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Homework answers / question archive / Switching to Sustainable Fisheries Abstract *Place holder not my actual abstract* This paper’s focus is on sustainable fisheries
Switching to Sustainable Fisheries Abstract *Place holder not my actual abstract* This paper’s focus is on sustainable fisheries. According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, sustainable fishing “prevents overfishing, rebuilds depleted stocks, supports recreational fishing, reduces bycatch, and implements annual catch limits and accountability measures” (N.O.A.A.). Sustainable fisheries would be beneficial because it ensures the continued survival of marine species. Most people think sustainable fisheries only reduce the number of fish that can be caught but that is simply not true. It does prevent overfishing, but it can also increase the global fish harvest. (Strauss & Lindebo, 2014). Some species’ catch limit is too low and sustainable fisheries can lead to making the limit higher for species that have a high population rate. Sustainable fisheries will push us towards an overall more sustainable future. “In 2018, total global capture fisheries production reached the highest level ever recorded at 96.4 million tonnes” (FAO, 2021). If we want to continue enjoying seafood on a regular basis we need to intervene and switch to sustainable fisheries. If our fish consumption persists unsustainably, we will not have enough fish in the oceans to support our eating habits. Making the decision to switch to sustainable fisheries will greatly improve the survival of fish species. Overfishing can eradicate a species which is selfish, unethical, and prevents us and even future generations from consuming that fish any longer. If you love to eat something, wouldn’t you rather be able to eat smaller portions for your lifetime rather than copious amounts for a short period of time? Table of Contents Abstract……………………………………………………………………………...1 Illustrations…………………………………………………………………………..3 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..4 1 2 The Salmon Sisters of Alaska promote sustainable commercial fisheries and fishing practices 3 Introduction This paper’s focus is on sustainable fisheries. According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, sustainable fishing “prevents overfishing, rebuilds depleted stocks, supports recreational fishing, reduces bycatch, and implements annual catch limits and accountability measures” (N.O.A.A.). Sustainable fisheries would be beneficial because they ensure the continued survival of marine species. Most people think sustainable fisheries only reduce the number of fish that can be caught but that is simply not true. It does prevent overfishing, but it can also increase the global fish harvest. (Strauss & Lindebo, 2014). Some species’ catch limit is too low and sustainable fisheries can lead to making the limit higher for species that have a high population rate. Sustainable fisheries will push us towards an overall more sustainable future. “In 2018, total global capture fisheries production reached the highest level ever recorded at 96.4 million tonnes” (FAO, 2021). If we want to continue enjoying seafood on a regular basis we need to intervene and switch to sustainable fisheries. If our fish consumption persists unsustainably, we will not have enough fish in the oceans to support our eating habits. Making the decision to switch to sustainable fisheries will greatly improve the survival of fish species. Overfishing can eradicate a species which is selfish, unethical, and prevents us and even future generations from consuming that fish any longer. If you love to eat something, wouldn’t you rather be able to eat smaller portions for your lifetime rather than copious amounts for a short period of time? “The destruction of the world’s major fisheries has been widely documented, with a consensus that the biomass of top marine predators is now some 10% of what it was half a century ago. Many of these species like bluefin tuna, Atlantic cod, and swordfish are expected to be extinct within decades” (Heal, 2008). Consequently, there has been a large interest in discovering new methods of overseeing fisheries that guarantee their sustainable use, letting the fish populations return to earlier healthy levels. If we plan on continuously consuming fish, we need to invest in and comply with these new methods of sustainable fishing. Bluefin Tuna is extremely popular in Japan. It is top quality meat and if we do not protect the species, it will soon dwindle past repair. According to an article I read, “Sustainable fisheries management is built on effective management strategies and informative data that are usually well defined for data?rich fisheries” (Sun 2020). I found this information interesting, and I wonder how we can strengthen our management strategies so we can ensure these sustainable fisheries will be successful. The ocean is extremely essential to our survival and keeping species in check is an important part of keeping the ocean healthy which in turn keeps us healthy. 4 Discussion 5 Aguado, S. H., Segado, I. S., & Pitcher, T. J. (2016, January 9). Towards sustainable fisheries: A multi-criteria participatory approach to assessing indicators of sustainable fishing communities: A case study from Cartagena (Spain). Marine Policy. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X15003942. Fisheries, N. O. A. A. (n.d.). Office of Sustainable Fisheries. NOAA. https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/about/office-sustainable-fisheries. Heal, G., & Schlenker, W. (2008). Economics sustainable fisheries. https://www0.gsb.columbia.edu/faculty/gheal/EnvironmentalEconomicsPapers/Nature2008.pdf. Irvine, K., Etiegni, C. A., & Weyl, O. L. F. (2018, June 4). Prognosis for long?term sustainable fisheries in the African Great Lakes. Wiley Online Library. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/fme.12282. Meneghello, S., & Mingotto, E. (2016, July 21). PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT THROUGH FISHERIES-RELATED TOURISM EXPERIENCES. BENEFITS FROM THE INTEGRATION BETWEEN FISHERIES AND TOURISM IN VENETIAN COASTAL AREAS. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning. https://www.witpress.com/elibrary/sdp-volumes/11/3/1305. Paquet, P. J., Flagg, T., Appleby, A., Barr, J., Blankenship, L., Campton, D., … Smith, S. (2011, November 7). AFS Publications. American Fisheries Society. https://afspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/03632415.2011.626661. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2020. FAO. (2021). http://www.fao.org/publications/sofia/2020/en/. Stephenson, R. L., Paul, S., Wiber, M., Angel, E., Benson, A. J., Charles, A., … Sumaila, U. R. (2018, June 29). Evaluating and implementing social–ecological systems: A comprehensive approach to sustainable fisheries. Wiley Online Library. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/faf.12296. Strauss, K., & Lindebo, E. (2014, October 6). Investing in the transition to thriving EU waters: A visionary new framework. EDFish. http://blogs.edf.org/edfish/2014/07/28/investing-in-thetransition-to-thriving-eu-waters-a-visionary-new-framework/. Sun, M., Li, Y., Zhang, C., Xu, B., Ren, Y., & Chen, Y. (2020, April 21). AFS Publications. American Fisheries Society. https://afspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/nafm.10438. 6 Word count: 2,032 Environmental Impact Analysis of Latin America's Coffee Production Abstract: 220/350 w0rds needs lots of work The second largest global commodities in the world behind oil is coffee. It’s magnitude as a monoculture requires for it’s analysis in both its social economic and environmental impacts. Fining the production of coffee requires an extensive number of recourses. Energy, water, and land are the recourses that will be covered and the extent of the impact that coffee has had due to it needs in it’s production. With the amount of production also comes the labor and the people that are affected in cultivating and farming the beans. The extent of the affect in the people who farm and grow coffee will be talked about as environmental justice is also critical factor. Coinciding with the people affected also comes biodiversity and other native species that are affected in growing coffee. Many species have been affected in the cultivation of coffee sadly due to coffee being a tropical crop, many places around the world that cultivate coffee have been affected. Although there are many negative impacts many things can be done in the production process to minimize and eliminate many of the environmental impacts of cultivating coffee beans. Sustainable ways of producing the coffee beans can be made the standard practice around the world, with the help of a push from (_) in enforcing the exported good have requirements for the sake of both social and environmental reasons. Table of Context Introduction................................................................................................................................2 Coffee a global commodity........................................................................................................2 Coffee Production impact .........................................................................................................3 Energy and Land Water Habitat Loss ….................................................................................. …....................................4 Improving production …...........................................................................................................5 Certification protects wildlife …...............................................................................................6 Conclusion …............................................................................................................................6 References …............................................................................................................................7 Introduction The second largest global commodity behind oil is coffee. The largest producer and exporter of coffee is non other than central America with the primary producers being Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico. Due to the magnitude as a major imported international good, coffee has a huge impact on the environment. In recent years the rainforest has been a huge resource to man industries and has also been one of exploitation from that of the coffee industry. The implications that come from detrimental damage onto the rainforest has global impact. Climate change has also had a significant impact on that of the coffee production. To a degree the coffee production and the environment are in a positive feedback loop with one affecting the other. Globally coffee affects everyone. The resource that are used in the production of coffee beans has a significant Click here to enter text. environmental impact as energy and water and land are used. Furthermore, the clearing of rainforest also has an impact on the biodiversity of the tropics. However due to new innovative solutions many positives within the production of coffee beans. Many efforts have in the conservation of wildlife of the tropics and the rainforest have been implemented. New rainforest from the coffee trees has helped in preserving and has created new homes for displaced wildlife. certification has along with those new practices has made it possible to aid in positive environmentally friendly practices of production coinciding with positive workplace and pay for farmers. Socially coffee is becoming a commodity that may help in the preservation of our rainforest and our planet. Coffee a global commodity Coffee is one of the worlds larges global commodities. Furthermore, when it comes to legal exported goods across the world coffee is second to oil (Harris, 2000). The magnitude of the economic and social impact coffee has over the world is incredible. It’s been stated that “worldwide people drink about 500 billion cups of coffee each year” (A sustained Buzz). To further illustrate coffee’s demand is consider that it comes second in popularity as a beverage behind water. Due to the high demand and sheer volume of coffee produced it’s no wonder that such large commodity wouldn’t come without some negative impacts. “Coffee's production sadly comes in second place for the greatest cause of rainforest destruction in Central America” (Solar Dried). This beans demand around the world had created environmental damage to the rainforest all over Latina America. It is significant to note that Latin America is home of the of largest rainforest in the world and our grates defense against climate change. Coffee is not only one of the largest global commodities but is also holds a considerable global impact on the environment. Environmntal Impacts The production of coffee comes with some environmental cost water, energy and land are the main resources needed in the production of coffee. To put it another way the processes of cultivating coffee in Latin America uses an immense number of resources due to the magnitude of that is produced for the global consumption. Furthermore, the loss of native forest also comes Click here to enter text. into the production of coffee (Arce et al.,2009). This is critical as the biodiversity and species of the rainforest are being threatened from the production of coffee. Energy and Land The processing of coffee requires a multitude of different possesses( de-pulping, washing, sorting, drying , etc.). The drying process alone uses up eight percent of all the electricity used in the processing of coffee. Although the percentage of the electricity used for drying seems small the overall amount for just the drying prosses is significantly large in energy consumption. Costa Rica consumes 25,405,000 kWh of electricity just in the drying possess of coffee. (Arce et al.,2009). Furthermore, the amount that is consumed just in the drying prosses of the coffee beans is enough electricity to power a community of 13,534 people in Costa Rica. The amount of energy uses is not limited to electronic energy when it comes to the drying prosses as firewood is also used. In regard to Costa Rica, they consume approximately 142,268 cu.m of wood per year. That is approximated to be 6,509 hectors of forest that is equates to 3sq. Cm of wood for every cup of coffee (Arce et al.,2009). This is crucial information in respect to the amount of rainforest that is cut down each year just in the production of drying coffee. such a huge impact on the destruction of the rainforest. Latin America is home to the largest rainforest in the world, the amazon rainforest. This is significant to note due to the importance that the rainforest holds to the planet's ecosystem and environment. It is commonly known that rainforest play a huge role in the absorption of CO2 and allows for earth climate control. The destruction of the rainforest could lead to many worsening affects when regarding climate change. Water It is relative to note that production of coffee beans needs a significant amount of water. Even in just a few operations in the processing of coffee requires a substantial amount of water. It has been mentioned that in the operation of removing the outer pulp and mucilage and the transportation of waist production there is an average of 1,000 to 2,000 liters of water per 100 lb of coffee beans produced. (Arce et al.,2009). There are many reasons to the conservation and limiting the consumption of water. Although water seems like an endless resource fresh water is a limited resource. The limiting of consumption of water and over la consumption of water in the production of coffee can lead to many advantages. Click here to enter text. Habitat Loss Large areas of rainforest have been deforested in the production of full sun coffee monoculture. This has been done due to full sun coffee being a vastly more advantages in the production of coffee, being able to double the yield in contrast to shade grown coffee. (Harris, 2000) The undoubtably the deforestation of the rainforest has caused displacement for a multitude of animals due to the destruction of their homes. Habitat loss is known to be one of the main reasons for species extinction, with the destruction of the rainforest is causing a lot of habitat loss. It has been states that the rainforest is disappearing at a rate of 40 million acers are loss each year from coffee farming (Pennybacker, 1997). To put it another way there is a huge amount of habitat loss that is happening with the farming of full sun coffee. In addition to the habitat loss that full sun farming courses there are other downsides that come from this type of monoculture farming. For instance, full sun coffee farming requires chemical protection form disease, high levels of pesticides, and fertilizers (Pennybacker, 1997). With the use of heavy chemicals comes the loss of many insects and micro organisms that may be present and highly vital to the rainforest ecosystem. The removal of insects and the tampering of the biodiversity withing the rainforest only causes more harm and detriment to the ecosystems that are pr4esent in the rainforest. In the removal of shade trees also comes with the detriment of the loss of habitat for many species of migrating birds. The rainforest of Latin America is home to millions of migrating orioles, warbles and humming birds and is also the world's second largest concentration of birds with as many as 150 different species of birds (Cup of Joe and a Bird to Go,1997). It’s important to recognize that as a huge global commodity that the production of coffee can also mean an extinction of many species, also significant to notice that this extinction can be happening in one of the largest more species rich places in the world. In further research of this there has been data showing that the rate of population of song birds are diminishing at one to three percent each year (Pennybacker, 1997). This is significant new to discover that the production of coffee has such a huge direct impact on the population bird population and species richness in the rainforest. Improving Production With the exposure of habitat loss due to coffee production many have come to demand for change in the process to illuminate and midgait not just in the number of resources used in the production but in efforts to try and stop habitat loss and the loss of birds. One of the main systems of production set into place has been termed Integrated Open Canopy or IOP. With this new method of Click here to enter text. production, it requires new solar and biomass gasification as the new prosses for drying coffee beans (Arce et al.,2009). In the changing of the main source of energy and land use for the process of drying beans a huge amount of resources have been reduced. No longer will large amount of the rainforest be cut down for the resources of wood to burn and try the coffee beans. Furthermore, in regard to the use of water for the removal of the pulp mucilage surrounding the bean has been changed to that of a mechanized process. In changing this to a mechanized process only about 36 liters of water are used for ever 100 lbs of coffee beans produced, that is an overall 90% reduction in water consumption form the processing of coffee bean (Arce et al.,2009). The reduction of water is quite significant and overall less consumption in the processor producing coffee will have many benefit to both the environment and also to the farmers. Additionally, in the new improvement to the processing of coffee what is most significant is the growing of the coffee. The growing of full sun coffee has had such harsh negative impact on the environment and the ecosystem of the rainforest of Latin America. Thankfully the preservation of trees and shade grown coffee has had a significant improvement on eradicating some of the negative impacts that have come from monoculture farming of full sun coffee. With the growing of shade coffee is has allowed for birds to keep ans thrive in their natural habitats. Also, thanks to the possibility of birds living within the shad grown coffee fields fertilizers and pesticides are no longer needed in the production (Solar Dried, Organic Coffee Helps Growers, Rainforest. 2000). The improvements in the growing process alongside all the new innovative ways to cut down the use of recourses of production of coffee has had a very positive affect on the natural habitats of birds and over all helped in the preservation of rainforest ecosystem. Certification protects wildlife Conclusion Click here to enter text. Resources Arce, V. J. C., Raudales, R., Trubey, R., King, D. I., Chandler, R. B., & Chandler, C. C. (2009). Measuring and Managing the Environmental Cost of Coffee Production in Latin America. Conservation & Society, 7(2), 141–144. https://doiorg.proxy.lib.csus.edu/10.4103/09724923.58645 Pham, Y., Reardon-Smith, K., Mushtaq, S., & Cockfield, G. (2019). The impact of climate change and variability on coffee production: a systematic review. Climatic Change, 156(4), 609– 630. https://doi-org.proxy.lib.csus.edu/10.1007/s10584-019-02538-y Click here to enter text. Vanderhaegen, K., Akoyi, K. T., Dekoninck, W., Jocqué, R., Muys, B., Verbist, B., & Maertens, M. (2018). Do private coffee standards ‘walk the talk’ in improving socio-economic and environmental sustainability? Global Environmental Change Part A: Human & Policy Dimensions, 51, 1–9. https://doi-org.proxy.lib.csus.edu/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.04.014 Pennybacker, M. (1997). Habitat-saving habit. Sierra, 82(2), 18. A Sustained Buzz. (2009). Sierra, 94(6), 12–13. Harris, M. (2000). Drink Up. E: The Environmental Magazine, 11(5), 42. Solar Dried, Organic Coffee Helps Growers, Rainforest. (2000). In Business, 22(4), 11. Cup of Joe and a bird to go. (1997). Earth Island Journal, 12(2), 14. Click here to enter text.
