Azusa Pacific University - UNRS 260

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1)What is a general feature of a vitamin? A : It is inorganic.

B : It may contain nitrogen.

C : It may be required in large amounts.

D : It may support growth but not maintenance.  

2. : What is meant by the bioavailability of a vitamin in food? A : the total amount available from plant and animal food

B : the amount absorbed and subsequently used by the body C : the amount that escapes destruction from food processing D : the number of different chemical forms of the same vitamin

3. : What is the primary excretory route for the water-soluble vitamins? A : bile

B : kidney C : intestine

D : perspiration  

4. : Which factor explains why B vitamin deficiencies lead to lack of energy? A : B vitamins are a source of kilocalories.

B : Absorption of carbohydrates and fats is decreased.

C : Oxygen for energy metabolism cannot be transported to the cells.

D : Coenzymes needed for energy metabolism are produced in insufficient amounts.

5. : What describes the basic function of a coenzyme?

A : It attaches to RNA to assist in the synthesis of an enzyme.

B : It attaches to cell membranes to assist in uptake of an enzyme.

C : It attaches to an enzyme and allows a chemical reaction to take place.

D : It attaches to an enzyme, which allows for transport of the enzyme through the circulation.  

6. : What is the primary chemical reaction in which thiamin participates as a coenzyme? A : It transfers amine groups in the synthesis of amino acids.

B : It transfers hydrogen atoms in the synthesis of erythrocytes.

C : It assists in addition of methyl groups to compounds involved in energy metabolism.

D : It assists in removal of one-carbon units from compounds involved in energy metabolism.

7. : Beriberi results from a deficiency of               . A : niacin

B : thiamin C : vitamin C

D : vitamin B12  

8. : Which food provides the most thiamin per serving size? A : ham

B : squash

C : whole milk

D : whole-grain breads  

9. : How does the method of cooking affect thiamin stability? A : Microwaving the food conserves much of the thiamin.

B : Prolonged heating of the food has little, if any, effect on thiamin.

C : Boiling the food tends to conserve thiamin by forming a stable, hydrated complex.

D : Steaming the food can lead to substantial thiamin loss due to the high heat needed to form the steam.

10. : The signs and symptoms of riboflavin deficiency are known collectively as                        . A : pellagra

B : antiflavonosis C : ariboflavinosis

D : flavin adenine dinucleosis  

11. : Riboflavin needs are more difficult to meet when the diet is low in                    . A : meats

B : grains

C : vegetables D : dairy foods

12. : Riboflavin is most easily destroyed when exposed to                      . A : heat

B : acid C : alkali

D : ultraviolet light  

13. : A deficiency of what vitamin produces a characteristic cracking and redness at the corners of the mouth?

A : biotin B : niacin

C : riboflavin

D : ascorbic acid

14. : Which property is shared by niacin and riboflavin coenzymes? A : acceptance and transfer of amino groups

B : acceptance and transfer of activated carbon dioxide C : acceptance and transfer of hydrogen atoms

D : acceptance and transfer of carboxyl groups  

15. : When the diet contains an adequate amount of protein, what amino acid can be used by the body to synthesize niacin?

A : lysine B : valine

C : tryptophan

D : phenylalanine

16. : What term identifies the characteristic tingling sensations and reddening of the skin after ingesting a pharmacologic dose of nicotinic acid?

A : niacin flush

B : NAD dermatitis C : niacin erythema

D : bilateral symmetrical dermatitis  

17. : What is a feature of niacin nutrition? A : Low doses may lead to kidney stones.

B : High doses may lower blood cholesterol.

C : Low doses may lead to heartburn and low blood pressure.

D : High doses may elevate red blood cell count in mildly anemic individuals.  

18. : Your friend Jane just returned from the doctor, who diagnosed her with a specific vitamin B toxicity. However, she doesnt recall the name of the vitamin. Which vitamin listed is the only possible culprit associated with toxicity symptoms?

A : niacin B : biotin

C : riboflavin

D : vitamin B12  

19. : Which food would be the best source of niacin equivalents? A : milk

B : broccoli C : chicken

D : strawberries

20. : Which food contains a protein that decreases the bioavailability of biotin? A : aged wine

B : aged cheese C : raw egg whites D : raw cauliflower

21. : Which vitamin is synthesized in significant amounts by intestinal bacteria? A : folate

B : biotin

C : cyanocobalamin D : pantothenic acid

22. : Which vitamin is known to sustain substantial losses during processing of food? A : biotin

B : niacin

C : riboflavin

D : pantothenic acid  

23. : Which vitamin is stored primarily in muscle tissue? A : biotin

B : folate

C : vitamin B6

D : pantothenic acid  

24. : The chief symptoms of early vitamin B6 deficiency include                     . A : confusion and depression

B : muscle cramps and stiffness C : profound fatigue and anemia

D : hyperactivity and shortness of breath

25. : In what major way does alcohol intake affect vitamin B6 metabolism? A : It reduces acetaldehyde formation.

B : It increases fecal excretion of the vitamin.

C : It dislodges the PLP coenzyme from its enzyme. D : It interferes with synthesis of the PLP coenzyme.

26. : On a per-kcalorie basis, which food is richest in vitamin B6? A : meats

B : fruits

C : legumes D : grains

27. : Which vitamin undergoes significant enterohepatic circulation? A : folate

B : niacin C : thiamin

D : pyridoxine  

28. : Which vitamin is usually found in a form that is bound to one or more glutamic acid molecules in food?

A : folate B : thiamin

C : vitamin B6

D : ascorbic acid

29. : A person with a disorder that limits absorption of bile is at increased risk for deficiency of

         .

A : folate B : niacin

C : riboflavin

D : ascorbic acid

30. : What is the most likely explanation for the impaired functioning of the GI tract resulting from folate deficiency?

A : insufficient bile production, thereby promoting fat malabsorption and diarrhea

B : reduced mucosal cell replacement, thereby resulting in decreased GI functioning C : decreased enzymatic capacity in the intestines, thereby resulting in malabsorption

D : decreased oxygen supply to body tissues, with the intestines being particularly affected because of their high metabolic activity

31. : Approximately what percentage of naturally occurring dietary folate is bioavailable? A : 10

B : 25

C : 50

D : 80

32. : Which term is a type of neural tube defect? A : scurvy

B : beriberi C : pellagra

D : spina bifida

33. : Nicole is pregnant and is trying to monitor her folate intake. She is eating foods high in folate as well as taking folate supplements, and she is having a hard time determining how many dietary folate equivalents she is consuming. Below is a list of her daily intake with respect to folate:½ cup of cooked lentils (180 micrograms food folate)½ cup of fresh orange juice (60 micrograms food folate)folate supplement (200 micrograms)How many DFEs is Nicole consuming?

A : 440

B : 480

C : 540

D : 580

34. : A deficiency of which vitamin results in accumulation of homocysteine in the blood? A : folate

B : biotin C : niacin

D : vitamin K  

35. : Regular use of which substance is known to adversely affect folate utilization? A : insulin

B : calcium supplements C : antacids

D : vitamin B12 supplements  

36. : Which disease is associated with a deficiency of folate? A : hemolysis

B : hypoxemia

C : hemolytic anemia D : macrocytic anemia

37. : Folate deficiency has been reported in infants fed                    . A : soy milk

B : goats milk C : baby cereal

D : infant formula  

38. : Which food is highest in folate? A : steak

B : whole-wheat bread C : cheddar cheese

D : spinach  

39. : What is the function of intrinsic factor in vitamin B12 absorption? A : It catalyzes release of the vitamin from its protein-bound form.

B : It attaches to the vitamin, thereby allowing absorption from the small intestine. C : It acts as a storage protein for the vitamin within the intestinal epithelial cells. D : It acts as a cofactor for mucosal enzymes involved in absorption of the vitamin.

40. : What is the most likely reason for the development of a vitamin B12 deficiency? A : inadequate intake

B : increased excretion

C : inadequate absorption

D : increased losses in food preparation

41. : Pernicious anemia results from a deficiency of                   . A : folate

B : selenium

C : vitamin B12

D : iron and copper

42. : The absorption of which vitamin is most affected by the disorder atrophic gastritis? A : choline

B : vitamin C

C : vitamin B12

D : pantothenic acid  

43. : A similar type of anemia is produced when there is a deficiency of either                      . A : riboflavin or niacin

B : vitamin B12 or folate C : thiamin or riboflavin

D : vitamin B6 or vitamin B12  

44. : What is a feature of vitamin B12 bioavailability?

A : Synthetic B12 in supplement form is highly utilizable.

B : Fermented soy products are optimal sources of the vitamin. C : Yeast consumed by vegans is a good source of the vitamin.

D : Sea algae such as spirulina contain vitamin B12 that is about 50 percent available.  

45. : Which food choice would be the only substantial source of vitamin B12?

A : pecans B : hot dog

C : cauliflower

D : whole-grain bread  

46. : What is a feature of choline in nutrition? A : It is an analog of ascorbic acid.

B : It is abundant in green leafy vegetables.

C : It is synthesized by the body from cysteine.

D : Its average intakes in the United States are lower than recommended.  

47. : Which nutrient is synthesized in significant amounts in the body? A : choline

B : thiamine

C : ascorbic acid

D : pantothenic acid  

48. : Which nutrient is known to perform an essential function in the human body? A : carnitine

B : orotic acid C : methoxantin

D : pangamic acid

49. : What is an overt sign of a possible B vitamin deficiency? A : anemia

B : smooth tongue

C : abnormal liver function D : abnormal heart function

50. : What is a free radical? A : an inactive vitamin

B : an unphosphorylated vitamin

C : a molecule of unbound cobalamin

D : a molecule with at least one unpaired electron

51. : The synthesis of collagen requires both vitamin C and                      . A : iron

B : zinc

C : cobalamin

D : beta-carotene

52. : Why might vitamin C supplements be beneficial in treating the common cold? A : They deactivate histamine.

B : They reduce episodes of diarrhea. C : They destroy intestinal pathogens.

D : They alter hypothalamic control of body temperature.  

53. : What is an early sign of vitamin C deficiency? A : bleeding gums

B : pernicious anemia

C : appearance of a cold

D : hysteria and depression

54. : Which food group is a rich source of vitamin C? A : milk

B : meat C : fruit

D : grains

55. : What term is used to describe the outcome of a diagnostic test that apparently shows that you have mononucleosis, when in reality, you do not?

A : true positive B : true negative C : false positive D : false negative

56. : Which food provides ample amounts of vitamin C? A : tofu

B : yogurt

C : legumes D : broccoli

57. : What food makes a significant contribution to vitamin C intakes in the U.S. population despite its modest vitamin C concentration?

A : potatoes

B : organ meats C : breaded fish

D : whole-grain cereals

58. : A vitamin supplement labeled as high potency contains an amount that is                     .

A : 50 percent of the Daily Value B : equal to the UL

C : up to 200 percent of the Daily Value

D : 100 percent or more of the Daily Value

59. : A person who shuns dairy and spends most of her time indoors would likely benefit from a supplement of         .

A : vitamin A B : vitamin B6 C : vitamin C D : vitamin D

60. : What is a feature of nutrient intakes and supplement use in the United States?

A : Few people ingest the optimal amounts of all vitamins and minerals from foods. B : The NIH recommends that people use supplements to prevent chronic diseases.

C : The NIH does not recommend the use of supplements to prevent chronic diseases.

D : The FDA recognizes that most nutrient supplements are associated with little, if any, harm.  

61. : Why shouldnt vitamin E supplements be taken for at least one week before surgery?

A : Vitamin E interferes with barbiturate pain medications.

B : The antioxidant activity affects stability of most anesthetic agents.

C : Vitamin E acts as a blood thinner and could lead to excessive bleeding.

D : The antioxidant activity interferes with synthesis of replacement erythrocytes.  

62. : What nutrient is responsible for causing the most accidental ingestion deaths in children? A : iron

B : calcium C : vitamin A D : vitamin D

63. : Nutrient supplements known as green pills often contain                     . A : mostly food coloring

B : high-potency vitamin C

C : dehydrated alfalfa and parsley D : dried extracts of spoiled meats

64. : If a dietary supplement poses a significant risk of illness to consumers, what agency must prove harm before removing the product from the market?

A : FDA B : CDC C : USDA

D : USPHS

MATCHING

65. : Match the vitamin with its primary function.

A : part of coenzyme TPP in energy metabolismA : biotin

B : part of coenzyme FAD and FMN in energy metabolism

C : part of coenzyme NAD and NADP in metabolism

B : folate C : niacin

D : part of coenzyme in energy metabolism that D : pantothenic acid carries activated carbon dioxide

E : part of coenzyme A in energy metabolism            E : riboflavin

F : part of the coenzyme PLP used to transfer amino groups to form amino acids

F : thiamin

G : activates vitamin B12 and synthesizes DNA G : vitamin B6 for new cell growth

H : activates folate, helps synthesize DNA for new growth; protects nerve cells

I : synthesis of collagen, carnitine, hormones, and neurotransmitters; serves as an antioxidant

H : vitamin B12 I : vitamin C

66. : Match the each vitamin to its alternative name.

A : ascorbic acid                                                           A : folate

B : cobalamin                                                               B : niacin

C : nicotinic acid                                                          C : riboflavin

D : vitamin B1                                                              D : thiamin

E : vitamin B2                                                               E : vitamin B6

F : pyridoxine                                                               F : vitamin B12

G : pteroylglutamic acid                                              G : vitamin C

ESSAY

67. : Describe the major differences between vitamins and the energy-containing nutrients.

68. : Discuss the difference between the absorbance, transport, and excretion of the water- soluble vitamins and the fat-soluble vitamins in the body.

69. : A new world that can support life has been discovered, and a group of brave people are heading there to colonize the planet. As the resident nutritionist, you need to plan which crops and livestock should accompany you for the journey to ensure that proper nutrition will be met. In order to prevent your colonists from developing beriberi, what would you recommend bringing on the journey? How would you recognize early symptoms of this disease to monitor any possible affects that the planet may have on the bioavailability of this vitamin or mineral over time.

70. : You are working in a small clinic in Guatemala. An elderly woman with rashes on both arms, both legs, and face was brought to you by her son from a very remote region. She has been in severe gastrointestinal distress, with diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. What would your diagnosis and recommendations be for the patient?

71. : A hypochondriac patient, who drinks a large bottle of V8 and takes multiple supplements every day, develops a painful flush and skin lesions. She is lethargic, acting like she may be depressed, and complains of numbness in her limbs. Based on her history, identify which B vitamins she is taking in excess, and specifically indicate which vitamin is likely causing each of her symptoms.

72. : What specific function of folate in the cells is so important in embryo development? Explain your answer.

73. : A patient with tuberculosis is diagnosed with anemia. Further analysis of the anemia indicates that it is microcytic anemia due to a deficiency in red blood cells. Which vitamin B deficiency is at the root of this problem, and what is the reason for the small size of the red blood cells?

74. : Give an example of the interdependence of the B vitamins.

75. : List three of the functions of vitamin C. Explain how these functions are altered when vitamin C levels are not sufficient for a long period of time, and how this is manifested in patients.