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Suppose you are told that electronic cigarettes cause health problems such as depression and problems with arteries

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Suppose you are told that electronic cigarettes cause health problems such as depression and problems with arteries. You also are told that electronic cigarettes do not produce second-hand smoke, meaning that e-smoking (called "vaping") by one person does not harm a person standing nearby. How might economists respond?

a) A standard welfare economist would say that e-smoking imposes an externality if health insurance is pooled and premiums are shared.

b) A standard welfare economist would say that e-smoking does not increase social costs unless having health insurance makes people more likely to use electronic cigarettes.

c) A behavioral economist would ask if people who use e-cigarettes become addicted.

d) All of the above.