Nonlearned reinforcers that usually satisfy physiological needs are known as

In its simplest form, classical conditioning depends on

In Pavlov’s experiments with dogs, the conditioned stimulus was the

Although Sydney was not feeling very well, she went to her favorite Chinese restaurant for lunch. After eating the food, she became very sick. Upon going to the doctor, she found out that it was a stomach virus that had made her sick, not the food. However, the next time she went to the Chinese restaurant and smelled the food, she immediately felt nauseous. In this story, the unconditioned response (UR) was

In which type of learning are new behavior patterns molded by changing the probability that various responses will be made?

On your cell phone, you have one ring tone for people you want to speak to, one ring tone for people you do not want to speak to, and another ring tone for calls from strangers. In fact, anyone can clearly observe that you show different telephone answering behaviors in response to these different ring tones. Thus, these ring tones serve as

Every time Lisa’s dog heard the sound of the electric can opener he began to salivate because he associated the sound with the food. In this example, the sound of the can opener is a

The conditioning of which of the following behaviors may be useful for distinguishing locked-in individuals from those with more severe brain damage as well as distinguishing the severely brain-damaged individuals who are minimally conscious from those who are in a vegetative state?

Every other response will be rewarded when an animal is on a(n) __________ schedule.

You are a very good skater, but you did not start out that way. Your mother reinforced you for each small improvement you made over several months. This process is known as

Which of the following is the appropriate sequence for classically conditioning an eyeblink response to an auditory stimulus?

Which of the following concepts explains how people who counsel traumatized victims of sexual abuse sometimes become traumatized themselves?

Three-year-old Johnny was classically conditioned to salivate to a bell that was paired with lemon juice. After this conditioned response was extinguished, the experimenter presented the bell the following day, and Johnny responded by salivating again to the bell, at least at first. Johnny’s return to the learned response is known as

Mitzi’s cat has learned to meow every time it hears the can opener because Mitzi opened the cat food using an electric can opener. The cat food now comes in pull-top cans, so the cat never receives food after hearing the can opener. Mitzi’s cat stops meowing to the can opener, illustrating that which of the following has taken place?