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Chapter 10 Lecture Outline See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables preinserted into PowerPoint without notes

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Chapter 10 Lecture Outline See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables preinserted into PowerPoint without notes. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 Respiratory System 2 Points to ponder • What are the parts and functions of the upper and lower respiratory system? • What is the mechanism for expiration and inspiration? • How is breathing controlled by the nervous system and through chemicals? • Where and how is exchange of gases accomplished? • What are some common respiratory infections and disorders? Fi • What do you know about tobacco and health? 3 10.1 The Respiratory System Overview of the respiratory system Nasal cavity filters, warms, and moistens air Pharynx passage way where pathway for air and food cross Upper Respiratory Tract wow Glottis space between the vocal chords; opening to larynx Larynx (voice box) ; produces sound ????? ??????? ?? ???????? Trachea (wind pipe) ; passage of air to bronchi a Bronchus passage of air to lungs Lower Respiratory Tract Bronchioles passage of air to alveoli Osias Lung contains alveoli (air sacs); carries out gas exchange C s Diaphragm skeletal muscle; functions in ventilation Figure 10.1 The human respiratory tract. In orgy f 4 10.1 The Respiratory System What is the pathway that air follows? nose ? ??????pharynx ? ??????larynx ????? ????????? trachea ? ??????? ?????????bronchus ? ?????????bronchioles ? ????????? ?????????alveoli ????? Upper Respiratory Tract Lower Respiratory Tract 5 10.2 The Upper Respiratory Tract What constitutes the upper respiratory tract? main structures • Nasal cavity sinus a IN • Pharynx nasal cavity hard palate nares pm • Larynx 1 I I uvula mouth tongue sinus tonsil Pharynx 0 nasopharynx D oropharynx tonsils epiglottis glottis larynx laryngopharynx esophagus trachea Figure 10.2 The upper respiratory tract. 6 10.2 The Upper Respiratory Tract The nose go 0 • The nose opens at the nostrils/nares and leads go into the nasal cavities. • Hairs and mucus in the nose filter the air. • The nasal cavity has a lot of capillaries that warm and moisten the air. • Specialized cells act as odor receptors. • Tear glands drain into the nasal cavities that can lead to a runny nose. 7 10.2 The Upper Respiratory Tract The pharynx • The pharynx ? ??????is a funnel-shaped cavity commonly called the throat ???????. • It has three portions based on location: nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. • Tonsils ? ?????????provide an immune defense (lymphoid tissue) during breathing at the junction of the oral cavity and pharynx. 8 10.2 The Upper Respiratory Tract The larynx • The larynx ? ??????is a triangular, cartilaginous structure that passes air between the pharynx and trachea. • It is called the voice box and houses vocal cords. • There are two mucosal folds that make up the vocal cords with an opening in the middle called the glottis. 9 10.2 The Upper Respiratory Tract The larynx base of tongue epiglottis vocal cords glottis (left): © CNRI Phototake Figure 10.4 The vocal cords. 10 10.3 The Lower Respiratory Tract What constitutes the lower respiratory tract? O • Trachea • Bronchus Nasal cavity filters, warms, and moistens air Pharynx passage way where pathway for air and food cross Upper Respiratory Tract Larynx (voice box) ; produces sound Trachea (wind pipe) ; passage of air to bronchi • Bronchioles • Alveoli O Figure 10.1 The human respiratory tract. Glottis space between the vocal chords; opening to larynx Bronchus passage of air to lungs Lower Respiratory Tract Bronchioles passage of air to alveoli Lung contains alveoli (air sacs); carries out gas exchange Diaphragm skeletal muscle; functions in ventilation i i 11 10.3 The Lower Respiratory Tract The trachea • The trachea is a tube, often called the windpipe, that connects the larynx with the primary bronchi. • It is made of connective tissue, smooth muscle, and cartilaginous rings. 0 • The trachea is covered with cilia and mucus that help to keep the lungs clean. 12 10.3 The Lower Respiratory Tract The trachea cilia Mucus-secreting cell goblet cell epithelial cell particle movement mucus air tracheal lumen (bottom half): © ED Reschke Figure 10.5 The cells lining the trachea. 13 10.3 The Lower Respiratory Tract The bronchial tree • The bronchial tree starts with two main bronchi that lead from the trachea into the lungs. • The bronchi continue to branch until they are small bronchioles about 1 mm in diameter with thinner walls. E • Bronchioles eventually lead to elongated sacs called alveoli. 14 10.3 The Lower Respiratory Tract The lungs noooo • The bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli make up the lungs. HE I • The right lung has three lobes while the left lung has two lobes. • Each lobe is divided into lobules. • Each lung is enclosed by membranes called pleura. 15 10.3 The Lower Respiratory Tract The alveoli 300million lips • There are 300 million alveoli in the lungs that greatly increase surface area. old'm us • Alveoli are enveloped by blood capillaries. 0 • The alveoli and capillaries are one layer of epithelium to allow exchange of gases. 16 10.3 The Lower Respiratory Tract The alveoli 2µg'Ll sbzb.IS of I jowls I Alveoli 66 d I eat o s b 17 S D 10.4 Mechanism of Breathing ion WI DD Two phases of breathing/ventilation 1. Inspiration – an active process of inhalation that brings air into the lungs Is wI is i II 2. Expiration – a typically passive process of exhalation that expels air from the lungs 18 10.4 Mechanism of Breathing steps of inspiration Iom Inspiration If • The diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract. • The diaphragm flattens and the rib cage moves upward and outward. • Volume of the thoracic cavity and lungs increase. • The air pressure within the lungs decreases. • Air flows into the lungs. a 19 10.4 Mechanism of Breathing Inspiration trachea Rib cage moves up and out. is 00 am External intercostal muscles pull the ribs outward. lungs Diaphragm contracts and moves down. ma air in lung rib cage When Pressure in lungs decreases, air comes rushing in. E a. Inspiration Figure 10.8a The thoracic cavity during inspiration. 20 10.4 Mechanism of Breathing Expiration • The diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax. • The diaphragm moves upward and becomes dome-shaped. n • The rib cage moves downward and inward. f • Volume of the thoracic cavity and lungs decreases. • The air pressure within the lungs increases. D • Air flows out of the lungs. 21 10.4 Mechanism of Breathing Expiration Rib cage moves down and in. O Internal intercostal muscles pull the ribs inward during forced expiration. Diaphragm relaxes and moves up. air out When pressure in lungs increases, air is pushed out. b. Expiration Figure 10.8b The thoracic cavity during expiration. 22 The Respiratory Cycle o 23 10.4 Mechanism of Breathing Different volumes of air during breathing 0 0 • Tidal volume – the small amount of air that usually moves in and out with each breath (~ 0.5 liter) I O • Inspiratory and expiratory reserve volume – the increased volume of air moving in or out of the body beyond the tidal volume oo • Vital capacity – the maximum volume of air that can be moved in plus the maximum amount that can be moved out during one breath (Vital capacity = Inspiratory and expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume) HEE 00 as • Residual volume – the air remaining in the lungs after exhalation • j.d to 9 Total lung capacity – the sum of all of the above F 24 10.4 Mechanism of Breathing Visualizing the vital capacity s 5,800 maximum expiration Average Lung Volume (ml) 4,800 maximum inspiration qg.e inspiratory reserve volume 3,600 I 2,900 vital capacity tidal volume 2,400 total Lung capacity 4 expiratory reserve volume 1,200 residual volume 0 residual volume © Veronique Burger/Science Source Lung capacity is measured by a spirometer 0 Figure 10.9 Measuring the vital capacity of the lungs. 25 10.5 Control of Ventilation How is breathing controlled by the nervous system? • Nervous control or i or endocrine II fool – Respiratory control center in the brain r m g.ie (medulla oblongata) sends out nerve impulses to contract muscle for inspiration. Text I E E Ga Ji I 6310 8 I do is a a – Sudden infant death syndrome jg(SIDS) is t thought to occur when this center stops 0 sending out nerve signals. nor innate 26 10.5 Control of Ventilation How is breathing controlled by O the nervous system? brain Respiratory center: region of the brain that automatically regulates breathing jaw E intercostals E'Min.bg w EI a I E I Id Intercostal nerves stimulate the intercostal muscles to contract. External intercostal muscles help expand the thoracic cavity by contracting. Phrenic nerve stimulates the diaphragm to contract. Diaphragm helps expand the thoracic cavity by flattening when it contracts. f Fr W gs 1 Figure 10.10 The control of breathing by the respiratory center. 27 10.5 Control of Ventilation How is breathing chemically controlled? • Chemical control It sense the – Two sets of chemoreceptors drop in pH: one set is in the brain and the other in the circulatory t system. O – Both are sensitive to carbon dioxide levels that change blood pH due to metabolism. Ie 28 10.6 Gas Exchanges in the Body M.d Elias Exchange of gases in the body • Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged. • The exchange of gases is dependent on diffusion. GM • Partial pressure ? ??? ?????is the amount of pressure each gas exerts (PCO2 or PO2). is I Te 00 0 • Oxygen and carbon dioxide will diffuse from the area of higher to the area of lower partial pressure. I 29 10.6 Gas Exchanges in the Body imma External respiration s Direct tune mm 61 Etat • Exchange of gases between the lung alveoli and the blood capillaries. I'd II • PCO2 is higher in the lung capillaries than the air, thus CO2 diffuses out of the plasma into the lungs. ond then outside Coro • The partial pressure pattern for O2 is just the opposite, so O2 diffuses into the red blood cells in the lungs. 30 10.6 Gas Exchanges in the Body The movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body di 31 10.6 Gas Exchanges in the Body Internal respiration • The exchange of gases between the blood in the capillaries outside of the lungs and the tissue fluid. • PO2 is higher in the capillaries than the tissue fluid, thus O2 diffuses out of the blood into o the tissues. a as 24 of F 32 10.6 Gas Exchanges in the Body The movement of oxygen and 0 carbon dioxide in the body 9 I 33 10.7 Respiration and Health Upper respiratory tract 0 infections II • Influenza, commonly known as "the flu“- infectious disease caused by an influenza virus • Sinusitis – blockage of sinuses • Tonsillitis – inflammation of the tonsils • Laryngitis – infection of the larynx that leads to loss of voice 34 10.7 Respiration and Health Things you should know about tobacco and health a if • All forms of tobacco can cause damage. • Smoking increases a person’s chance of lung, mouth, larynx, esophagus, bladder, kidney, pancreatic, stomach, and cervix cancers. west • Smoking also increases the chance of chronic I TW bronchitis, emphysema, heart disease, stillbirths, and harm to an unborn child. 46 II so • Passive smoke can increase a nonsmoker’s chance of pneumonia, bronchitis, and lung cancer. 35 Things you should know about tobacco and health 36