There are various discoveries of brain disorders, and as years of learnings pass, modern findings and researches are published. Authors from the National Research Center at Dokki Cairo, Egypt associated with the International Journal of Public Mental Health and Neurosciences published a journal article entitled “Neurological Disorders: Causes and Treatments Strategies” (Rizk,, Fouad, Aly, 2018), presented the main factors of brain disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson disease, stroke, and other disorders thus gave treatment options to diagnosed individuals. Stated in the journal when they introduced disorder treatments which needed much attention because of the society burden it causes, that also mainly affected older people of age.

The authors first discussed what neurological disease is and where this dysfunction comes from. As stated, since the nervous system is in charge of most of the basic functions of the body which consist of two systems, the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) that transfers information signals between the muscles, tissues, and nerves of the whole body traveling to the brain. The second is the Central Nervous System (CNS), that is comprised of the brain and the spinal cord also known as the “Central Processing Station'' and this is also where the disease takes place that results to the physical damage of the brain, spinal cord, or even nerves, this state is said to be called the Neurological Disorder hence, not all conditions are assumed as a brain disorder since causes may also be because of unknown factors.

To show more concrete evidence and background about the significance of neurological disorders the researchers also provided the statistical information report, on how this has become a load of problem economically and socially. Claims estimated the death rates of this chronic disorder, which resulted in 12% of total deaths all over the world, with nearly seven million dying each year (United Nations, 2007).

Because of this they discussed the factors contributing to these high rates of disorders over the world, which consists of Iron hemostasis, an abnormal iron homeostasis causing cellular damage. Diet is also one of the factors since health risk problems are mostly the cause of complications which they mentioned to be obesity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and other metabolic health related conditions that seriously affects the brain function. Gut Microbiota, the relation of Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT) and Central Nervous System (CNS) is said to be considered as an exposed area where in neuroinflammation can be influenced between the relation of these two. Lastly, is how the age of a person is also one of the factors contributing to this matter, since aging also has different aspects of its own such as infections, malnutrition, and stress that may also reduce life span.

The journal consisted of numerous Neurological Disorders, one of the commonly known disorders are headache, brain tumors, stroke due to hemorrhage in brain, and malnutrition. Some specifics namely, Dementia, a syndrome by the disturbance of cortical functions, such as memory, and learning judgment. Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) described as the neurofibrillary tangles, derangement of neurotransmitters, and amyloids, these are all inflammatory mechanisms that stress in brains and peripheral tissues elevated in AD. Next is Epilepsy that was described as “Acute Epileptic Symptomatic Seizures” which is a momentary disruption of the brain function, this usually occurs after stroke that affects the muscles, sense, or a combination of both which leads to a complete loss of consciousness. Multiple sclerosis is a cause of disability of different ages in which the body’s immune system attacks its tissues, though minimal disabilities are recorded with this. Next is said to be one of the most difficult diseases to treat, the Parkinson’s Disease (PD), which results a person to have the instability of postural and falls, gait freezing, difficulties in speech and also swallowing.

There is also indirect pain according to the authors with the effects of physical and psychological, that is considered as a challenge to its diagnosis and treatment for the individual. Another one is Neuroinfections wherein the microorganisms are said to invade the nervous system, with viral infections i.e. rabies, that reaches the brain and causes confusion and convulsions to a person. Lastly is the ASD or the Autism spectrum disorder that includes excess of axons which leads to the over-connection in the brain.

Treatment strategies with modern approaches were discussed, specifically clinical treatment of neurological diseases called Genetic therapy; it is said to be a powerful treatment compared to surgical interventions and drugs that are unable to prevent the diseases. Stated that transferring normal gene to diseased cells would normalize biochemical disturbance, along with other techniques that transfer a direct replacement of gene. Another approach proposed by the research is the Gene therapy — vector, delivering of the treated gene to the brain, although this is more effective and tested on animal models, side effects and conditions resulting in deafness, and also to blindness in animals were discovered. Examinations as vectors in clinical trials are still in continuous expedition, for safety and the success of this treatment.