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Homework answers / question archive / Albany State University - BIOLOGY BIO101 Protists Background Reading Notes
Albany State University - BIOLOGY BIO101
Protists
Background Reading Notes.
1)What are protists?
2. Superficially, they share some qualities:
3. Some of these protists are heterotrophic and animal-like:
4. Some of these protists are plant-like autotrophs that perform photosynthesis.
5. Plant-like organisms were collectively called algae, and the animal-like heterotrophs were called
6. With the recent classification of eukaryotes into five supergroups, it has been shown that the organisms that were considered part of the protist kingdom or supergroup must be divided up into related subgroups.
7. The notion of a separate group of "protists", then, was misguided.
8. In this lab we will look at protist representatives of each of the five supergroups:
Protists & Understanding the Evolution of Eukaryotes.
Symbiosis.
9. A commonly held theory of evolution states that the earliest eukaryotes acquired mitochondria by engulfing______.
10. Similarly, photosynthetic autotrophs are believed to have been unicellular heterotrophic
organisms that developed an endosymbiotic relationship with ingested or engulfed___________.
11. Over time, the cell walls of the bacteria living inside these organisms disappeared, but the_____________ remained and became internal__________.
12. Mitochondria and _________ have their own____________ and protein-making machinery, an indication that they derived from once-independent organisms.
13. Endosymbiosis: a natural and very common occurrence among the protists.
Colonies: The Development of Multicellularity.
14. Another way in which protists are useful for studying evolution is the development of____________
a. Scientists believe that truly___________may have evolved from colonial organisms.
The Supergroups.
Excavata.
15. Excavates: unicellular eukaryotes.
Euglena.
16. Euglena belongs to the phylum Euglenophyta.
Rhizaria.
17. Rhizaria: a structurally diverse supergroup consists mostly of unicellular organisms that possess some form of pseudopods.
Foraminifera.
18. Foraminifera: (often just called forams) are some of the rhizarians that produce hard shells, or tests.
Radiolarians.
19. Radiolarians also form shells and are planktonic.
Chlorarachniophytes.
20. Chlorarachniophytes are rhizarians that do not produce shells.
Chromalveolata.
21. Chromalveolates: primarily single-celled eukaryotes.
Diatoms.
22. Diatoms are extremely abundant in both marine and fresh water environments.
23. They are found as both unicellular organisms or as colonies.
24. Diatoms do not have flagella.
25. Diatom shells are made of silica.
Paramecium.
26. Paramecium: a medium-sized, uncolored, oval-shaped organism.
27. Paramecia move by paddling with the many cilia around their bodies.
28. The paramecium has a macronucleus and a micronucleus.
29. The Paramecium reproduces by two means, either by binary fission (simple division) or conjugation, a method of sexual reproduction where the two Paramecia exchange chromosomal DNA.
30. Paramecia release dart-like objects called trichocysts - tiny pointed filaments.
Stentor.
31. One of the largest chromalveolates is a trumpet-shaped organism called the Stentor.
32. Stentors are found in freshwater lakes and streams.
33. Not everything that a Stentor ingests becomes food.
Dinoflagellates.
Multiple Choice Questions.
1. Which of the following correctly describes protists as a whole?
a. Protists are closely related to each other and form one unified group.
b. Protists form two supergroups; the members of a supergroup are closely related to each other, but not to members of the other supergroup.
c. Protists are not closely related to each other; they are superficially similar in that they
are unicellular and aquatic.
d. Each species only remains a protist for a short period of time until it evolves to form a multicellular organism.
2. Mixotrophic organisms like euglena and chlorarachniophytes are photosynthetic but...
a. They prey on bacteria in order to get protein to supplement the carbohydrates they produce by photosynthesis.
b. Their photosynthetic pigments can only process red and orange light.
c. They will eat other unicellular organisms or dead organic matter when there is not enough sunlight for photosynthesis.
d. They often lose their symbiotic relationship with algae and need to become
heterotrophs.
3. Which protists are the most abundant marine photosynthetic producers?
a. Diatoms and dinoflagellates.
b. Euglena.
c. Chlorarachniophytes and chromalveolates.
d. Green, red, and brown algae.
4. To explain the difference between the green structures in the Stentor and the green structures in the diatoms (pictured below), select the answer choice that correctly fills in the blanks:
The green dots in the Stentor are algae, that the Stentor swallowed.
The green dots in the diatoms are chloroplasts, that evolved from endosymbiosis.
a. Independent organisms, organelles.
b. Eukaryotes, protists.
c. Food, live bacteria.
d. Multicellulars, colonies.
5. Choose the statement that explains the difference between the diatom colony and the more advanced spirogyra.
a. The diatoms are the only photosynthetic thanks to symbiotic algae. The Spirogyra have
their own chloroplasts.
b. The diatoms do not have any specialized structures. The Spirogyra have specialized structures, like holdfasts and leaves.
c. The diatoms cells are not interconnected and are very similar to diatoms that are living
unicellularly. The Spirogyra cells are the building blocks of the filaments.
d. The diatoms are protected by cellulose cell walls. The Spirogyra are protected by silicate shells that could link together to form several larger structures.
6. In the following list, which organisms are NOT correctly matched to their mode of locomotion?
a. Volvox: pseudopods.
b. Euglena: flagella.
c. Paramecium: cilia.
d. Diatoms: mucus swelling.
7. Which of the following is NOT true about euglena's pellicle?
a. It is able to open a breach in itself to allow food to enter.
b. Although it is flexible enough that it can contract and expand its width while swimming, it cannot extend pseudopods like amoeba.
c. It protects the euglena.
d. It is so durable that most protist fossils are fossilized euglena’s pellicles.
8. Which of the following is NOT a Rhizarian?
a. .
b. .
c. .
d. .
9. What is unique about the highlighted structure in the paramecium in the picture below?
a. The Paramecium has one of the few subcellular structures specialized for absorbing; most protists engulf food with all regions of the cell.
b. The Paramecium has one of the subcellular structures specialized for defense. Trichocysts darts ejected from the grove. Most other protists only have shells for protection, if that.
c. The Paramecium ejects its second nucleus through the highlighter nuclear grove during
reproduction.
d. The Paramecium ejects through the contractile grove, allowing Paramecium to live in fresher water than other protists.
10. What is the difference between Stentor 1 and Stentor 2 in the picture below?
a. Stentor 1 is multicellular; Stentor 2 is colonial.
b. Stentor 1 is swimming freely; Stentor 2 is fixed to a surface.
c. Stentor 1’s symbiotic partner is red algae; Stentor 2’s symbiotic partner is green algae.
d. The colonial cells in Stentor 1 are arranged in rows; in Stentor 2, the colonial cells are spotted.
11. Which of the structures highlighted in the image below is hollow and assists in flotation?
a. B
b. A and B
c. A
d. A and C
12. Which of the structures highlighted in the image below is the longitudinal flagellum that extends outward from the cell and only produces one or two waves with each beat?
a. B and C
b. C
c. A
d. Neither of the highlighted structures are the longitudinal flagellum.
13. Which of the structures highlighted in the image below contains the transverse flagellum?
a. A
b. C
c. B and C
d. A, B, and C
14. What is highlighted in the Volvox image below?
a. Symbiotic algae that provide the Volvox with carbohydrates for energy and live off the Volvox’s waste products.
b. Individual Volvox cells are interconnected by cytoplasmic filaments.
c. Daughter colonies growing inside the mother colony until they are ready to break out on their own.
d. Eyespots that allow the Volvox colony to swim towards the light.
15. Only red algae can grow in relatively deep regions of the ocean because red algae are:
a. Capable of absorbing ultraviolet light for photosynthesis, rather than visible light.
b. Capable of absorbing carbon dioxide even from the carbon depleted deep waters and using the carbon dioxide to build sugars during photosynthesis.
c. Specialized for absorbing shorter wavelengths of light that penetrate deeper into water
for photosynthesis.
d. Able to perform chemosynthesis, rather than photosynthesis.
16. Why are seaweeds not considered "true plants"?
a. They use other photosynthetic pigments besides for chlorophyll.
b. All of the answer choices are the reason why seaweeds are not considered “true plants.”
c. They are only of living in the water that cannot make the transition to life on land.
d. They lack a specialized vascular system, roots, stems, or leaves.
17. Which of the algal structures highlighted in the image below absorb fluids, nutrients, and gases?
a. A, B, and C.
b. A and B.
c. C
d. A
18. In the image below, which characteristics allow you to identify it as an Amoeba’s pseudopods?
a. There are only a few pseudopods, not the vast array of the foram, and the pseudopods
are flat.
b. They lack a girdle to store the pseudopods is characteristic of an Amoeba’s pseudopods.
c. The green chloroplasts allow you to identify it is an endosymbiotic amoeba and not heterotrophic Entamoeba.
d. The grey outline around pseudopods is typical of the secretion of mucus characteristic of an amoeba’s pseudopods.
19. What happens to the amoeba's cytoplasm as it moves?
a. It is pushed out into the pseudopods. This can be seen through the movement small granules of the cytoplasm flowing into the pseudopods.
b. It stays in place; the pseudopods are rigid structures that are extended from the cell
body.
c. The amoeba jettison’s excess cytoplasm as it moves, making itself lighter to float to the surface of the ocean.
d. The cytoplasm expands and contracts as the amoeba flexes the entire cell to propel itself
forward.
20. In the image of Choanoflagellates below, what is the function of the highlighted structure?
a. Aid in the digestion of food.
b. Excrete carbon dioxide and other waste.
c. Help the Choanoflagellates float in a higher level of the ocean so the Choanoflagellates receive enough light to perform photosynthesis.
d. Beat and propel the Choanoflagellates forward.
