Homework answers / question archive / I'm working on a philosophy writing question and need a sample draft to help me learn Essay 3 Topic: How do the arguments you made about professional ethical responsibility (essay 1) and ethical theory (essay 2) apply to a profession-specific case study 4-6 pages (reference page is separate must be APA Formatting, Times New Roman, Double spaced and 12 front) Section 2: Present your interpretation of what you think the profession would consider the ethical action, making explicit reference to the arguments you made in essay 1 (related to expertise, interpretation, and your code of ethics); Section 3: Apply the ethical theory you explained and argued for in essay 2 to the case study, and determine what the theory would conclude is the ethical outcome or action (importantly, while you don’t need to re-explain the theory, you need to SHOW the reasoning consistent with the theory and support your conclusion); Section 4: Offer your own thoughts on the above two conclusions – do they both lead to the same outcome? If not, explain

I'm working on a philosophy writing question and need a sample draft to help me learn Essay 3 Topic: How do the arguments you made about professional ethical responsibility (essay 1) and ethical theory (essay 2) apply to a profession-specific case study 4-6 pages (reference page is separate must be APA Formatting, Times New Roman, Double spaced and 12 front) Section 2: Present your interpretation of what you think the profession would consider the ethical action, making explicit reference to the arguments you made in essay 1 (related to expertise, interpretation, and your code of ethics); Section 3: Apply the ethical theory you explained and argued for in essay 2 to the case study, and determine what the theory would conclude is the ethical outcome or action (importantly, while you don’t need to re-explain the theory, you need to SHOW the reasoning consistent with the theory and support your conclusion); Section 4: Offer your own thoughts on the above two conclusions – do they both lead to the same outcome? If not, explain

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I'm working on a philosophy writing question and need a sample draft to help me learn

Essay 3 Topic: How do the arguments you made about professional ethical responsibility (essay 1) and ethical theory (essay 2) apply to a profession-specific case study

4-6 pages (reference page is separate must be APA Formatting, Times New Roman, Double spaced and 12 front)

Section 2: Present your interpretation of what you think the profession would consider the ethical action, making explicit reference to the arguments you made in essay 1 (related to expertise, interpretation, and your code of ethics);

Section 3: Apply the ethical theory you explained and argued for in essay 2 to the case study, and determine what the theory would conclude is the ethical outcome or action (importantly, while you don’t need to re-explain the theory, you need to SHOW the reasoning consistent with the theory and support your conclusion);

Section 4: Offer your own thoughts on the above two conclusions – do they both lead to the same outcome? If not, explain. Would you act according to those conclusions? Why or why not? Consider issues related to an agency in bureaucracies, integrity, or whistleblowing

What makes Physical therapy a Profession What makes Physical Therapy a Profession? Tiffany B. Lloyd Professor Wyatt Gulsky Professional Ethics 1 What makes Physical Therapy a Profession 2 According to Bayles, “being a profession needs to have the requirements to consider themselves a profession. That is, one must undergo extensive training where they gain the skills to perform this profession, have the intellectual skill and physical knowledge of their profession and lastly does their profession provide a service of good to the society” (Bayles). Furthermore, according to Davis, he states in his reading, rules are not just to follow it’s about how the individual intercepts it and applies. All philosophers provide conditions on what it means to be a professional. Physical Therapy is a profession that overlooks all the conditions stated above making them an ethical profession. Physical Therapists are experts who improve the quality of patients’ life through hands-on care which includes prescribing patients specific exercises and educating the patient. “To practice as a Physical Therapist from the commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapist education program and pass a state licensure exam” (APTA). First must consider an undergraduate degree that contains four years of majoring in an exercise science program. Within the program, individuals spend most of their time in courses such as biology, anatomy, exercise physiology, biochemanics, kinesiology, and much more. This instills the knowledge of what’s to come before continuing to Doctorate of Physical Therapy school. Besides, to undergraduates, the next step is to take a GRE test, which stands for Graduate Record Examinations. The exam is used “to measure one's aptitude for abstract thinking in the areas of analytical writing, mathematics, and vocabulary” (Kagan). The purpose of the GRE is to determine if a student is eligible for the program. Each GRE score qualification is determined by the program, meaning it’s up to the program on what score is passing to enter their program. Then finally, a prospective What makes Physical Therapy a Profession 3 Students can enroll in an accredited Doctorate of Physical therapy Graduate program. Here students spend three years sharpening their skills. “Approximately 80% of the DPT curriculum in classrooms and lab study and the remaining 20% is dedicated to clinical practice.”(APTA). In clinical students practice under the supervision of a licensed Physical Therapist. This gives the students practice on what they learn in the classroom and apply it to the real world and on clients that come in with real-life injuries. This allows students to problem-solve real-life problems that they will face once they graduate. Also, making them use intellectual decision-making on proper exercise decisions for the patients’ aftercare. Furthermore, after completing three years of graduate school, students then have to prepare for the exam to become licensed. “The National Physical Therapy Examination is one part of the evaluation process used by licensing authorities...you must pass the NPTE if you are seeking to become a licensed Physical Therapist in the United States” (APTA). The test is required to make sure you understand and have the skills to become a Physical Therapist. Then after seven years of preparation, one can get licenses to practice Physical therapy. Physical Therapists often called PT’s provide services and care for people of all ages. “They help injured or ill people improve movement and manage pain. They are often an important part of preventive care and treatment for patients with chronic conditions, illnesses, or injuries”. (Bureau of Labor). PTs provide a wide variety of care, such as treating pain throughout the whole body. Furthermore, they deal with different fields of specialties such as increasing mobility, strains, fractures, arthritis, and also help with aftercare from all these injuries. They are trained in a variety of areas which if someone needs care they are there to assist them. “Physical Therapists are movement experts who improve quality of life” (Choose PT). Moreover, PTs are What makes Physical Therapy a Profession 4 essential to the health field where they can care for bettering patients’ lives and making it easier for the patients to navigate through life. The code of ethics that Physical Therapists live by is built upon core values. “Physical Therapist practice is guided by a set of seven core values: accountability, altruism, compassion/caring, excellence, integrity, professional duty, and social responsibility” (APTA). These core values are used throughout the practice of Physical Therapy. For example, “Physical Therapist shall be accountable for making professional judgments” (APTA). This demonstrates that PTs should make appropriate judgments within their scope of their expertise, if they are not educated in a particular scope then they shall find someone that does. Throughout the code of ethics provided to PTs, it emphasizes the core values. For accountability, it explains that PTs “shall promote organizational behaviors and business practices that benefit patients/clients and society” (APTA). Here you can see that it demonstrates the core values of integrity and accountability. The end goal of PT for the client is to improve the life of the client. This can be from revamping their range of motion, help to recover after a stroke and even enhance balance to prevent falls. In addition to accountability according to the code of ethics for Physical Therapists, it states, “Physical therapists shall fulfill their legal and professional obligations” (APTA). This emphasized how important they take accountability. This also brings in a core value which is professional Duty. As a profession, it’s important to buy by the legal rules that come with being a profession. For example “Physical Therapists shall comply with applicable local, state, and federal laws and regulations” (APTA). As you can see previously, it’s very important to follow regulations. Lastly, the last core value that they stress is Altruism, which refers to putting others' interests before another. In the code of ethics for Physical Therapists they state, “Physical What makes Physical Therapy a Profession 5 therapists shall adhere to the core values of the profession and shall act in the best interest of patients /clients over the interests of the physical therapist” (APTA). As you can see, the PTs need to put their clients' health first whether they agree or disagree with it. Continuing the emphasis on the code of ethics and how it sets out the rules for Physical Therapists. Writer Michael Davis argues that the code of ethics should be the grounding point for professionals on what ethics stand for and how they understand it. He states “Rules set the standard of professional conduct; just following those rules, in a relatively robust but not unusual sense of "following those rules," just is acting like a responsible professional” (Page 1). Here Davis is expressing that yes, there are rules to follow while being a professional but individuals are just acting like professionals. Comparing this to the code of ethics for Physical Therapists, they agree with his statement. It states “Physical therapists shall demonstrate independent and objective professional judgment in the patients’/client’s best interest in all practice settings” (APTA). As you see, physical therapists are given rules that they must follow but they also have to make their own choices on that particular situation they are in. This is where they need to understand the rules, they are there to guide. Another example that also correlates to this topic states that “Physical therapists shall promote practice environments that support autonomous and accountable professional judgments” (APTA). This also backs up that rules are there to guide a professional but it’s up to the professional to understand their choice to govern it. Furthermore, another concern that Davis expresses is the importance of interpretation of a rule. He emphasizes that students that are trying to understand their profession's code of ethics should be able to apply it to a real-life situation. “Most important, we should give practice in following the rules, that is, in analyzing “fact situations”, applying the rules to those facts, reaching conclusions about what What makes Physical Therapy a Profession 6 is required, allowed, or forbidden, and making arguments” (page 18). Comparing this to Physical Therapy, students must go through intensive training that provides real-life situations that are presented to them in clinical as stated above. Students can learn rules and can make mistakes in the classroom so they don’t make them when they get out on the field. Davis stresses the value of being able to intercept a rule. Furthermore, as a Physical therapist, it’s important to be able to intercept the rules such as the interest of the patient. Being able to make the best judgments and calls for the patient and bettering their well-being of life. Through the code of ethics that Physical Therapist follows demonstrates that they operate as professions, such as the type of training they go through, the skills they put learn while also applying it to real-world situations. Furthermore, it demonstrates what they provide to society of all ages and specialties. Making them professionals. What makes Physical Therapy a Profession 7 References American Physical Therapy Association. (n.d.). Becoming a Physical Therapist. APTA. Retrieved March 6, 2021, from https://www.apta.org/your-career/careers-in-physical-therapy/becoming-a-pt Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2020, August 25). Physical Therapists : Occupational Outlook Handbook : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Physical Therapists. https://www.bls.gov/ooh/healthcare/mobile/physical-therapists.htm#:%7E:text=Ph ysical%20therapists%20evaluate%20and%20record,conditions%2C%20illnesses %2C%20or%20injuries Choose PT. (2020, December 30). Benefits of Physical Therapy. American Physical Therapy Association. https://www.choosept.com/benefits/default.aspx#:%7E:text=PTs%20and%20PTA s%20help%20people,future%20injury%20and%20chronic%20disease Davis, M. (1999). Professional Responsibility. Business and Professional Ethics Journal, 18(1), 65–87. https://doi.org/10.5840/bpej19991811 Kagan, J. (2021, February 12). What Does the Graduate Record Examination (GRE) Measure? Investopedia. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/gre.asp#:%7E:text=The%20graduate%20r ecord%20examination%20(GRE)%20is%20a%20standardized%20exam%20used ,applicant’s%20eligibility%20for%20the%20program Virtue Ethics through the eyes of Physical Therapy 1 Virtue Ethics through the eyes of Physical Therapy Tiffany Lloyd Professional Ethics Wyatt Galusky April 13, 2021 Virtue Ethics through the eyes of Physical Therapy 2 Section 1 Aristotle’s Virtue Ethics theory advances a character-based approach that guides moral conduct in professions. The theory states that human beings acquire professional and life virtues and morals through practice. A person obtains moral characters such as honesty, generosity, integrity, and bravery by constantly practicing and exercising them in their duties. According to the Virtue Ethics theory, people have a high chance of making the right decision when facing ethical challenges and issues after obtaining practical morals. Obtaining moral virtues requires human beings to act morally in a social environment (Küçükuysal & Beyhan, 2011). The virtue ethics theory provides guidelines about the type of behaviors and characteristics a morally upright person will desire to have. People's behavior, even in professions, is guided by the natural moral habits the person has been practicing. Therefore, if a person acts, responds, or behaves morally or immorally, it indicates the pattern of behavior the person has developed over time. According to virtue ethics, the ability to do virtuous acts is guided by moral motivation and conscious choices. Hence every human being is morally responsible for their actions. The Virtue Ethics theory further claims that certain scenarios influence a specific response from human beings. Therefore, the reaction towards a specific scenario forms a habit that can either vicious or virtuous (Küçükuysal & Beyhan, 2011). In Addition, if people were to behave morally, they must develop a habit of practicing virtuous behavior in their profession. The virtue theory is based on human characters rather than the rules and guidelines defined by a particular profession's ethical requirements. Virtue ethics claim that the growth of moral character influences ethical conduct. However, for the growth of character to occur, a person must be willing to learn and act morally. Virtue Ethics through the eyes of Physical Therapy 3 Despite undergoing moral education, a person may choose to act immorally opposing to the moral teachings. Besides, a person may disregard the ethical guidelines and rules required under the code of conduct and ethics and act immorally. However, if a person is subjected to character development through practice, there are high chances to promote moral behaviors. Therefore, the theory assumes the availability of a person motivated to practice virtues in their profession. For instance, physical therapists can advance moral responsibility through learning practicing integrity, accountability, social responsibility, and altruism. Section 2 According to Proctor (2019), virtue ethics approach is essential in shaping moral character and physical therapists' behavior. Virtue ethics emphasize that human traits can be nurtured to meet the required ethical codes and standards required from physical therapists. Nurturing values can take form through practicing in a social environment. The theory is relevant for physical therapists because it provides the guidelines and considerations for enhancing professional competence. Nurturing virtues in social environments aligns with physical therapists' principle of practice environments that enhance excellence and professional development. Aristotle’s virtue ethics practices align with the basic requirements of physical therapists. The theory advances the role of practical wisdom in applying virtue and character. The approach is neither descriptive nor directive. It requires individuals to act according to their conscience (Proctor, 2019). Physical therapists are needed to be guided by practical understanding at every point of their profession because they interact directly with their clients. Virtue Ethics through the eyes of Physical Therapy 4 Physical therapists emphasize ethics by constantly learning and being accustomed to virtue ethical principles. The virtue ethical principles play a significant role in counseling and treatment by exploring treatment plans put together by physical therapist discovering the meaning of good life to clients. Physical therapists engage directly with clients, and as a result, they are required to provide a high level of practical knowledge. Therefore, virtue ethics helps physical therapists acquire virtues such as integrity, accountability, courage, and compassion, essential in their profession. For instance, when physical therapists engage in clients using virtue ethics, they influence the clients' rapid growth and self-realization (Proctor, 2019). Virtue ethics helps people to overcome individualism, which are vices not required by physical therapists. People are responsible for establishing their goals and then implementing them in the practical world through a value-neutral method-ends manner (Richardson, 2012). Therefore, the method or strategy used to reach professional goals does not relate to an inborn character. The virtues are acquired by practical learning and interacting with the social environment. Virtue ethics helps human beings pursue personal and social excellence that is not defined by professional codes of conduct. Values and ethics are learned and gained through daily activities, relationships, and friendships, a form of practical learning. Virtue ethics encourages moral excellence, which plays a vital role in “strong relationality." Strong relationality advances authenticity and openness among individuals, which is a crucial requirement for physical therapists (Richardson, 2012). It allows physical therapists to gain essential ethics such as ensuring patients’ data privacy and confidentiality. To do this, physical therapists should be open with their clients, and they should as well connect and relate well. Clients should be able to reveal some of their personal information to the therapists. However, they should be sure and particular about the therapist's integrity in protecting their Virtue Ethics through the eyes of Physical Therapy 5 information for them to do so. In line with physical therapy principles and standards, physical therapists should safeguard patients’ and clients’ confidential information and only disclose it as legal provisions. On the other hand, the therapist must demonstrate to the client that they can be trusted and act with high integrity. Therefore, through virtue ethics, the therapist will be able to connect quickly and relate well with the clients. By so doing, it allows them to administer effective treatment and meet the clients' health needs. Section 3 A different ethical theory is the utilitarianism theory which takes a different approach. It established the good and bad by examining the outcomes and benefits attained. As a result, utilitarianism is referred to as the consequentialist approach. The morality of a decision or action is determined by the outcome (Mandal et al., 2016). In utilitarianism, each decision is analyzed and challenged by measuring the balance of the harms and benefits. However, the theory is ineffective because it is highly biased, plus it contributes to time and energy wastage. According to the utilitarianism theory, the choice that brings forth benefits for many patients is the most ethical. However, the theory is limited because it is not easy to tell whether our actions will bring forth good or bad outcomes. Therefore, the utilitarianism theory may not be practical regarding physical therapy. Physical therapists should understand whether their decisions and actions on patients will bring forth positive outcomes. The physical therapist should develop ethics and values that will undoubtedly ensure and contribute to patients' recovery. Ethics should not involve a trial and error approach. Therefore, the value ethics is the most effective because it cultivates the required ethics and values in the physical therapists through practical experience. Thus, the physical therapists administer the required therapy with a certainty of positive results. Virtue Ethics through the eyes of Physical Therapy In conclusion, Physical therapists reinforce ethics by studying and practicing virtue ethical concepts on a constant basis. Physical therapists should establish ethics and values that will certainly ensure and lead to the healing of their patients. The Theory of Virtues aligns with the morals of Physcial Therapy by engaging directly with clients, and as a result, they are required to provide a high level of practical knowledge. 6 Virtue Ethics through the eyes of Physical Therapy References Küçükuysal, B., & Beyhan, E. (2011). Virtue ethics in Aristotle’s Nicomachean ethics. Journal of Human Sciences, 8(2), 43-51. Mandal, J., Ponnambath, D. K., & Parija, S. C. (2016). Utilitarian and deontological ethics in medicine. Tropical Parasitology, 6(1), 5. Proctor, C. (2019). Virtue ethics in psychotherapy: A systematic review of the literature. International Journal of Existential Psychology and Psychotherapy, 8, 1-22. Richardson, F. C. (2012). On psychology and virtue ethics. Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology, 32(1), 24. 7 Essay 3 Prompt & Final Portfolio Assembly Instructions Professional Ethics Spring 2021 Essay 3 Topic: How do the arguments you made about professional ethical responsibility (essay 1) and ethical theory (essay 2) apply to a profession-specific case study? For your third essay, you should present a RESEARCHED scenario that presents an ethical problem to a professional in your area1 – provide research into that professional topic, including sourced justification for why that topic has real world ethical relevance to the profession. Make sure you introduce your research, as well – if you have consulted an expert in the field, introduce that expert in the body of the paper, including their expertise (what their job is, how long they have worked at it). In terms of research, you should first consider primary investigation, which involves interviewing someone who has experience working in your field (ideally not someone who works at the college, but rather who is currently employed in the field). This interview can serve as evidence for your ethical issue, and represents the kind of valuable research you can do (see tips for doing interviews over email at the end of this document). Other options include secondary research related to reported cases or incidents that can be found in journal articles, newspaper articles, or other forms of vetted reporting. After establishing what the case involves and why it is professionally relevant (section 1), you should then argue the appropriate way to ethically act in the particular case. In order to do that, you need to, at minimum, do the following: Section 2: Present your interpretation of what you think the profession would consider the ethical action, making explicit reference to the arguments you made in essay 1 (related to expertise, interpretation, and your code of ethics); Section 3: Apply the ethical theory you explained and argued for in essay 2 to the case study, and determine what the theory would conclude is the ethical outcome or action (importantly, while you don’t need to re-explain the theory, you need to SHOW the reasoning consistent with the theory and support your conclusion); Section 4: Offer your own thoughts on the above two conclusions – do they both lead to the same outcome? If not, explain. Would you act according to those conclusions? Why or why not? Consider issues related to agency in bureaucracies, integrity, or whistleblowing. Remember, YOU ARE ARGUING – make clear, consistent, and accurate claims, and support those claims through quoted reference to the relevant texts. Paper Specifications: • Follow APA formatting (for heading, spacing, margins, page numbers, etc.) • Provide in-text citations and a references page. • Should be 4-6 double-spaced, type-written pages (excluding reference and title page – see final portfolio assembly instructions on the next page). Each student should check in – either through email or through video conference - with the instructor (me) prior to beginning the paper in order to clarify and refine the research question for the final part of the portfolio. 1 Essay 3 Prompt & Final Portfolio Assembly Instructions Professional Ethics Spring 2021 Professional Ethics Final Portfolio Assembly Instructions: Each student will produce a final portfolio of the written work for this class, which will include the two earlier essays (revised for inclusion in the final portfolio), plus the final essay described above. The final portfolio will include the following: • Cover Page for Entire Portfolio (Including Content-Specific Title for Overall Portfolio) • Abstract for Overall Portfolio • Three essays (omit the cover pages and separate reference pages for each individual essay; you don’t have to create newly written transitions between papers – just use content related subtitles to separate each paper) o Revised Essay 1 (Profession’s Standards for Ethical Conduct) o Revised Essay 2 (Ethical Theory Compatible with Profession) o Essay 3 (Case Study Application) • References Page containing citation list of ALL references for all three papers (do not separate each essay’s references – have on full alphabetized list). 10 tips for better email interviews Email interviews are a trusted tool for [anyone] seeking information. But with more messages than ever competing urgently for attention in our inboxes, there are a few extra ways to stand out and get the responses you need: • • • • • • • • • • Include your questions in the initial interview request. People are more likely to respond if they know what you really want from them and how long it will take them to provide it. Place your questions directly in the body of the e-mail. Do not include them as an attachment. Question order matters. Ask your most important question first. It conveys that you take their work seriously and that you aren’t going to waste their time. Use open-ended questions. You may not have an opportunity for follow-up, so closed questions that generate yes/no answers won’t be as helpful as exploratory questions that ask how or why. Keep questions simple and answerable, one at a time. If you ask a double-barreled question, they may only give you part of the information you want. In complex subjects, ask for examples or analogies. They can help subjects step away from the formality of an email response. Avoid a lengthy list of questions. If you have more than 3-5 questions and it will take them longer than 15-20 minutes for them to answer by email, share the questions and request a phone interview. Describe as much about the [assignment you are doing] as you can so the subject knows what you are after […]. Give them the opportunity with the last question to add anything that you may not have asked. And now more than ever, remember basic email etiquette: use the subject line to clearly and concisely convey your request in 5 or 6 words; explain your purpose and deadline in the first sentence of your email; and ask for links to any additional materials or resources. If you don’t hear back, assume your email could have been filtered into junk or spam unintentionally and try sending again from another email address.