Homework answers / question archive / Package Title: Testbank Course Title: Real World Psychology Chapter Number: Chapter 01   Question Type: Multiple Choice     1)  Psychology is defined as the _____

Package Title: Testbank Course Title: Real World Psychology Chapter Number: Chapter 01   Question Type: Multiple Choice     1)  Psychology is defined as the _____

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Package Title: Testbank
Course Title: Real World Psychology
Chapter Number: Chapter 01
 

Question Type: Multiple Choice

 

 

1)  Psychology is defined as the _____.

 

a)  science of conscious and unconscious forces on behavior

b)  empirical study of the mind

c)  scientific study of the mind

d)  scientific study of behavior and mental processes

 

 

2) According to your textbook, which of the following is a mental process?

 

a)  memories

b)  crying

c)  reading

d)  sleeping

 

 

3) _____ is information that can be objectively tested and evaluated.

 

a)  Psychological science

b)  Empirical evidence

c)  Critical thinking

d)  Scientology

 

 

4) A scientist watching jackals feed on seals measures the frequency of feeding, competitive behavior, and duration of feeding. He is gathering _____.

 

a)  anecdotal data

b)  empirical evidence

c)  experimental data

d)  critical evidence

 

 

 

5) What is the process of objectively evaluating, comparing, analyzing, and synthesizing information?

 

a)  empiricism

b)  science

c)  critical thinking

d)  mental processing

 

 

6) Dr. Krostom responds to radio listeners who call in with relationship problems by using mostly her own common sense, beliefs, and values rather than scientific research. This practice is  like _____.

 

a)  fraud

b)  pseudopsychology

c)  critical thinking  

d)  personality assessment

 

 

 

 

7)  Jill believes that she can predict an individual's personality simply by referring back to the position of the stars on the day the individual was born;  her beliefs capture the essence of ________________.

 

a)  critical thinking

b)  psychology

c)  pseudopsychology

d)  astronomy

 

 

 

8) In what year was the first psychological laboratory founded?

 

a) 1659

b) 1879

c) 1950

d) 1760

 

 

 

9) The father of psychology is ________.

 

a) Sigmund Freud

b) B. F. Skinner

c) Wilhelm Wundt

d) William James

 

 

.

10) If you were keeping an in-depth record of your conscious awareness including sensation, images, feelings, and thoughts that you are aware of experiencing, then you would be practicing what Wundt would call _________.

 

a) structuralism

b) empiricism

c) functionalism

d) introspection

 

 

 

11) Which of the following psychological theorists is most associated with the school of thought called structuralism?

 

a) Sigmund Freud

b) John Watson

c) Harry Sullivan

d) Edward Titchener

 

 

12) Structuralism made an important contribution to the science of psychology because it ________________.

 

a) established a model for studying mental processes scientifically

b) showed how separate thoughts combined to form an idea

c) explained why individuals experience stimuli differently

d) highlighted why different scientific methods are needed to study children  versus  adults

 

 

 

13) _____ investigates how mental processes help people adapt to their environment.

 

a) Structuralism

b) Gestalt

c) Cognitive processing

d) Functionalism

 

 

 

14) Functionalism made an important contribution to the science of psychology because it ____________________.

 

a) explained why different individuals experience stimuli differently

b) drew the line between branches of psychology so that each had its own function

c) expanded the scope of psychology to consider emotion and observable behavior

d) specified precisely the scope of psychology as dealing with mental processes

 

 

 

15) The belief that the unconscious mind has an influence on one's behavior is part of what theory of personality?

 

a)  psychobiological

b)  psychosocial

c)  psychoanalytic

d)  psychobehavioral

 

 

 

16) The physician who was fascinated by the ability of the unconscious mind to influence the body was ________________.

 

a) Edward Titchener

b) Sigmund Freud

c) William James

d) B. F. Skinner

 

 

 

17) Which of the following is an important reason why many of Freud's followers moved away from his school of thought?

 

a) He put too much emphasis on sex and aggression as motives for behavior.

b) He believed too strongly that the mind influences the body in diseases such as cancer. .

c) He put too much emphasis on social relationships and social motives in explaining behavior.

d) He believed too strongly that defense mechanisms such as transference were a factor in behavior.

 

 

 

18) Which one of the following parts of Freudian theory is still accepted by many psychotherapists today?

 

a) the influence of sexual drives on behavior

b) the influence of aggressive drives on behavior

c) the influence of the unconscious mind on behavior

d) the influence of the environment on behavior

 

 

 

19) The psychological perspective that emphasizes objective, observable environmental influences of overt behavior is called the __________________________.

 

a) psychodynamic perspective

b) functionalist perspective

c) cognitive  perspective

d) behavioral perspective

 

 

 

20) Behaviorists were different conceptually from earlier psychologists and _______________.

 

a) accepted the practice of introspection

b) rejected the influence of unconscious forces

c) believed classical conditioning only applied to animals such as Pavlov's dogs

 d) relied heavily on subjective measures of behavior

 

 

 

21) The founder of behaviorism is ________.

 

a) Sigmund Freud

b) B. F. Skinner

c) John B. Watson

d) Ivan Pavlov

 

 

 

22) Dr. Watson, from the _____ school of psychology, focused on objective, observable behavior rather than on the unconscious.

 

a) behaviorist

b) cognitive

c) developmentalist

d) conditionalist

 

 

 

23) Jenna is training her dog to sit, and she shows her dog Riley a treat and verbally commands him to sit, which he does. Which of the following training concepts is Jenna using?  

 

a) introspection

b) conditioning

c) functionalism

d) shaping

 

 

 

24) The behaviorist that was convinced that behavior could be “shaped” was ________.

 

a) Sigmund Freud

b) B. F. Skinner

c) Wilhelm Wundt

d) William James

 

 

 

25) Behaviorists have been most successful in treating people with problems such as _____________.

 

a) depression

b) anxiety

c) alcoholism

d) schizophrenia

 

 

 

26) Which of the following is a research question that a behaviorist would investigate?

 

a) How can we help people increase their personal development?

b) How do we learn the bad habit of smoking?

c) How does brain functioning cause psychological problems?

d) How does early childhood trauma affect adult personality?

 

 

 

27) The psychological perspective that emerged in the 1950s that stressed free will and self-actualization was the __________ perspective.

 

a) behavioral

b) cognitive

c) humanistic

d) psychodynamic

 

 

 

28) Which of the following best describes the humanistic perspective?

 

a)  I am working on becoming a better person and to develop positively.

b) I believe that the economy and outside forces are the reason I am depressed.

c) The neurotransmitters in my brain are imbalanced and changing that will solve my problems.d) If I go to therapy three times a week for several years and explore childhood trauma, I can resolve my problems.

 

 

 

29) A state of self-fulfillment that all individuals naturally strive to develop and move toward, according to Abraham Maslow, is called _____.

 

a) self-satisfaction

b) joy

c) self-actualization

d) accomplishment

 

 

 

 

30) The fact that humans can voluntarily choose to engage in behavior is known as ________.

 

a) self-actualization

b) free will

c) conditioning

d) introspection

 

 

 

31) The humanistic perspective was responsible for influencing the development of what area of psychology?

 

a) cognitive

b) sociocultural

c) positive

d) evolutionary

 

 

 

32) The psychological perspective that studies how we gather, encode, and store information is the ________ perspective.

 

a) cognitive

b) gestalt

c) concept formation

d) information-processing

 

 

 

33) The model that likens the mind to a computer that sequentially takes in data, processes it, and then produces a response is called the ________.

 

a) stepwise model

b) information-processing model

c) cognitive processing model

d) reasoning model

 

 

 

34) Cognitive psychology focuses on ____.

 

a) conflict within the conscious mind

b) the positive, creative, growth-seeking potential of human nature

c) mental processes, language, and perception

d) complex biochemical events involved in information processing

 

 

 

35) What type of psychologist would study the processes through which students go through in committing to memory information from a textbook?

 

a) biological

b) cognitive

c) psychoanalytic

d) behavioral

 

 

36) Biopsychologists emphasize that behavior is the result of _____.

 

a) genetics and physiological processes in the brain and nervous system

b) the belief that biology is destiny

c) the evolution of mental behavior

d) understanding animal behavior so we can  understand human behavior

 

 

 

37) Which of the following terms belong together?

 

a) structuralism: observable behavior

b) behaviorism: stimulus response

c) biological: unconscious conflict

d) psychoanalytic: free will

 

 

 

38) Natural selection, adaptation, and the evolution of behavior patterns are major emphases in the _____ perspective of psychology.

 

a) psychobiological

b) psychosocial

c) ecological

d) evolutionary

 

 

 

39) Which psychological perspective emphasizes social interactions and cultural determinants of behavior and mental processes?

 

a) behavioral

b) sociocultural

c) environmental

d) evolutionary

 

 

 

40) The norm for standing distance between two friends during a conversation is about 3–6 feet in the United States, whereas it is only about 1–2 feet in Middle Eastern countries. This difference best reflects what type of psychology?

 

a) behavioral

b) sociocultural

c) environmental

d) evolutionary

 

 

 

41) Sociocultural psychology is the study of the ___________.

 

a) influence of culture and social interactions on people's behavior

b) superiority of some cultures over others

c) common behaviors that occur in all cultures

d) cultural influences on societies

 

 

 

42) The first woman to be recognized in psychology was _____.

 

a) Laura Schlesinger

b) Ruth Westheimer

c) Karen Horney

d) Mary Calkins

 

 

43) The first woman to earn a Ph.D. in psychology was ________.

 

a) Laura Schlesinger

b) Margaret Floy Washburn

c) Karen Horney

d) Mary Calkins

 

 

 

44) The first African American to earn a Ph.D. in psychology was _____.

 

a) Dr. Sumner

b) Dr. Titchener

c) Dr. Wundt

d) Dr. Marley

 

 

 

45) The biopsychosocial model is known as a(n) _______.

 

a) integration model

b) unifying theme

c) consolidation model

d) eclectic conceptualization

 

 

 

46) ______________ proposes that biological processes, psychological factors, and social forces are all interrelated and inseparable influences.

 

a) The biobehavioral environmental model

b) The eclectic model

c) The biopsychosocial model

d) The consolidation model

 

 

 

47) The idea that depression is influenced by genetics, neurotransmitters, learned responses, thinking patterns, and socioeconomic status and culture represents the _____ model of psychology.

 

a) psychiatric

b) evolutionary

c) biopsychosocial

d) eclectic

 

 

 

48) The largest specialty area in the field of psychology is ____________.

 

a) educational psychology

b) school psychology

c) clinical psychology

d) cognitive psychology

 

 

 

49) If you prepared a study to determine which areas of the brain are used for working memory, you would be conducting _____ research.

 

a) dependent

b) independent

c) application

d) basic

 

 

 

50) Applied research is best defined as research that explores ________.

 

a) unique problems applicable to an individual person in a laboratory setting

b) practical problems outside the laboratory in real-world settings

c) problems that apply to a controlled laboratory setting

d) problems that address  the mind-body principle

 

 

 

51) Basic research is best defined as research that _____.

 

a) explores only  one field of study

b) advances scientific knowledge

c) is independent of other disciplines d) solves simple problems encountered by humans and animals in a complex world

 

 

 

52) What type of research would study ways to enhance athletic performance?

 

a) independent

b) basic

c) dependent

d) applied

 

 

 

53) A scientist who seeks knowledge for his/her own sake is conducting _____________.

 

a) basic research

b) applied research

c) elemental research

d) fundamental research

 

 

 

54) The first step in the scientific method is ________.

 

a) developing a theory

b) forming a testable hypothesis

c) designing a study

d) reviewing the literature of existing theories

 

 

 

55) Sergio is conducting a research study using human subjects to find out how people learn to “think outside the box”.  He expects that people who are given restrictions will not think outside the box. Which of the following best describes this procedure?

 

a) a hypothesis

b) an operational definition

c) a meta-analysis

d) a statistically significant result      

 

 

 

56) What stage of the scientific method will someone be at if they make a prediction that drinking alcohol will make people more violent during a sporting event?

 

a) developing a theory

b) forming a testable hypothesis

c) designing a study

d) reviewing the literature of existing theories

 

 

 

57) What are explicit statements describing how each  variable will be observed, manipulated, and measured?

 

a) empirical evidence

b) operational definitions

c) statistical analyses

d) critical facts

 

 

 

58) Replication increases scientific confidence in a theory if the _____.

 

a) citations are accurate across studies

b) findings are similar across studies

c) statistics are accurate across studies

d) statistics are significant across studies

 

 

 

59) A researcher who performs a previous study following the same procedures to see if she will get the same results is an example of _____.

 

a) an invalid research method

b) a replication of studies

c) plagiarism

d) a waste of research time and funding

 

 

 

60) ____________ is a statistical procedure for combining and analyzing data from many studies.

 

a) Operational research

b) Recombinant analysis

c) Meta-analysis

d) Data synthesis

 

 

 

 

61) Someone interested in studying the effects of text-messaging rather than talking on the phone on the quality of friendships would perform __________ as the first step in order to follow the scientific method.

 

a) a testable hypothesis

b) a theory

c) a literature review

d) a statistical analysis

 

 

 

62) Data from many studies have been compiled, and researchers have developed a(n) __________ to explain their results.

 

a) hypothesis

b) experimental study

c) abstract

d) theory

 

 

 

63) What are the goals of psychology?

 

a)  to explore the conscious and unconscious functions of the human mind

b)  to understand, compare, and analyze human behavior

c)  to improve psychological well-being in all individuals from conception to death

d)  to describe, explain, predict, and change behavior

 

 

 

64) Which of the following is the BEST example of psychology's goal of describing behavior?

 

a) giving an interest-inventory (test) at a college counseling center to determine what career or college choices would best suit a student

b) conducting an experiment to determine if watching violent cartoons increases aggressive behavior in preschoolers

c) videotaping an intersection with four-way stop signs and measuring the ratio of complete to incomplete stops made by drivers

d) sending first-time drug offenders to an inpatient treatment program rather than to jail

 

 

 

65) Because Timothy’s second-grade peers laughed at him, he was reluctant to speak out in class. This is a demonstration of which goal of psychology?

 

a)  describing behavior

b)  explaining behavior

c)  predicting behavior

d)  changing behavior

 

 

66) A student placed in a gifted program based on  her IQ score is an example of which goal of psychology?

 

a)  describing behavior

b)  explaining behavior

c)  predicting behavior

d)  changing behavior

 

 

 

 

67) Which of the following is the BEST example of psychology's goal of changing

behavior?

 

a) sending first-time drug offenders to an inpatient treatment program rather than jail

b) exploring the function of cutting behavior in a teenager's life so that the teenager can understand his  options and make choices regarding the behavior.

c) giving an interest-inventory (test) at a college counseling center to determine what career or college choices would best suit a student

d)  videotaping an intersection with four-way stop signs and measuring the ratio of complete to incomplete stops made by drivers

 

 

 

68) If a psychologist is interested in studying the risk factors that lead to delinquency in adolescence, on what goal of psychology is the researcher focused?

 

a) describing behavior

b) explaining behavior

c) predicting behavior

d) changing behavior

 

 

 

69)  Dr. Andre is interested in studying why individuals with antisocial personality continue to commit crimes and hurt others without feeling any remorse. What goal of psychology is Dr. Andre focused on?

 

a) describing behavior

b) explaining behavior

c) predicting behavior

d) changing behavior

 

 

 

 

70)    Sylvia argues that most behaviors are a product of your environment and her friend John argues that behaviors are a result of heredity. What is this an example of?

 

a) the nature–nurture controversy

b) applied versus basic research

c) continuity versus discontinuity controversy

d) an objective versus subjective argument

 

 

 

71) A person who believes that genetics, chemical imbalances in the brain, and hormonal imbalances are responsible for explaining behavior takes the side of _________________.

 

a) nature

b) nurture

c) both nature and nurture

d) cognitive influences

 

 

72) Watching episodes of aggression on television can cause children to become physically more aggressive. As a result, the computer V-chip was created to block violent content on television. What goal of psychology does this best represent?

 

a) describing behavior

b) explaining behavior

c) predicting behavior

d) changing behavior

 

 

 

73) _____ research observes and records behaviors without manipulating variables or producing causal explanations.

 

a) Descriptive

b) Empirical

c) Independent

d) Dependent

 

 

74) In a naturalistic observation, a researcher would be most likely to do which of the following?

 

a) conduct an in-depth study of Kerro who has been divorced four times

b) observe divorced couples as they naturally interact with each other in the laboratory

c) observe and record children’s behavior at home after watching violent television

d) determine cause and effect of children who watch violence on television

 

 

 

75) __________ is being conducted when a researcher is watching and recording the interactions between members of a Koala family in the wild.

 

a) An animal husbandry survey

b) A quasi-experiment

c) Introspection

d) Naturalistic observation

 

 

 

76) Observing the activities of a 3-year-old from a hidden location within the child’s daycare is  an example of the___________ type of research method.

 

a) correlational

b) experimental

c) naturalistic observation

d) survey

 

 

 

77) The main advantage of naturalistic observation is that it _____.

 

a) eliminates extraneous variables

b) allows researchers to obtain data about natural behavior

c) is less time consuming and expensive than other research methods

d) can determine cause and effect

 

 

 

78) A survey is a(n) _____.

 

a) experimental technique for sampling a population's attitudes

b) research technique for assessing the behaviors and attitudes of a wide selection of people

c) noncorrelational research technique for sampling a wide variety of populations

d) unreliable and invalid research technique, usually used by political or commercial pollsters

 

 

 

 

79) Which scientific method of research would be used if a college student running for student body president was trying to determine whether to emphasize campus security, improved parking facilities, or increased health services in their campaign?

 

a) a case study

b) naturalistic observation

c) an experiment

d) a survey

 

 

 

80) What is an advantage of survey research?

 

a) Surveys can identify causes of behavior.

b) Surveys can provide more in-depth information than other research methods.

c) Surveys can identify subject bias.

d) Surveys can be used on larger samples than other research methods.

 

 

 

81) In a case study, a researcher is most likely to _____.

 

a) interview many research subjects who have a single problem or disorder

b) conduct an in-depth study of a single research participant

c) choose and investigate a single topic

d) collect data on different types of case studies

 

 

 

82) If you wanted to study someone with a rare disorder such as photophobia (the fear of light), your BEST research option would be a(n) _____.

 

a) experimental study

b) correlational study

c) case study

d) survey

 

 

 

83) In _____research, a researcher studies previously recorded data.

 

a) experimental

b) correlational

c) archival

d) applied

 

 

 

84) In _____research, a researcher observes or measures (without manipulating) two or more variables to find relationships between them, without inferring a causal relationship.

 

a) experimental

b) correlational

c) archival

d) applied

 

 

 

85) A number that indicates the degree and direction of the relationship between variables is called a(n) _____.

 

a) inference

b) inferential statistic

c) correlation coefficient

d) quasi-correlation

 

 

 

86) Which of the following correlation coefficients indicates the strongest relation?

 

a) +.78

b) –.84

c) +.35

d) 00

 

 

 

87) Which of the following is an example of a zero correlation?

 

a) the relationship between your grades and how much time you spend studying

b) the relationship between your alcohol consumption and physical reaction time

c) the relationship between intensity of rain and umbrella use

d) the relationship between your adult height and intelligence

 

 

 

88) Which is the stronger correlation, –1.00 or +1.00?

 

a) +1.00

b) They are the same.

c) –1.00

d) Neither; –1.00 does not exist.

 

 

 

 

89) Since there is a correlation between cancer and stress, which of the following statements is true?

 

a) Cancer causes stress.

b) Stress causes cancer.

c) Knowing a person's stress level may help to predict that person’s likelihood of cancer.

d) Obesity causes both stress and likelihood of cancer to increase.

 

 

 

 

90) Researchers can isolate a single factor and examine the effect of that factor alone on a particular behavior through use of a(n) ________.

 

a) experiment

b) correlational study

c) biological study

d) descriptive study

 

 

 

91) A researcher would use __________ research, if they were interested in determining whether listening to subliminal advertising causes an increase in sales of products.

 

a) descriptive

b) correlational

c) naturalistic observation

d) experimental

 

 

 

92) Causation conclusions can be drawn from _____ studies.

 

a) experimental

b) descriptive

c) correlational

d) case

 

 

 

93) The BEST definition of an independent variable is a variable that _____.

 

a) is a measurable behavior exhibited by a participant and affected by the dependent variable

b)  is manipulated by the experimenter to determine its causal effect on the dependent variable

c)  is kept constant during an experiment to prevent contamination of other variables

d)  cannot be manipulated by anyone

 

 

 

94) In experiments, _____ variables are selected and manipulated by the experimenter.

 

a) independent

b) intervening

c) controlled

d) dependent

 

 

 

95) _____ are manipulated; _____ are measured.

 

a) Dependent variables; independent variables

b) Surveys; experiments

c) Statistics; correlations

d) Independent variables; dependent variabless

 

 

 

96) In an experiment to determine if rewards will increase recycling efforts on campus, the dependent variable is _____.

 

a) rewards versus no rewards

b) the amount of recycling done by students and faculty on campus

c) the students who recycle

d) the type of rewards

 

 

 

97) In an experiment to determine if listening to music affects how well students perform on a test, the independent variable of this study is ___________________.

 

a) test performance

b) music

c) time spent studying

d) students

 

 

 

 

98) Students were divided into two groups. In one group students were ignored when they talked without raising their hands. In the other group students were attended to in the teacher's usual manner. The independent variable in this experiment was _____.

 

a) initial levels of talking

b) decreased talking

c) attention from the teacher

d) division of students into two groups

 

 

 

 

99) If researchers gave participants varying amounts of a new "memory" drug and then gave them a story to read and measured their scores on a quiz, the _____ would be the independent variable (IV), and the _____ would be the dependent variable (DV).

 

a) response to the drug; amount of the drug

b) experimental group; control group

c) exposure to the drug; quiz scores

d) researcher variables; extraneous variables

 

 

 

100) The BEST definition of a dependent variable is a variable that is  _____.

 

a)  a measurable behavior that is affected by the independent variable

b)  controlled by the experimenter and applied to the participant to determine its effect

c)  kept constant during an experiment to prevent contamination of other variables

d)  is the experimental group in the study

 

 

 

101) In an experiment studying the effects of alcohol on memory, the group of participants not given alcohol is referred to as the ____________.

 

a) experimental group

b) control group

c) independent variable

d) random sample

 

 

 

102) In an experiment studying whether eating sugar influences children's ability to focus their attention on a problem-solving task, the group of children given sugar is referred to as the______________.

 

a) experimental group

b) control group

c) independent variable

d) random sample

 

 

 

103) The control group in an experiment is the group in which participants _____.

 

a) receive no treatment

b) receive the dependent variable

c) do not receive the dependent variable

d) receive the independent variable

 

 

 

104) The experimental group in an experiment is the group in which the participants _____.

 

a) do not receive the independent variable

b) receive the dependent variable

c) do not receive the dependent variable

d) receive the independent variable or treatment

 

 

 

 

105) In a study to test the effects of alcohol on driving, you were in a group of participants that drove poorly. This means that ____.

 

a) you were in the experimental group

b) you were in the control group

c) there is insufficient information to determine your group

d) you won’t know in which group you were a participant until the study is concluded

 

 

 

106) In a drug-study to test the effectiveness of a new drug for treating the common cold, you are randomly assigned to a group that gets the drug, this means that you are _____.

 

a) in the control group

b) in the experimental group

c) in the placebo group

d) in the dependent group

 

 

 

 

107) In a procedure called _____, participants are placed in experimental conditions on the basis of chance, thus minimizing biases or preexisting differences in the groups.

 

a) random sampling

b) random assignment

c) group selection

d) experimental assignment

 

 

 

108) If you flip a coin to determine whether you should be in Group A or Group B for an in-class experiment, you would be using the______________ procedure.

 

a) experimental assignment

b) independent selection

c) representative grouping

d) random assignment

 

 

 

109) Sample bias occurs when _____.

 

a) the sample of participants in a research study are not representative of the larger population

b) participants exhibit behaviors that are considered typical in their own culture

c) an experimenter biases a sample by providing unintentional cues about correct responses

d) the subjects are provided unintentional information about the experiment

 

 

 

110) If a presidential candidate concludes from a poll conducted in Minnesota  that he is ahead in the race and that from those results that he will win the election nationwide, then the candidate is guilty of _____________.

 

a) experimenter bias

b) sample bias

c) the placebo effect

d) the lack of adequate controls

 

 

 

111) A sample is BEST defined as _____.

 

a) a group of participants in a study who have sampled the treatment condition

b) a selected group of participants that is representative of a larger population

c) the total of all possible cases from which a population is selected

d) a group of participants in a study that is atypical of the larger population

 

 

 

112) In a study on student conformity, researchers selected a group of college students who appeared to represent the characteristics of students from the entire college campus. The selected group served as the _____ of the college _____.

 

a) representatives; campus

b) population; representatives

c) sample; population

d) representatives; sample

 

 

 

113) One way to ensure less sample bias is to select a _____ sample.

 

a) representative and random

b) homogeneous and ethnocentric

c) placebo  and control

d) heterogeneous and ethnocentric

 

 

 

114) _____ are stimuli other than independent variables that may affect the outcome of the study and lead to erroneous conclusions.

 

a) Random variables

b) Placebos

c) Confounding variables

d) External variables

 

 

 

 

115) Experimenter bias refers to _____.

 

a) intentional subtle cues given by a researcher that lead a subject to guess what the correct response should be

b) experimenters who unintentionally let their beliefs and expectations influence the results of a study

c) the experimenter's belief that his or her study results are more accurate than any other study's results

d) the tendency of experimenters to unintentionally report their results in a manner that always supports their hypotheses

 

 

 

116) While conducting research, you unintentionally provide subtle cues to the study's participants about the purpose of the research, which influences your results in the direction you expected. This is a demonstration of _____.

 

a) ethnocentric research

b) misapplication of an independent variable

c) experimenter bias

d) subject bias

 

 

 

117) Ethnocentrism in research refers to _____.

 

a) the belief that a typical behavior in one's culture is typical of all cultures

b) a researcher's inflated sense of his or her own research abilities

c) a central need to include people from all races and cultures in an experiment

d) an attitude among researchers that their field of study is more important than any other field

 

 

 

118) One of the BEST ways to deal with ethnocentrism in scientific research is to _____.

 

a) create culturally diverse research review committees

b) provide cultural sensitivity training to researchers

c) use cross-cultural sampling

d) ignore it because cultural universals are more prevalent than cultural specifics

 

 

 

119) Because research in the United States has demonstrated that adolescents are not very respectful to the elderly, Sara concludes that all adolescents everywhere in the world are disrespectful to the elderly. This is an example of ___________________.

 

a) cross-cultural sampling

b) ethnocentrism

c) participant bias

d) social desirability bias

 

 

 

120) One way to decrease participant bias is to _____.

 

a) conduct single-blind and double-blind studies

b) use the selectivity model

c) use no placebo controls

d) it is impossible to decrease participant bias

 

 

 

121) According to your text, research participants who try to present themselves in a good light are demonstrating _____.

 

a) good judgment

b) the social desirability response

c) a placebo effect

d) deceptive behavior

 

 

 

122) If a student lies on a questionnaire regarding the number of sexual partners she has had during the course of her lifetime, then ___________ can best describe the student's behavior.

 

a) social desirability bias

b) experimenter bias

c) a placebo effect

d) distrusting bias

 

 

 

123) The bestdefinition of a double-blind study is research in which _____.

 

a) both the control group and the experimental group are unaware of what is being studied in the research experiment

b) neither the participants in the treatment group nor the control group knows which treatment is being given to which group

c) both the researcher and the participants are unaware of who is in the experimental and control groups

d) two control groups (or placebo conditions) must be used in the research study

 

 

 

124) An example of a(n) ___________ is one in which an experiment was conducted on caffeine-induced stress in which neither the class researchers nor the participants in the experiment knew who did and did not receive caffeine until after the study was completed.

 

a) counterbalanced design study

b) double-blind study

c) unknown condition experiment

d) controlled deception condition experiment

 

 

 

125) In a study in which neither the patient nor the physician knew whether a patient was getting the drug or the placebo, 85% of participants and patients correctly identified whether they were in the experimental or control condition. Contrary to design expectations, the experiment was not ________.

 

a) statistically significantb) socially reliable

c) correlational

d) double blind

 

 

 

126) According to your text, what does APA stand for?

 

a) American Psychological Association

b) Association of Psychological Principles for America

c) American Psychiatric Association

d) Association of People for Animals

 

 

 

127) A participant's agreement to take part in a study after being told what to expect is known as _____.

 

a) participant observer

b) placebo effect

c) informed consent

d) debriefing

 

 

 

128) According to the rules of informed consent, when you ask the researcher if you have to complete the experiment in which you are participating, the researcher should respond with _____.

 

a) "You have the right to drop out of the study at any time."

b) "I'm sorry, the experiment must continue."

c) "Please continue. I will debrief you afterwards."

d) "You may drop the study now, but you will forfeit credit."

 

 

 

129) According to the rules of informed consent, a researcher must disclose which of the following before the study begins?

 

a) potential physical risks and discomforts

b) the reasons for involuntary participation and deception

c) what the independent variables are

d) how many subjects will be participating

 

 

 

130) Deception is sometimes used in psychological research in order to _____.

 

a) create a realistic situation with genuine reactions

b) protect the public from unpleasant research realities

c) protect participants from being harmed

d) prevent sample bias, ethnocentric bias, and experimenter bias

 

 

 

131) Debriefing is _____.

 

a) interviewing subjects after a study to find out what they were thinking during their participation

b) explaining the purpose of the study, anticipated results, and deceptions used when the study is over

c) disclosing potential physical and emotional risks and the nature of the study prior to its beginning

d) interviewing subjects after a study to determine whether any deceptions were effective in preventing them from learning the true purpose of the study

 

 

 

132) If a researcher is interested in studying the effects of administering different dosages of cocaine on rats, then he is MOST likely going to be concerned with _________ during his research.

 

a) the Food and Drug Administration

b) the state police

c) Narcotics Anonymous

d) guidelines for the ethical care of animals

 

 

 

133) Which of the following is true about animal research?

 

a) It has not produced any gains for animals themselves. .

b) It accounts for 70% to 80% of psychological research.

c) Animal researchers use punishments as often as they use rewards.

d) Researchers are searching for better ways to protect animals.

 

 

 

134) With which type of animal is nonhuman research mostly conducted?

 

a) rats

b) dogs

c) cats

d) primates

 

 

 

135) A therapist may be required to break client confidentiality if the client _____.

 

a) asks to be reimbursed for their services

b) has more than two diagnosed disorders

c) is abusing a child or an elder adult

d) is a minor

 

 

 

136) Which of the following therapists is violating psychology's ethical standard of confidentiality?

 

a) Dr. Novak suggested his client talk to her neighbor to explain why she was fighting so loudly with her daughter.

b) Dr. Jones shared a patient’s records with the patient’s father after obtaining authorization.

c) Dr. Nguyen discussed a client, identifying the client by name, with his wife to get her advice.

d) Dr. Jacobs writes in his private files about a client that the client might be smoking marijuana.

 

 

 

137) If a clinical psychologist is doing therapy with someone who threatens to kill another person, the psychologist should_________________________.

 

a) try to talk him out of it but cannot call the police due to confidentiality concerns.

b) have the person committed to a mental institution

c) call the police and inform the potential victim if the person making the threat cannot be talked out of it

d) nothing; due to confidentiality concerns the psychologist is powerless.

 

 

 

138) SQ4R stands for ___________________.

 

a) survey, question, read, recite, review, write

b) scan, query, read, repeat, reword, recite

c) survey, query, review, read, reread, recite

d) scan, question, read, write by rewording, repeat

 

 

 

139) According to the text, studying the night before the exam is an example of _____ and studying for 1 hour a day 5 nights before the exam is an example of _________.

 

a) distributed; massed

b) massed; distributed

c) cramming ; pacing

d) short-term; long-term

 

 

 

140) Although studying new information to the point where you can recite it is one way to learn, a deeper way to study is _______, through which you know how key terms interact and generate examples.

 

a) in-depth recitation

b) maximizing

c) overlearning

d) interactionism

 

 

 

 

141) Effective note-taking depends on _______.

 

a) improving your writing speed

b) time management

c) establishing a baseline

d) active listening

 

 

 

142) Before you attempt to change your time management skills, you should _____.

 

a) record current activities

b) have a trial run of different strategies

c) reward yourself

d) create a daily schedule

 

 

 

143. Diane is keeping an in-depth record of her conscious awareness including basic sensations, images, feelings, and thoughts that she is aware of experiencing. Diane is practicing what Wundt would call _________.

a) Structuralism

b) Empiricism

c) Functionalism

d) Introspection

 

 

144. Shirley examines learning, conditioning, motivation, emotion, sensation, and perception in humans and other animals.  It is likely that Shirley is a(n)           psychologist.

a) experimental

b) cultural

c) developmental

d) cognitive

 

 

145. Which of the following is the BEST example of psychology's goal of describing behavior?

a) Giving an interest-inventory (test) at a college counseling center to determine what career or college choices would best suit a student

b) Conducting an experiment to determine if watching violent cartoons increases aggressive behavior in preschoolers

c) Videotaping an intersection with four-way stop signs and measuring the ratio of complete to incomplete stops made by drivers

d) Sending first-time drug offenders to an inpatient treatment program rather than to jail

 

 

146. Carlos and Bonita were intrigued by the results of a study about the biases people display toward work done by males, compared to work done by females.  They decided to perform the same study, following the same procedures, to see if they would get the same results.  This is an example of _____.

a) an invalid research method

b) a replication of studies

c) plagiarism

d) a waste of research time and funding

 

 

147. Timothy has been reluctant to ask or answer questions in the classroom because when he spoke in his second-grade class, his peers laughed at him.  This is a demonstration of which goal of psychology?

a) Describing behavior

b) Explaining behavior

c) Predicting behavior

d) Changing behavior

 

 

148. You believe that most behaviors are a product of your environment; your best friend argues that behaviors are a result of heredity.  This is an example of _____.

a) the nature-nurture controversy

b) applied vs. basic research

c) a doomed friendship

d) an objective vs. subjective argument

 

 

 

149. Maria is thinking of running for student body president, but she wonders whether her campaign should emphasize campus security, improved parking facilities, or increased health services.  Which scientific method of research would you recommend she use to determine the focus of her campaign?

a) a case study

b) naturalistic observation

c) an experiment

d) a survey

 

 

150. According to the rules of informed consent, a researcher must disclose all EXCEPT which of the following before the study begins?

a) Potential physical risks and discomforts

b) Potential unpleasant emotional experiences

c) The reasons for involuntary participation and deception

d) The nature of the study

 

 

151. You are unsure whether you want to complete an experiment you began an hour ago.  According to the Ethical Principles of Psychologists when you ask the researcher if you have to continue, the researcher should respond with _____.

a) "You have the right to drop out of the study at any time."

b) "I'm sorry, the experiment must continue."

c) "Please continue.  I will debrief you afterwards."

d) "You may drop the study now, but you will forfeit credit."

 

 

152. Which of the following therapists is NOT violating psychology's ethical standard of confidentiality?

a) Dr. Novak called the Department of Social Services to report her client, who admitted during their session together that she was abusing her nine-year-old daughter.

b) Dr. Jones describes detailed case histories of former clients to his psychology class without disguising their characteristics.

c) Dr. Smith-Nguyen discusses a client with his wife to get her advice.

d) Dr. Polanski told two of his colleagues that he was treating a local television news anchor for major depression, but didn't name her.

 

 

 

Question Type: Essay

 

 

153) Contrast the following three schools/perspectives in psychology with regard to their research methods, beliefs about the effects of the past on behavior, and areas of emphasis: psychoanalytic, behaviorism, and cognitive psychology. Explain which perspective you find most intriguing and why.

 

 

154) List and describe the four goals of psychology giving an original example of how either basic or applied research could be used to achieve each goal.

 

 

 

155) Suppose you believe that stress causes headaches. Describe what you would need to do for each of the six basic steps in the scientific method to research your belief.

 

 

 

156) Imagine that you are an editor of Psychological Science, a respected journal that reports scientific results in psychology. Describe how you consider statistics, publication, replication, and citations to be related to determining the legitimacy of research results.

 

 

 

157) Suppose you believe negative advertising causes people to vote against the political candidate attacked in the ad. Describe an experiment you could perform to test your theory. Be sure to include a hypothesis, operational definitions of your independent and dependent variables, who your participants would be, and how you would randomly assign them to experimental or control groups.

 

 

 

 

158) What are some ways that you as a researcher might be able to reduce the likelihood of social desirability bias in participants?

 

 

 

159) Suppose you wanted to determine whether the use of marijuana is related to car accidents. Discuss the major limitations and merits of using each of the following research methods: an experiment, a naturalistic observation, a survey, and a case study; then state which method you would ultimately use.

 

 

 

160) Discuss why correlation is necessary but not sufficient to establish causation.

 

 

 

161) Imagine that you are a psychologist. Describe ethical considerations for human participants in research studies, as well as the benefits, limitations, and ethical considerations for animal research. Then, describe what you would tell a therapy client about what she can expect with regard to your maintaining her confidentiality. Finally, state the possible consequences of violating ethical standards in psychology.

 

 

 

162) Explain the SQ4R method. Give an example of how you would use it using information from the chapter and applying each of the steps.