Homework answers / question archive / Abstract Trauma refers to the emotional response that an individual possesses to an ultimately detrimental adverse event

Abstract Trauma refers to the emotional response that an individual possesses to an ultimately detrimental adverse event

Sociology

Share With

Abstract Trauma refers to the emotional response that an individual possesses to an ultimately detrimental adverse event. Many children experience trauma, from mild to severe. My assignment will evaluate the development of trauma as a field and the development that lead to its recognition. However, it will determine the cause of trauma while stating their short-term and long-term effects. Also, using biblical views relating to trauma to heal during the healing process. My research paper will focus on child sexual abuse associated with Complex trauma and how traumatic it is for children to heal and recommend treatment using Cognitive behavioral therapy. Early therapy at an early age is successful for children and adolescents who seek Intervention. Keywords: Trauma, traumatology, psychotherapy. "Cognitive-behavioral therapy." Introduction When we talk about trauma, we think about someone going through a highly horrifying experience which they may not get over. But, ask yourself, can someone get over a traumatic experience. Yes! According to the person's needs, they can cope with the right interventions due to traumatic events. The foster system has many children who experience trauma from mild to severe. If they don't get that adequate help, they will have a negative output of life. Some children have been taken away due to neglect, abuse, mentally and physically by someone they trust, which eventually when someone finds out they are taken away from their parents or loved one who could not protect them. People react differently to trauma according to their situations. Children should never experience trauma, but some do due to sin in the world, which is very unfair. I always say Children are fragile, like an egg; if you are too rough or rugged on an egg, it will crack. Parents and people need to be careful what you tell a child and how you treat them. They should be surrounded by love, peace, and joy, which will help them be productive people in the world. According to Figley (2002), traumatology is "the investigation and application of knowledge about the immediate and long-term consequences of highly stressful events and the factors that affect those consequences." Figley derives from Veiths's work that highlighted the emergence of the field. Its origin can be outlined back to over twenty years ago. However, some traces depict earlier writing that incorporates the existence of the area. Ellenberger highlights that "symptoms such as flashbacks, dissociation and startle responses" were viewed as an intervention of a supreme being or various kinds of spirits. It was not until the nineteenth century that scientific concepts became the focus and deviated from religious ones (Figley, 2002). Events that took place in a hospital in Paris demonstrated that hysteria has its roots in psychology. Since then, trauma studies were incorporated in popular fields such as mental health and psychology. These events limited the development of the new area giving the innovators and investigators the need to justify the development of the new field. Trauma can affect a child growth, they may think that bad things will happened to them, they may feel withdrawn from others thinking they may be in danger. They may have a hard time expressing their feeling and emotions, feel overwhelmed, shut down if they get frustrated or remember the trauma, ashamed and unloved (Blaustein &Kinniburgh 2019). Causes of trauma Trauma can be considered as various things. It can be severe to mild, and It can make a person emotionally week, sad, scared, confused, and calling out for help but unable to have no motivation to live. Trauma can also be considered a specific type of event, such as a terrible accident, death, earthquake, and hurricane. For instance, it can also be an ongoing stressor being sexually or physically abused by a stranger or a loved one close to you (Blaustein & Kinniburgh 2019). Most children who experience trauma go through more than physical harm; for instance, neglect, unstable household, taken away from their loved ones, moving from home to home. Some may go through deeper stressors due to racism, bullying, discrimination due to the child have problems related to his/her characteristic of social identity. Adults also experience trauma in many ways. For instance, adults who went through sexual or physical abuse, the sudden death of a loved one, exposure to multiple violations, and war are associated with complex trauma. This type of trauma sometimes is hard to overcome. The clients go through fear, helplessness and sometimes have a hard time functioning in their daily lives, which leads them to be diagnosed with PTSD and many psychological problems during their adult life. Today's most common trauma are sexually abused victims, domestic violence, witnessing someone died tragedy and severe illness or injury among someone else. When a child witness and experiences trauma, it can affect them tremendously and disturb them in the long run. However, they should get assess due to the trauma, followed some intervention which will help them emotional well-being (Kuhn, 2007). Bullying can traumatize a child and mess with their mental state. It refers to thoughtful and unwelcome actions that can affect a person either psychologically or emotionally. The move is deliberate, done to inflict harm to another individual who is perceived as less critical or with low self-esteem. Community violence can also result in trauma. Community violence "is exposure to intentional acts of interpersonal violence committed in public areas by individuals who are not intimately related to the victim"( "The National Child Traumatic Stress Network," 2018). Terrorism and violence can also yield traumatic feelings. Terrorism and violence affect families and their children who are affected by related acts and violence. Shooting and bombing, and other types of attacks can instill long-lasting trauma, especially to children (McNally et al., 2004). Experiencing some Physical abuse can result in trauma. It is traumatic when children experience abused by his or her parents and sustain a physical injury. Medical trauma is another type of trauma. Pediatric medical traumatic stress can be looked at as "physiological and psychological responses of children and their families to single or multiple medical events ("The National Child Traumatic Stress Network," 2018). Grief can also yield trauma. Upon losing a close family member, some children can adjust to such losses while others experience difficulties adjusting. As a result, the problems become prevalent and interfere with the child's everyday life, making it almost impossible to recall any positive memories related to the loved ones (McNally et al., 2004). Traumatology incorporates medical traumatology as well as psychological traumatology. Medical traumatology can be stated to be a study directed towards a specialty in treating injuries and wounds due to accidents and violence (McNally et al., 2004). This traumatology is focused on surgical procedures and subsequent therapies that can aid in the repair of damage while ensuring the recovering of patients under trauma ("The National Child Traumatic Stress Network," 2018). Psychological traumatology incorporates the damages that are installed in a victim's mind following a distressing event. Notably, this kind of trauma can result from enormous and overwhelming events in someone's life. It incorporates some types of physical trauma that can be a catastrophe to one's survival and sense of well-being and security. This type of trauma results in an anxious and overwhelming feeling and leaves someone threatened (McNally et al., 2004). Medical traumas are alleviated through surgeries. Nonetheless, they can yield psychological trauma and related stress factors. For instance, a person involved in a car accident and breaks their wrist needs extensive surgery to save the arm. However, he might be faced with anxiety when he comes across the accident site, whether driving or onboard a vehicle. Following a traumatic event, a victim can experience more extreme events and act in fear and complaints after a month or longer. In such circumstances, a patient can be diagnosed with PTSD (Salick & Auerbach., 2006). General symptoms of trauma Each individual exhibits various traumatic symptoms based on what type of trauma they went through, how long it was, what age they were when they experienced the trauma. Some concussion is mild, and some are server which leads to complex trauma. Trauma can affect you psychologically and physically, leading a person to depression, suicide, and getting sick. These various reactions are like an emotional immune system, which instead of fighting invading bacteria or viruses, fights to protect us from harm (Sanderson 2013). Physical symptoms are feeling fatigued, having a hard time concentrating, and paleness in their skin. The clients can also display racing heart as well as lethargy (Murray et al., 2008). Re-experience the ordeal can trigger both internal and external cues, which means that even if the survivor is currently not in actual external danger, inner feelings and sensations can start a range of PTSD responses. In Addition, procedures such as panic attacks and anxiety can hinder an individual from coping in various circumstances. The physical symptoms are alarming, similar to those of physical injuries or illness. Thus, essential measures should be taken to curb and manage the stress development following a traumatic event (Murray et al., 2008). Sanderson, 2013 stated trauma can lead you to be out of control of yourself and unable to regain control over the physical and emotional reactions of abuse or rape or heroic ordeal the person experienced. Your mind can lead you to think negatively about others and yourself. Also, clients who have experienced excessive sexual abuse as a child agonize from the disabling triad of PTSD resulting from severe and prolonged traumatization that they may have to go through prolonged therapy (Chu,2011). Many clients who have been traumatized struggle with anxiety which cause them to exhibit night terror, mood swings, and a hard time concentrating. Sometimes it is impossible to exhaust all the symptoms that are related to trauma; because individuals under trauma respond in distinct ways. Friends and family may find it challenging to denote the signs from one of their members even though they are traumatized. Due to this, when a client experiences trauma, they should undergo a psychological exam straight after a traumatic event. Especially if they were sexual abused at a young age, they would experience flashbacks and psychological problems that may hinder them from living a healthy life (Murray et al., 2008). Most clients who were traumatized gets angry, has outburst, and shows sign of denial among others. Family members and relatives might be the receivers of the motional symptoms as the victim directs overwhelming emotions towards them. This cements the reason why victims' families go through a difficult time. They experience a moment of being pushed away, and emotional outbursts directed their way for no apparent reason, which makes it scarier (Murray et al., 2008). However, understanding the emotions as a result of particularly traumatic events can help in easing the process. Trauma can manifest throughout a long time or within a short time. If a person experienced trauma, as a caregiver or family members should take this seriously, which they should seek some type of help or assistance for the individual as soon as possible. Sooner the client received some type of Intervention quicker they may be able to overcome the traumatic events, although sometimes clients are unable to recovery from traumatic event due to the severity (Murray et al., 2008). Even though the long term and short term effects are majorly similar and identical, in most cases, long term effects are severe. Moods changes can be witnessed in the short term but if it lasts longer, long term impacts can be anticipated. Child abuses can be defined as "persuasion, or coercion of any child to engage in any sexually explicit conduct (or any simulation of such conduct) to produce any visual depiction of such conduct, or rape, molestation, prostitution, or incest with children" (Sinanan, 2015). Child sexual abuse has been a global problem: no child should experience this type of gruesome act. In 2012 over ninety-thousand children in the United States have been under government protection service for the victims of sexual abuse (Sinanan, 2015). Notably, these numbers can only be higher since the recorded number represents only those under the child protection services. Various research and study highlight that there is a likelihood that in every four girls, one of them is a victim of sexual abuse. Additionally, in a group of six boys, one of them was a victim of sexual abuse before attaining eighteen years. However, the number of boys subjected to sexual abuse may be extremely high due to the reporting techniques adopted failing to capture all the cases (Sinanan, 2015). Even though there has been a general increment in education on the issue, the ideal way to underachieve the victims, childhood sexual abuse carries enormous challenges and symptoms, affecting each individual differently (Monck et al., 1996). Thus the medical professionals should address the issue uniquely to accommodate everyone, whether older or younger. Psychological effects When a child experiences trauma at a very young age, it can cause tremendous emotional pain psychologically and physically to their well-being, which can interfere with their regular daily life and stop their growth. These children feel damaged, powerless, ashamed, and unloveable. If they don't get that adequate help early, most of them may have a hard time forgetting the gruesome act and may engage in substance or some destructive behavior. (Monck et al., 1996). They also utilize cognitive efforts that are aimed at reframing and working through the process of the abuse. Some symptoms of sexual childhood trauma include guilt, shame and self-blame, withdrawal, depression, anxiety, fear, relationship difficulties, and the associated trauma. Notably, psychological effects take center stage irrespective of the issue prevalence. Childhood sexual abuse trauma has also been associated with post-traumatic PTSD in a variety of cases (Monck et al., 1996). Children are more vulnerable to trauma impacts from a close family member or relative, which is harder to overcome. Research highlights that children who encountered the abuse in their early years are more likely to suffer the most devastating consequences due to the availability of minimal resources to help them cope with the condition (Sinanan, 2015). Clients who experience sexually abused show symptoms of complex trauma that need intensive help. "Complex trauma and PTSD trauma can produce a range of other psychological effects an disorders, especially anxiety disorders such as agoraphobia and social phobia, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, borderline personality disorder, and chronic fatigue syndrome" (Sanderson, 2013). Sinanan stated child abuse with post-traumatic stress disorder shows characteristics of the child diminishing from others, get anxious, withdrawn from others, and hyper-reactivity (2015). The severity of a child abused determines his/her emotional level. If the child interacted with the perpetrator and if he/she is a close family member, evoke and revive the incident and serve as a reminder of what happened (Monck et al., 1996). No child should experience any sexual advancement because it can hurt them for life, especially from a parent, close relative, or caregiver. Recommended treatment Psychotherapy integrates with 'talk therapy, which involves a health professional talking to a child who has been a victim of sexual abuse. You can also use play therapy if the child is having a hard time expressing his feelings. The method used for psychotherapy is face-to-face discussion, which takes approximately twelve weeks maximum and six weeks minimum according to the severity (Bisson & Andrew, 2007). Psychotherapy can aid in the development of trauma based on sexual abuse. Based on the patient's needs, the professional may combine different approaches and therapies to address the situation (Monck et al., 1996). Using Psychotherapy offers a wide range of various solutions to each client, including developing the once strained relationship. Which; include psychological healing and growing trust, which was broken and can be mended. Additionally, it offers the clients an instance of change on abuse and developing a sense of well-being while improving their health (Monck et al., 1996). Victims who develop post-stress traumatic disorder after being sexually abused can benefit from cognitive therapy, which can help them change their thinking process. Cognitive-behavioral methods incorporate a wide range of essential means of demonstrating the development of desirable results in children who suffered sexual abuse. The method's workability is based on the individual's ability to integrate primary and emotional maintenance in reaction to life difficulties (Sinanan, 2015) how the individual's response to the process is significant in the care and development of other related abuse symptoms. Experiences and persistence perception of an event is a catalyst that leads to trauma caused by past events, especially as they grow. The SITCAP model is used to help students reduce traumatic system and also mental health-related reactions. Some children have a hard time verbalizing; the therapist can implement play therapy with her/his clients, which involves art, music, dance, drama, play, and sand play tray to help traumatic students expressed their feelings and emotions (Steele &Malchiodi 2012). Mindfulness is a good skill for traumatic students, which helps them on awareness and ways to control their body and emotions. They will learn various ways to keep an open channel of communication between the mind and body, which will help them be understood to link their mind, body, and experience. Clients will also learn to identify their triggers that cause intrusive memories, flashbacks, dissociation, or panic attacks (Sanderson, 2014). Biblical integration After a traumatic event, when you are a Christian or surrounded by Christian brothers and sisters always there to assist you with positive, motivational words which focused on encouragement to offer comfort and spiritual overcoming of the traumatic event. Traditionally, theologians were more focused on proclamation and assertions of God's victory over the impending sufferings. Struggling is inevitable, but after a struggle, the fruits are in plenty. Even in clinical settings, offering words of resilience triumphs in terms of recovery. The action aims to acknowledge the presence and consequences of trauma instead of giving it a blind eye. However, a myriad of theologies base their themes on recovery (Boase & Frechette, 2016). In response to traumatology, theologians have turned all sources along the way to illustrate alternative visions that concern suffering and the process of healing. For instance, the gospel narratives emphasize the particular account of the messiah's followers and their response following his crucifixion. It is evident in the abrupt end of Mark's book in the New Testament. As a Christian reading the book of John, the accounts of Jesus appearing to the disciplines after his death revolves around the survivor's theme rather than triumph. The events preceding the rise of Jesus from the grave offer some insight into trauma (Boase & Frechette, 2016). Jesus appeared to his disciple indirectly, and a failure to recognize him attunes the scenes of loss, confusion, and doubt are essential rather than accidental. Reading the book of John talk about the messiah's resurrection, offering a chance to witness the wounds he developed following his death. They mark a way of soaring on rather than a mark of death. The act of revealing his injuries presents him as offering the world confirmation of who he is and a miracle of triumph and faith. Meaning; that the wounds were used not just as a confirmation that he is alive but also as an instrument to affirm his status as a true messiah (Boase & Frechette, 2016). A reading based on trauma points us to the wounds of death that are difficult to shrug off. The wound's presence is a depiction of bringing the past to the present. Thomas is called to confirm the presence of the scars to ensure that he is the one who died. Thomas's sensations come to life, and he proclaims that he has indeed risen. This move breathes a new way of life to the disciples in the form of a unique gift: the holy spirit. The presence of the wounds illustrates that wounds don't just disappear, and there is a task waiting in acknowledging the previous harms that yielded them and figuring out how to progress without driving to erase them (Boase & Frechette, 2016). These accounts do not deviate from the trauma narrative. Alternatively, this embodies a new dimension of the messiah and a new beginning towards caring for those in need. Conclusion No child should experience any trauma. A child's environment plays a significant impact in his/her outcomes in life. Children can develop mental and physical problems that can affect their growth, behavioral, academic, and social lives. These children will have complex trauma due to the repeated gruesome act because an adult or caregiver or someone the child trusted sexually/ mentally abused them. But with Christ and help from a good therapist will be able to teach the client various coping skills to heal their inner soul. Can a child overcome a traumatic event? Yes, they can be help with the correct Intervention in place. Sanderson stated Also a therapist should create a safe, therapeutic setting which will act as a secure base for all clients (2014). References Agaibi, C. E., & Wilson, J. P. (2005). Trauma, PTSD, and resilience: A review of the literature. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 6(3), 195-216. Blaustein, M., & Kinniburgh, K. M. (2019). Treating traumatic stress in children and adolescents: How to foster resilience through attachment, self-regulation, and competency. New York, NY: The Guilford Press. Figley, C. R. (2002). Origins of traumatology and prospects for the future, Part I. Journal of Trauma Practice, 1(1), 17-32. Monck, E., Bentovim, A., Goodall, G., Hyde, C., Lwin, R., Sharland, E., & Elton, A. (1996). Child sexual abuse: A descriptive and treatment study. Studies in Child Protection HMSO. Boase, E., & Frechette, C. G. (Eds.). (2016). Bible through the Lens of Trauma (Vol. 86). SBL Press. Kuhn, F. (2007). Ocular traumatology. Springer Science & Business Media. Sinanan, A. N. (2015). Trauma & Treatment. The National Child Traumatic Stress Network. (2018, May 25).Trauma Types. Retrieved from https://www.nctsn.org/what-is-child-trauma/trauma-types McNally, R. J., Clancy, S. A., & Barrett, H. M. (2004). Forgetting trauma?. Salick, E. C., & Auerbach, C. F. (2006). From devastation to integration: Adjusting to and growing from medical trauma. Qualitative Health Research, 16(8), 1021-1037. Sanderson, C. (2014). Counselling skills for working with trauma: healing from child sexual abuse, sexual violence and domestic abuse. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Steele, W., & Malchiodi, C. A. (2012). Trauma-informed practices with children and adolescents. Routledge. Murray, L. K., Cohen, J. A., Ellis, B. H., & Mannarino, A. (2008). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for symptoms of trauma and traumatic grief in refugee youth. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 17(3), 585-604. Yehuda, R. (2002). Post-traumatic stress disorder. New England journal of medicine, 346(2), 108-114. Bisson, J., & Andrew, M. (2007). Psychological treatment of post?traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Cochrane database of the systematic review TRMA 810 TRAUMATOLOGY PAPER GRADING RUBRIC Criteria Levels of Achievement Content 70% Advanced 10 pts. • Abstract 7 to 9 pts. An APA abstract • is present with excellent content and formatting. An APA abstract is present but has either mild content and/or formatting issues. 92 to 100 pts. 84 to 91 pts. • • • Content Proficient • • Assertions are relevant and properly supported by extensive evidence. All of the key content areas are addressed and properly cited. Best practices in traumatology with the population of interest. Cultural considerations relevant to the population of interest. • • • Developing Below Expectations 4 to 6 pts. 1 to 3 pts. • • An APA abstract is present with significant content/ formatting issues. 76 to 83 pts. Assertions are relevant • and mostly supported by evidence. Most of the key content areas are addressed and • properly cited. Utilizes best practices in traumatology with the population of interest. • Includes most relevant cultural considerations to the population of interest. • Some assertions are relevant and supported by evidence. Most key content areas are addressed and properly cited, but need improvement. Utilizes some best practices in traumatology with the population of interest. Includes some cultural considerations relevant to the population of interest. An APA abstract is present but is confused with the introduction in content/format. 1 to 75 pts. • • • • Few components as described in the assignment have been properly addressed. Some key areas are not addressed in full or omitted altogether. Does not utilize best practices in traumatology with the population of interest. Does not consider cultural factors relevant to the population of interest. Not Present 0 points 0 points TRMA 810 Biblical Integration 13 to 15 pts • Biblical application (verses / passages) is integrated into text with relevance clarified. 13 to 15 pts. 11 to 12 pts • Biblical application (verses/passages) is integrated into text. 6 to 10 pts • Biblical application (verses/passages) is present but not properly integrated. 1 to 5 pts • Biblical terms/ verses/passages are not present and/or referenced. 0 points 11 to 12 pts. 6 to 10 pts. 1 to 5 pts. 0 points • • Conclusion • Structure 30% Organization A detailed Conclusion section, with the APA heading of Conclusion, is presented at the end of the body of the report. A separate section for ideas for future research is included as the final paragraph. • • Advanced A detailed Conclusion • section, with the APA heading of Conclusion, is presented at the end of the body of the report. A separate section for ideas for future research is included as the final paragraph. Everything is present but it is not as detailed or as supposed by research. Proficient 19 to 20 pts. 17 to 18 pts. • • All required elements are included and presented with strong headings and organizational clarity. • • A Conclusion • summary and ideas for future research are present but not detailed and/or supported by research. Developing 15 to 16 pts. All required elements are • included and organized. There are transitions between paragraphs and sections. • The treatment of the topic is logically oriented. Most required elements are included and are mostly organized. The logical treatment of the topic needs improvement. The Conclusion is vague and does not contain a wrap up and/or the required ideas for future research section. Below Expectations 1 to 14 pts. • • • Few or no required elements are included. There may not be a logical treatment of the topic. The paper does not meet the page Not Present 0 points TRMA 810 • There are clear • The paper meets the • The paper meets the transitions page length requirement, page length between not counting title page, requirement, not paragraphs and abstract, or reference counting title page, sections. pages. abstract, or reference pages. • The treatment of the topic is logically oriented. • The paper meets the page length requirement, not counting title page, abstract, or reference pages. 19 to 20 pts. 17 to 18 pts. 15 to 16 pts. • Style Sources The paper properly uses current APA style. • Proper headings, in-text citations, and references are formatted correctly. • The paper reflects a graduate level voice and vocabulary. • There are very few spelling and grammar errors. 19 to 20 pts. • The Reference page meets or • • • • The paper consistently uses current APA style. Proper headings, in-text citations, and references are formatted with few or no errors. The paper reflects a graduate level voice and vocabulary. There are few spelling and grammar errors. • • • • 17 to 18 pts. 1 to 14 pts. The paper • inconsistently uses current APA style. Headings, in-text citations, and • references are inconsistently formatted. The paper does not consistently reflect a graduate level voice • and vocabulary. There are spelling and grammar errors. • 15 to 16 pts. • length requirement, not counting title page, abstract, or reference pages. The Reference page does not meet the 0 points The paper erroneously uses or does not use current APA style. Headings, in-text citations, and references are erroneously formatted or not present. The paper does not reflect a graduate level voice and vocabulary. There are spelling and grammar errors. 1 to 14 pts. 0 points TRMA 810 • exceeds the required number of sources. All sources are referenced throughout the paper. • • The Reference page meets the required number of sources. Most sources are referenced throughout the paper. • required number of • sources. Not all sources are referenced throughout • the paper. The Reference page contains few sources. Not enough sources are referenced throughout the paper, or none are referenced. Total TRMA 810 TRAUMATOLOGY PAPER INSTRUCTIONS OVERVIEW The student will combine class resources and additional outside research to develop a Traumatology Paper focusing on an area of Adult/Familial trauma mentioned in the course literature. The student will also summarize their understanding of the nature and causes of trauma in general, as well as one specific type of trauma. INSTRUCTIONS Explain the assignment in detail. Specify the exact requirements of the assignment. Items to include are outlined as follows: • • • • • Length of paper: 12 – 15 pages o Not including the title page, abstract, or reference page Please adhere to APA formatting while writing your paper Requires 10 scholary references Acceptable sources include scholarly sources, course materials, and the Bible o Course materials and the Bible are sources to be used in addition to the 10 scholary sources Please include biblical integration Include causes, description of symptoms, short and long term effects, overview of possible treatment methodologies, and an in-depth look at one recommended treatment. Consult the instructor if uncertain about the appropriateness of the topic The grading rubric will illustrate areas which need to be included and particulars to be addressed. Note: Your assignment will be checked for originality via the Turnitin plagiarism tool.