Personality and Adjustment

Please explain how a person might explain poor performance on a on a test by using each of the four combinations internal/external and stable/unstable attributions.

Attribution theory refers to the effect that can be suggested due to occurring by the presence of a particular cause.
In case of poor performance on a test that a person reflects, the internal attribution can that one cannot simply do well, because one is not capable enough.

External attribution can be due to the cause of noise around the testing area, for which the test-taker could not concentrate on the test and so does poorly on it.

Stable attribute can be relegated to the test-taker's poor performance because s/he has a track record of not doing well.

Please Distinguish between prejudice and discrimination, and if you could me an example of each to better understand.

Prejudice can be positive or negative in its stereotyping. One may be prejudiced for or against a given thing or an individual or even a group of individuals. In this sense, prejudice is biased either way.
Whereas, in the context of interrelations amongst humans, discrimination refers to an unjust treatment of preferring one person over another, and is biased in only negative sense.

Could you please explain why the reciprocity principle is considered to be at odds with the dating strategy of "playing hard to get."

Reciprocity principle is at odds with dating strategy of 'playing hard to get', in this sense that in reciprocal relationships, both parties equally like each other and extend favorable gestures of liking during the courtship. Playing hard involves, sometimes, even making the other party to pay 'negative' attention and that can despise or repel the other party in a relationship.

In contrast, mutual likeness or reciprocity in dating allows for closeness and understanding. And it works more reliably than the 'play hard to get' tactic.

References

ihd.berkeley.edu/baumreprint.pdf

psychology.ucdavis.edu/rainbow/html/bibabs.html

psychology.uwo.ca/faculty/rushtonpdfs/PPPL2.pdf

www.spssi.org/teach_cc_syllabi_goldstein_prejudice_privilege.pdf

www.ilir.uiuc.edu/rupp-papers/RuppVodanovichCredeJASP2006.pdf

cogprints.org/3314/01/Explanation_theory_03.pdf