference it again in any other section o Example: There were 83 psychology undergraduates (Females= 57, Males= 26) between the ages of 15 and 50 years of age (M=23.6, SD=5.21) that participated in the present study. ? Include a statement indicating how your participants were compensated for their time (e.g., course credit) ? Mention the APA ethical treatment as your final sentence in the participants subsection. Remember to cite the ethical treatment in APA format! ? Below are the Summer 2021 Descriptive Statistics for our class: Use this data below for your participants subsection Descriptive Statistics Data Summary: ? Total Number of participants: 231 ? Gender Breakdown: Male=56, Female= 175 ? Age Descriptive Statistic: Min=16.00, Max= 49.00; Mean= 23.37, SD=5.05 Materials subsection: ? In the materials subsection you will provide a very detailed explanation for each questionnaire administered to the participants. You should discuss one questionnaire at a time and dedicate one paragraph per questionnaire. ? In each paragraph, include things like: o Number of questions o An example of what questions were provided o The response options available to participants (e.g. 4 point likert scale ranging from “Strongly agree” to “Strongly disagree”) 13 Procedure subsection: ? In the procedure subsection you will provide a very detailed explanation of all the steps taken to administer the tasks for the experiment ? The procedure subsection should include: ? Detailed explanation of the survey process (e.g., participants were provided a Google Form link to each questionnaire) ? Who administered the questionnaires and who were the participants. ? List the DV and the IV’s used ? Acknowledgement that you were a participant in the study and include your initials (e.g. “The author (M.S.) was a participant in this experiment”) ? Tip, do not use first person pronouns when writing this section. For example, do not say: “We completed the BFI, STAI, and demographics questionnaire.” Instead say: “Participants completed the BFI, STAI, and demographics questionnaire.” Method Rubric Results Section The function of the results section is to provide a clear and objective account of the results of your study. In the results section, you will discuss the descriptive and inferential statistics by citing the table that you created and the provided figure. Results Format ? Center the section title (“Results”) in bold font (like Method section) – NOT IN CAPS ? Should begin immediately after the Method section. 14 ? Do NOT begin the results section on a new page ? The results section should be written in past tense (e.g., a linear regression was conducted) Results Content ? Assume the reader has knowledge of statistics ? Structure results around the table and figure which summarize the findings. The figure (scatterplot) is provided on page 23. Copy and paste it into your paper! You will need to create a table containing the Pearson Correlation values, M, and SD. An example table, with incorrect values, is located on page 23. ? Present findings in relation to the hypotheses in the same order that the hypotheses were presented in your introduction. ? Start with descriptive statistics that discuss the findings in relation to the table you created. You should speak in regards to how each variable compares to other variables based on the means reported in Table 1 (e.g. Participants exhibited higher levels of state anxiety compared to trait anxiety, as shown in Table 1). ? Continue to inferential statistics (hint: your p- values appear here). This is where you report the statistically significant tests. Be mindful to reference the scatterplot, labeled Figure 1. (e.g. Results revealed that trait anxiety positively correlates with state anxiety r(231) = .57, p < .001, as shown in Figure 1.) ? Report your statistically insignificant findings as well. This adds to the paper’s credibility. Do not ignore insignificant results. ? Remember not to claim that your results ‘PROVE’ anything, we support/reject the hypotheses only. ? It is most efficient to refer to your figures/tables right out of the gate in your results section, for instance: ? This example immediately references the table created for this paper and builds the descriptive statistics around the table as suggested. ? If you are struggling with presenting the data in this format, you may address each hypothesis in a stand alone paragraph. Start with explaining the descriptive statistics for each hypothesis and then the inferential statistics for each hypothesis. 15 Example Linear Regression Inferential Statistics Write-up: Results of the linear regression indicated that there was a collective significant effect between the gender, age, and job satisfaction, (F(9, 394) = 20.82, p < .001, R = .32, R adjusted = = .28). The 2 2 individual predictors were examined further and indicated that age (b = -.12, t(394) = -11.98, p = .002) and gender (b = .18, t(394) = 2.81, p = .005) were significant predictors in the model. Specifically, age had a negative predictive relationship, as levels of age decreased, levels of job satisfaction increased. Further, gender had a positive predictive relationship, females tended to report higher levels of job satisfaction than males. Example Correlation Inferential Statistics Write-up: A correlation was conducted to test the association between the weight of an automobile and its gas mileage. Weight and gas mileage were significantly correlated r(16) = -0.83, p < .001. There was a negative correlation between weight and gas mileage, indicating that automobiles that weigh more have less gas mileage. 16 Summer 2021 Hypotheses and Results Hypothesis 1: Neuroticism is a significant predictor of STATE anxiety (no other domains are significant) ? Results of a linear regression revealed that neuroticism and extraversion personality traits were significant predictors of state anxiety, F(5, 225) = 15.68, R = .13, R adjusted = .12, p < .001. Specifically, we partially support our hypothesis as not only neuroticism (b = .46, t(225) = 7.13, p < .001), but also extraversion was a significant predictors of state anxiety (b = -.14, t(225) = -2.32, p < .05). ? Interestingly, extraversion had a negative predictive relationship - describe what this means in simple terms. ? Hint: A negative predictive relationship may imply that as one variable decreases, another variable increases. 2 2 17 Hypothesis 2: Neuroticism is a significant predictor of TRAIT anxiety (no other domain are significant) ? Results of a linear regression revealed that neuroticism, extraversion, and conscientiousness personality domains were significant predictors of trait anxiety, F(5,225) = 41.47, R = .049, R adjusted = .028, p < .001. Specifically, we partially support our hypothesis as not only was neuroticism (b = .50, t(225) = 9.42, p < .001) but also extraversion (b = -.26, t(225) = -5.29, p < .001) and conscientiousness (b = -.22, t(225) = -4.11, p < .001) were significant predictors of trait anxiety. ? Interestingly, extraversion had a negative predictive relationship - describe what this means in simple terms. ? Furthermore, conscientiousness had a negative predictive relationship - describe what this means in simple terms. 2 2 18 NOTE: You may explain hypothesis three and four as part of the same overall hypothesis. This is an alternative to the four hypothesis option and may help simplify your assignments. However, how you structure your paper is up to you. Hypothesis 3 (or Hypothesis 3 part a). ? It is expected that there will be a significant positive correlation between the reported number of aspects affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and trait anxiety, as well as a positive correlation between trait anxiety and state anxiety. ? Results revealed that TRAIT anxiety does not POSITIVELY correlate with the total number of aspects influenced by COVID-19. - describe what this means in simple terms. ? Relevant statistics to report (in APA format already): r(231) = .05, p > .05. 19 Hypothesis 4 (or Hypothesis 3 part b). Results revealed that TRAIT anxiety POSITIVELY correlates with STATE anxiety. - describe what this means in simple terms. Relevant statistics to report (in APA format already): r(231) = .57, p < .001. 20 Discussion Section The purpose of the discussion section is to interpret and describe the significant findings of the experiment. Explain what was already known in the literature, compare and contrast old findings with the present study’s findings. Lastly, provide potential limitations of the present study as well. Discussion Content First: ? Restate the aim of the study. What was being investigated? Why? ? Indicate what hypotheses were made for the present study and if the results support those hypotheses. Your predictions should be reviewed in the same order as the introduction section. ? Do NOT discuss the analyses conducted or statistical numbers (means, SD, etc.) in this section. The results should be interpreted in everyday language. Second: ? Compare the present study’s findings with those from the literature. Did other studies find evidence of personality traits predicting state or trait anxiety? Why do you think we found significant results for extraversion and consciousness when we were not predicting this? Do not simply state other researcher’s findings without purposefully relating their results to the findings of our study. ? What are the implications of our findings in terms of the current literature? What do our findings add to this area of research? Third: ? Explain the limitations of the present study. You should discuss at least two limitations, if not more! Additionally, include 1-2 directions for future research. Specifically, if a researcher wanted to “expand” on the study we conducted for this class, how might they go about doing this? Could additional measures be incorporated? If so, what kinds of measures? ? Examples of limitations: ? Controlled settings? How were the surveys administered? ? Are there any downsides to using self-report surveys? (hint: Google this) ? Population sampling techniques: Based on our sample of undergraduate psychology students, can our inferential statistics generalize to the general population? Fourth: ? Include a short paragraph (e.g., 3-4 sentences) that is dedicated to making concluding remarks about the present study. Include the most noteworthy findings and theoretical implications ? When writing this final paragraph you should be thinking: if I want a person to learn anything from reading this manuscript, what would that be? 21 Discussion Rubric References Format ? Format of the reference section title: Center “References” at top of page, NOT in bold, italics, or underlined. Use 12-point Times New Roman font. ? If you referenced a paper in your introduction, method or discussion section, then it must be listed in the references section! ? You can use websites like Citation Machine to create APA citations. However, these programs are NOT perfect. Always triple check that your references are in proper APA format! ? Make sure all references are formatted using a “hanging” indent. Here is a link explaining how to create a hanging indent in Microsoft Word: Instructions for Hanging Indent References Example: References Addis, D. R., Musicaro, R., Pan, L., & Schacter, D. L. (2010). Episodic simulation of past and future events in older adults: Evidence from an experimental recombination task. Psychology and Aging, 25, 369–376.http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0017280 Chasteen, A. L., Park, D. C., & Schwarz, N. (2001). Implementation intentions and facilitation of prospective memory. Psychological Sci- ence, 12, 457–461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00385 22 Luszczynska, A., & Schwarzer, R. (2003). Planning and self-efficacy in the adoption and maintenance of breast self-examination: A longitudinal study on self-regulatory cognitions. Psychology & Health, 18, 93–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0887044021000019358 Things to remember (References): ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? References are in alphabetical order All References are double-spaced Authors last name and first initials are included with proper punctuation Year is in parentheticals Journal name is italicized Volume (italicized) and page numbers (not italicized) are included DOI is included, if applicable References section is on a separate page! 23 Figure and Table Scatterplot Figure- Use this EXACT scatterplot in your manuscript! Figure 1. Include a caption below the figure that describes what is depicted in the figure and any notable remarks. Table EXAMPLE - You must make your own table with the correct values included! Table 1. This is just an example. Describe the table in this location using 1-3 sentences. Things to Remember (Table): - Table has labeled columns and rows There are only horizontal lines to separate the rows. The columns are NOT separated bylines. The table and figure are the last items, AFTER the reference section The table and figure each get their own separate page!! Writing the Discussion Section Discussion ? The Discussion immediately follows your Results section. • The heading, “Discussion” is centered ? The Discussion illustrates the results, interprets their theoretical implications, and evaluates the limitations of the experiment. ? Keep your original hypothesis as the main reference point. Discussion ? Start your Discussion with an assessment of the results in relation to your hypothesis. ? Restate your results in words rather than numbers. ? Rephrase your hypotheses and state whether your results support or fail to support the hypotheses. ? Do NOT use the word “prove” Discussion ? Examples ? “As expected, participants provided with salty foods requested more water than did those provided with unsalted food.” ? “The present findings fail to support the hypothesis that …” Linking your findings to previous literature and hypotheses Results Extending… Results that are consistent • However, it also extended with previous literature previous findings and in line with because a construct such hypotheses “The results of the current study as doctor availability has showed openness to not previously been experience to be positively shown to be associated related to the number of doctors in the area. These with openness to results are in line with experience.” Results Consistent.. previous findings that have shown openness to experience to be related to doctor availability (Klinger & Perez, 2001; Miller, 2004). Linking your findings to previous literature and hypotheses Results that are contrary to previous literature and hypotheses “ The results of the present study showed openness to experience to be unrelated to the number of doctors in an area. These findings are contrary to the findings of Meyer(2009) who found that openness to experience was strongly related to doctor availability. These differences may be due to_______________.” Linking your findings to previous literature Results of an analysis that has never been done “The results of the present study showed openness to experience to be related to doctor availability. Previous research failed to examine such a relation. Therefore, the present study extended previous literature. The present findings could be due to____________.” Discussion Limitations and Confounds What may have gone wrong? ? Mention possible shortcomings (Limitations) or confounds of the experiment Do the findings have sufficient power? • Small n. (what is n?) • Lack of diversity. • Lack of a- control group. Does my study replicate given the Method section procedure? • Failure to control for certain confounds. Are my instructions clear for all (also issue of generalizability)? Reliability: Indicator of ability to yield of same results. Validity: Are we measuring what is intended? • Lack of standardized instructions. • Lack of generalizability. • Low reliability/validity. • Use of a correlational design. Discussion Limitations and Confounds ? There are confounds and limitations in our study. ? It can become a flaw on your study if you fail to detect them and report them. ? Examine how the task was administered and if there were any methodological issues. ? Ex: setting, order of presentation, w/n vs. b/n… ? Explain how these limitations could be modified for future experiments. Discussion ? Future research ? What future research could be done in order to expand Ex: “Future research should focus on …” ? ? ? ? ? Replication of your study to confirm present findings Adding another important variable to your study Doing a similar study in a different population Looking at a longitudinal version of your study Applying findings of your study to other areas ? At the end of the discussion you want to summarize the material you have presented in the section (i.e., a conclusion) Discussion Outline ? Restate results and relate findings to the hypotheses ? Do the results support your hypotheses? How? ? Discuss findings in relation to previous studies ? Similarities and differences ? Discuss whether your findings support or fail to support the previous research cited in your introduction ? Interpretation/implications of the results ? Limitations ? Discuss future research ? Conclusion In Class Activity • Restate your original hypotheses indicating if the results of the class experiment support or fail to support the hypothesis. Reference List Have scratch paper ready for in-class assignment Reference List • Provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any source you cite in the body of the paper • Each source you cite in the paper must appear in your reference list • Each entry in the reference list must be cited in your text • Your references should begin on a separate page from the text of the paper under the label References (with no quotation marks, underlining, etc.), centered at the top of the page Reference List ? Hanging indentation. ? All lines after the first line of each entry in your reference list should be indented one-half inch from the left margin. ? Give the last name and initials for all authors for up to seven authors. ? Alphabetized by the last name of the first author of each work. ? Several references with the exact same author/authors in the exact same order are listed in order by the year of publication, starting with the earliest. Reference List ? Capitalize all major words in journal titles. ? When referring to books, chapters, articles, or Web pages, capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title and subtitle and proper nouns. Reference List ? Italicize titles of longer works such as books and journals. ? Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles or essays in edited collections. References – Journal Article Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number (issue number), pages. Ellis, M.V., Robbins, E.S., Schult, D., Ladany, N., & Banker, J. (1990). Anchoring errors in clinical judgments: Type I error, adjustment, or mitigation? Journal of Counseling Psychology, 37, 343-351. NOTE: DOUBLE SPACED!!! References – Journal Article (Key Features) First Author Last Name Remaining Authors (Last name first) Title of Article Ellis, M.V., Robbins, E.S., Schult, D., Ladany, N., & Banker, J. (1990). Anchoring errors in clinical judgments: Type I error, adjustment, or mitigation? Journal of Counseling Psychology, 37, 343-351. Journal Title Date of Publication Volume Number Page Numbers Writing the Abstract APA Guide Pages 25-27 Abstract ? Abstract follows the Title page on a separate page. ? The heading, “Abstract” is center-aligned on the top of the page. ? The first line is NOT indented. ? The abstract is organized into one paragraph. ? Standard length = around 200 (150-250) words. Abstract ?Summarizes entire experiment. ?Extract information from each section of your paper, and present the information in the same order that your paper presents the information Abstract what to include ? Introduction ? Problem under investigation, Purpose of Study ? Method ? Participants, Experimental Design (IV, DV) ? Results ? State results (You do not have to include reaction time means in numbers, but describe differences in RT between the tasks). ? Discussion ? Theoretical implications of your results. Conclusions. Abstract Checklist ? Population (how may participants) ? Statement of research problem (purpose of study) ? Experimental paradigm (task) ? IV – Independent Variable ? DV – Dependent Variable ? Findings (In words – no numbers) ? Theoretical implications Note: This example is for formatting purposes only. It is clearly double spaced, no indent, 200-250 words and the keywords are appropriately listed. Abstract Example Abstract Background and Objectives Results Cognitive restructuring and imagery modification (CRIM) to reduce the feeling of being contaminated (FBC) was tailored to adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) suffering from this distressing feeling. A cognitive model of maladaptive appraisal and two factor learning theory can explain the development and maintenance of the FBC. CRIM combines cognitive interventions with imagery modification in a two-session treatment. To evaluate CRIMs feasibility and efficacy, we consecutively treated 9 women suffering from chronic CSA-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) plus the FBC. Ratings regarding intensity, vividness, and uncontrollability of this feeling, and related distress as well as the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale (PDS) were administered prior to (t0), post (t1), and six weeks after (t2) treatment. When comparing t0 and t2 Cohen’s d was large for intensity of the FBC (d = 2.23; p < .01), its vividness (d = 1.83; p < .01), uncontrollability (d = 2.79; p < .01), and the related distress (d = 2.45; p < .01), as well as for PDS scores (d = .99; p < .05). Data suggest that CRIM has the potential to reduce the FBC as well as PTSD symptoms after CSA. Methods Conclusion NOTE: Do not use numbers in your abstract – I have crossed off said statistics above for clarity. Again, the abstract should appear on its own page after the title page, double spaced, not indented, 200-250 words, and should have keywords at the end. I need to check something and I can’t remember what?!?!?!? See the guide for the answer if you cannot remember! In Class Activity Cite the references as it would appear on a reference list. Reference Example Frick-Horbury, D., & Guttentag, R.E. (1998). The effects of restricting hand gesture production on lexical retrieval and free recall. American Journal of Psychology, 111, 43-62.