1)

• Every country has a POLITICAL CULTURE. It is based on widely shared beliefs, values, and norms that define the relationship between citizens and government, and citizens to one another.
• A good understanding of a country's political culture can help to know the way a country's government is designed, as well as the political decisions it's leaders make.
• As per ALEXIS DE TOCQUEVILLE, an early observer of the American political culture, there were some factors that influenced America's success viz ; abundant and fertile land for living , countless opportunities to utilise features freely , etc.

The American political culture has changed in many ways over the passing years, but it has remained remarkably the same, even after the continent was settled coast to coast. The American view has been characterized by several familiar elements that are listed below :

1.LIBERTY

2.EQUALITY

3.Democracy

4. INDIVIDUALISM

5.THE RULE OF LAW

6.NATIONALISM

7. CAPITALISM

Other countries may share some, or even all, of these beliefs and values. However, the elements of the American political culture include disagreement and debate. They include ideals, but they leave room for the reality of falling short of goals.

Some famous events from American history — the movement West, the Civil War, the INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION, involvement in World Wars I and II, the New Deal and the Great Society — have been expressions of American political culture.

A common political culture by no means suggests that all Americans think alike. Some are conservative and tend to vote REPUBLICAN. Some are liberal and tend to vote DEMOCRATIC. Some have more negative attitudes toward public officials than do others.

These attitudes determine how Americans participate, whom they vote for, and what political parties they support. Many factors — including family, gender, religion, race and ethnicity, and region — all contribute to American political attitudes and behavior.

Public opinion consists of the desires, wants and thinking of the majority of the people.It became important what people thought as forms of political contention changed.

Few politicians make major decisions without consulting polling data in order to ascertain public opinion. However, politicians and interest groups also attempt to shape public opinion. They do this through the use of propaganda and other tools, including, increasingly, social media.

This is crucial even for political figures who do not face reelection very often, like the president. Decisions made by the president can have an effect on the popularity of others in their party, like members of Congress, who have shorter terms. Therefore, public opinion matters on an almost daily basis, not just every four years or even every election cycle. Public opinion remains a driving force in American politics.

2)Marxism perceives explanation of social phenomena within any society by analysis of the material conditionand the economic activities which are required for fulfilling human material needs.these different inefficiencies manifest own selves as contradiction of social terms to the society which are fought at different levels of struggles of classes. Marxist views society as the one which is divided by prevailing conflicts in between the social groups or social classes who comprise of the society. As per Marx social change is a general order of all societies.in each and every form of society there exist individuals who possess control on property and there are individuals who work for them.market explain that the functional components of the capitalist mode of production include inequality and poverty inegalitarian social structures are produced by capitalism. One generation gets inequality from another which are driven by the services of environment and different opportunities of every individual. Marxism view about social movement include materialism different commodities and capital.also capitalism and Labour along with surplus value and the surplus value also comprise of of the key aspects of the social movement of Marxism.it also includes the working class along with the different means of communication ideology socialism and communism and the class struggles.

Karl Marx mainly pillared his conflict Theory on the base ideathat there are two classes of people in the modern society. They are the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. Owners of the production means are the bourgeoisie. The workers are the proletariat. When the bourgeoisie or the rich pay the workers that is the proletariat for making them sell the products. This is when the class struggle exist.

3)

Student asked only for Part E

e. A bill is passed to exclude fruits and vegetables from GST (sales tax)

Reason: This is a case of excluding certain fruits from taxation in order to increase their consumption.

This means the fruits and vegetables exert positive externality and hence their consumption and production needs to be increased.

Government solution: Abolishing tax which can also be thought of as providing subsidy in order to increase production and consumption of these fruits and vegetables.