McNeese State University - BIO 226

1)Give the list of hormones below, which are steroids?

1. Estrogen Thyroxine Aldosterone Calcitonin
2. 1 and 4 only
3. 1 and 3 only
4. 2 and 3 only
5. 1, 2, and 3
6. 1, 3, and 4

2. Which of the following show the correct order of the second messenger system used by epinephrine in the heart?

1. Epi binds to intercellular receptor, activates G protein, influx of calcium, and heart contractions begin.
2. Epi binds to intercellular receptor, binds to DNA, causes transcription and translation of proteins.
3. Epi binds to membrane-bound receptor, influx of calcium, G protein is activated, and heart contractions begin.
4. Epi binds to membrane-bound receptor, G protein is activated, influx of calcium and heart contractions begin.
5. G protein is activated, epi binds to membrane bound receptor, influx of calcium and heart contractions begin.

3. The hypothalamohypophyseal portal system extends from the               to the       .

1. Adenohypophysis, hypothalamus
2. Neurohypophysis, hypothalamus
3. Hypothalamus, adenohypophysis
4. Hypothalamus, neurohypophysis
5. Hypothalamus, thyroid gland

4. Increased insulin secretion immediately following a meal will result in increased

1. Fat catabolism
2. Glycogenolysis
3. Gluconeogenesis
4. Glycogen synthesis
5. Blood glucose

5. Which of the following is the target tissue of parathyroid hormone?

1. Thyroid
2. Blood
3. Pancreas
4. Brain
5. Small intestine

6. Which of the following is true?

1. Growth hormone is no longer secreted after the epiphyseal plates close
2. The adult thyroid gland is a small, shriveled remnant of the child’s
3. Hypoglycemic hormones are secreted in response to low blood sugar
4. The gonads, adrenal cortex and posterior pituitary gland secrete steroids
5. The posterior pituitary gland secretes but does not synthesis oxytocin

7. Years ago, it was common practice for a midwife to let her first born twin nurse at the mothers breast to speed up the birth of the second born twin. How can you explain what is happening here?

1. The release of prolactin by the nursing baby stimulates bonding between the babies
2. The release of oxytocin by the nursing baby stimulates uterine contraction
3. The nursing of the baby stimulates bonding between the mother and her children
4. The nursing of the baby increase the mother’s heart rate which increases contractions.
5. All of the above

8. Excessive use of human growth hormone has been linked to hyperglycemia and “beta cell burnout” over time. Which disease would you expect to result from this?

1. Acromegaly
2. Diabetes insipidus
3. Diabetes mellitus
4. Adrenal diabetes
5. Addison’s disease

9. Which of the following is true?

1. Neurotransmitters are longer lasting than hormones
2. Hormones have a quicker response time than neurotransmitters
3. Amino acids based hormones are longer acting than steroids
4. Steroids have a quicker response time than amino acid based hormones
5. None of the above

10. Which of the following is true?

1. Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone are produced and released by the posterior pituitary
2. Down regulation results in excessive receptor number due to lower hormone levels
3. Growth hormone peaks during the day when more physical activity is conducted
4. Releasing and inhibiting hormones are transported through the hypothalamo- hypophyseal portal system
5. Normal body growth requires adequate growth hormones, somatomedins, and melatonin

11. Janice has recently been diagnosed with “Grave’s disease.” Which of the following symptoms can you expect?

1. Weight gain, sweating, nervousness
2. Dwarfism
3. Kidney stones, osteoporosis
4. Pica, low BP
5. None of the above

12. It’s a cold rainy day with dark clouds overhead. You notice that you are more sleepy and tired than usual. What is the mostly likely response for the energy drop and mood change you are in?

1. Your thyroid has slowed down due to the cold weather, resulting in diminished energy
2. Your melatonin is still being released, resulting in increased sleepiness
3. Your epinephrine is being released, due to the stress of the rainy day, zapping your energy
4. Two of the above
5. None of the above

13. Opon getting to class today, you realize there is an additional chapter being tested on the exam. Unfortunately, you did not prepare for this and begin to feel stressed. Which of the following would you expect to happen?

1. Elevated PNS stimulation
2. A release of epi, norepi, GH, T3/T4, cortisol, glucagon and insulin
3. Increased blood flow to the digestive and urinary tract
4. Elevated immune response
5. None of the above

14. Which of the following is true?

1. The posterior pituitary developed from the oral mucosa during fetal development
2. The anterior pituitary relies on a direct connection to the hypothalamus for its regulation
3. The release of growth hormones is controlled by positive feedback
4. The parafollicular cells produce and release parathyroid hormones
5. Most circulation thyroid hormone is T4, which is converted to T3 at the target cells

15. Due to an invasive tumor, samantha’s adenohypophysis was removed. Which of the following would you expect to result from this surgery?

1. Samantha was no longer able to make oxytocin
2. Samantha developed diabetes insipidus
3. Samantha’s metabolism increased
4. Two of the above
5. All of the above

16. Which of the following is not a result from the aging process?

1. The sleep wake cycle is altered due to the lack of melatonin released
2. Immunity is compromised due to T lymphocyte insufficiency
3. Weight gain is difficult to control due to a less active thyroid
4. Some endocrine organs shrink in size and become less active
5. None of the above

17. Thyroxine-binding globulin is

1. A receptor for T4 found in the target cell nuclei
2. A receptor for T3 found in its target cell plasma membrane
3. A releasing factor that stimulates secretion of thyroxine
4. A colloid found in the thyroid follicles
5. A transport protein the blood plasma

18. Due to an invasive tumor, Samantha’s adenohypophysis was removed. Which of the following would you expect to result from this surgery?

1. Samantha was no longer able to make oxytocin
2. Samantha developed diabetes insipidus
3. Samantha’s metabolism increased
4. Two of the above
5. All of the above

19. When consulting with the doctor during surgery, he mentions to you that he will make an incision into the epicardium to view the patient’s coronary vessels better. To which layer is the doctor referring?

1. Fibrous pericardium
2. Visceral pericardium
3. Parietal pericardium
4. Myocardium
5. Endocardium

20. In the action potential of a myocardial cells, Ca2+ gates close When the pacemaker potential reaches the threshold

1. When the voltage reaches its highest positive value
2. Just as the cell begins to depolarize
3. At the end of the voltage plateau
4. At the end of repolarization

21. Which of the following is true?

1. The right atrium has the thickest myocardium in the heart
2. The ventricles contain extensive musculature called pectinate muscles
3. The left atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body
4. Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs
5. The semilunar valves contain collagen fibers called chordae tendineae

22. Atrial systole begins

1. Immediately before the P wave
2. Immediately after the P wave begins
3. During the QRS complex
4. Immediately after the QRS complex begins
5. Immediately after the T wave ends

23. Which chamber has the following description “extremely thick trabeculae carneae and papillary muscle to aid in pumping oxygenated blood out of the heart?”

1. Right atrium
2. Right ventricle
3. Left atrium
4. Left ventricle
5. Two of the above

24. Alfred, an elderly patient, tells you he has rheumatic (scarlet) fever as a boy. Upon auscultating his chest, you hear a whining sound following the second heart sound. What can you most likely conclude?

1. Alfred has a prolapsed valve
2. Alfred has a stenotic valve
3. Alfred has ventricular fibrillation
4. Alfred is having a MI
5. Alfred has angina pectoris

25. What is the correct order of blood flow during pulmonary circulation?

1. Pulmonary trunk/arteries, pulmonary SL valve, lungs, and pulmonary veins
2. Pulmonary SL valve, pulmonary trunk/arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins
3. Pulmonary veins, pulmonary SL valve, lungs and pulmonary trunk/arteries
4. Pulmonary SL valve, pulmonary veins, lungs and pulmonary trunk/arteries
5. None of the above

26. Unlike skeletal muscles, cardiac muscles has

1. Less extensive branching fibers
2. More nuclei per cell
3. More mitochondria
4. Longer muscle fibers
5. Shorter absolute refractory period

27. The amount of blood ejected from each ventricle in one heartbeat is called

1. Anemia
2. The preload
3. The afterload
4. The stroke volume
5. The cardiac output

28. Paul, a 45 year old, has a stressful job. As he begins his daily gym workout, he experiences tightness in his chest and a radiating pain to his left arm, shoulder and jaw. The paramedics give Paul a nitroglycerin and nasal oxygen before he reaches the hospital. Which of the following can you conclude?

1. Paul is having a myocardial infarction
2. The nitroglycerin will dilate the blocked coronary vessels
3. Paul’s stressful lifestyle puts him at risk for future heart problems
4. The oxygen will help raise blood O2 levels to the body/heart
5. All of the above

29. It has been observed that myocardial infarctions are more common early in the morning when most people rise for a stressful work day. Which of the following would you not expect to happen due to this daily stress?

1. Decreased cardiac output
2. Increased hormone secretion of epi and norepi
3. Increased T3/T4 production
4. Increased blood sugar levels
5. None of the above

30. Which of the following is true?

1. When the SA node fails, ectopic foci in the heart take over, and heart rate increase
2. Since athletes are in such good conditions, their heart rates beat faster at rest
3. The resting heart rate would be slower if it were not for the fact that SNS fibers regularly stimulate it
4. Most blood enters the ventricles during atrial systole
5. Ventricular systole occurs during the S-T segment

1. Atrial fibrillation
2. Tachycardia
3. PVC
4. PAC

32. Which of the following sequence is correct?

1. AV node, AV bundle, SA node, purkinje fibers, bundle branches
2. Purkinje fibers, bundle branches, AV node, AV bundle, SA node
3. SA node, AV node, AV bundle, Bundle branches, purkinje fibers
4. SA node, AV bundle, AV node, bundle branches, purkinje fibers

33. Manuel complains of arm and chest pain, shortness of breath, nausea. An angiogram revelsas that there are three coronary arteries partially occluded due to atherosclerosis. What treatment(s) are possible for manuel?

1. Enzyme treatment
2. Coronary artery bypass graft
3. Angioplasty/stent insertion
4. Low cholesterol die and increased exercise
5. All of the above

34. Susan has the flu. You take her temperature and read a temperature of 102 degrees. Which of the following would you not expect to result from this infection?

1. Susan has increase metabolic rate
2. Susan has an increased oxygen need
3. Susan has an increased hear rate
4. Susan has an increase cardiac output
5. Susan has increased vagus stimulation

35. Which of the following describes the Frank-Starling’s Law?

1. Fetal circulation determines adult circulation
2. Preload determines afterload
3. Blood volume determines blood pressure
4. Afterload determines preload
5. Stroke volume determines cardiac output

36. While in lab, your partner take her pulse and measure 115 bpm. After running an ECG in lab, you notice that her P waves are often missing a displays are irregular rhythm. What cardiac arrhythmias might your lab partner have?

1. PAC
2. PVC
3. Atrial flutter
4. Atrial fibrillation
5. Bradycardia