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Homework answers / question archive / Assignment We are at the halfway point if you can believe it! This week you are going to compose the second half of your paper

Assignment We are at the halfway point if you can believe it! This week you are going to compose the second half of your paper

Writing

Assignment

We are at the halfway point if you can believe it! This week you are going to compose the second half of your paper. This part of the paper explores the cultural and ethical perspectives of your topic. Below is a video of what to cover in this part. This paper has all of the same expectations as the previous paper. It must be written formally, have correct citations and in APA format. I have included a word document below that reviews formal writing again. You are also going to want to use tutor.com, the writing studio or PAL tutors for this assignment as well. You will use the articles from assignment 4 to help you but you still have a significant amount of research to do.

Racism as a Public Health Issue Would Approaching Racism as a Public Health Issue Decrease Rates of Poor Health Outcomes for The Black Community. From a Future Nurse's Perspective West Coast University Article One: Ethical issues in the development and implementation of nutrition-related public health policies and interventions: A scoping review An article published in PLOS ONE was offered in the PLOS journal and focused on the current problems linked with public health policies and related interventions. This research examined some of the issues affecting the adoption of nutrition-related interventions. The author concluded that the general ethical frameworks are essential. However, the ethical recommendations are not always practical as they do not provide ethical guidance since they cannot always anticipate the proper health intervention to follow. Through a cultural and ethical dimension, the authors have explored some of the factors influencing the overall community wellness. The article appreciates the disparities created through the existing practices informing the ethics and cultural alignment of adopted interventions. Implementing such interventions requires practitioners and other stakeholders to understand the cultural traditions and values observed in a community (Hurlimann, Peña-Rosas, Saxena, Zamora & Godard, 2017). The authors argue that the spectrum in ethical practices and requirements needed in creating interventions is essential for boosting community health. There are different types of research articles offered to handle the topic mentioned above. These articles exhibit additional attributes which influence their effectiveness in their application. This article is scholarly since it provides a framework for exploring the scientific evidence presented about the topic above. The peer-reviewed article offers valid proof that experts have cross-checked to certify its credibility in responding to the issues raised in the significant interest area. Therefore, this article is compelling and relevant to the current topic. Hurlimann et al., 2018) will be used in the literature review section of the leading research project. This positioning is influenced by the idea that the report offers supplementary information necessary for understanding the ethical and cultural dimensions defining the research topic. Further, I will use this research article in the background section to form a solid foundation for understanding the subject. Article Two: Do sociocultural factors influence college students' self-rated health status and health-promoting lifestyles? A cross-sectional multicenter study in Dalian, China An article published in BMC public health was published in the central biomedical database to address the sociocultural factors and their impact on the healthy lifestyles adopted by college students. This cross-sectional multicenter research studied the role of sociocultural factors in shaping self-rated health status in college students in health promotion lifestyles. This study targeted 829 college students comprising 60.8% Chinese and international learners. The international students reported a lower health-promoting lifestyle than the Chinese counterparts. Each group's psychological response was influenced by factors like smoking, the body mass index, and financials (Lolokote, Hidru & Li, 2017). The study found that health status and lifestyle are essential in determining wellness in college students. This cross-sectional study is peer-reviewed. Made numerous submissions concerning the review process to ensure the validity and effectiveness of the authors` ideas (Lolokote, Hidru & Li, 2017). The peer-review process comprised numerous improvements to produce the final manuscript. This study is best suited in the background and literature review sections of the research project. In the background section, the research will provide insight into sociocultural factor's roles in influencing health. The article will offer a deeper understanding of the relationship between health-promoting lifestyles and self-rated status in the literature review section. Article Three: Social and cultural influences on food choices: A review An article published in Taylor and Francis Online Journal was published in the PubMed database to point out the impact of social and cultural impact on food choice. This project reviewed the role of social and cultural factors in shaping food choices. The research reviewed these factors based on their influences on the overall wellness trends the community exhibits (Enriquez & Archila-Godinez, 2021). From the study, the authors argue that human food choices are primarily influenced by the choices the community makes. Their traditional values influence community choices. Failure to observe ethics in food choices may undermine the ability to make the right food choice decisions (Enriquez & Archila-Godinez, 2021). This peer-reviewed article offers an insight into the issues that influence physical health and wellness outcomes by considering the socioeconomic frameworks. This research provides valid and conclusive findings based on the review processes followed. The research documents credible evidence that can be replicated and applied in the clinical setting through these processes. I Will used this article in the literature review section. The evidence offered can be used to promote understanding the researcher exhibits in discussing the topic mentioned above. On the same note, using this research in the literature review section will encourage deeper learning and understanding of the issue mentioned generating historical trends of the previous developments. References Enriquez, J. P., & Archila-Godinez, J. C. (2021). Social and cultural influences on food choices: A review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 1-7. Hurlimann, T., Peña-Rosas, J. P., Saxena, A., Zamora, G., & Godard, B. (2017). Ethical issues in the development and implementation of nutrition-related public health policies and interventions: A scoping review. PloS one, 12(10), e0186897. Lolokote, S., Hidru, T. H., & Li, X. (2017). Do sociocultural factors influence college students' self-rated health status and health-promoting lifestyles? A cross-sectional multicenter study in Dalian, China. BMC public health, 17(1), 1-14. 0 Cultural and Ethical Perspectives Food environment related to the Decline in Bee Populations as a Public Health Issue Would Approaching the Food Environment Related to the Decline in Bee Populations as a Public Health Issue Decrease Rates of Chronic Disease for Americans? A Registered Dietitian’s Perspective August 25, 2020 Kathryn Ayres MA RD LDN West Coast University 1 Origin of Environmental Injustice: Decline in bee populations There have been many documented cases of bee population losses throughout history. However, between the years 2006-2007 bee populations across the globe experienced unprecedented losses of 80 – 100% (Oldroyd, 2007). This drastic decline was named colony collapse disorder (CCD) and was characterized by the initial loss of the worker bees but not the queen, nurse bees or food for the immature bees. Eventually the colony dies due to the lack of resources provided to the hive by the worker bees (Environmental Protection Agency [EPA], 2018). This prompted governmental agencies and research organizations from around the world to launch a scientific investigation into the cause of CCD. The research has found that CCD is a multifaceted issue related to the loss of biodiversity, nutritional stress and exposure to pesticides which has led to immunosuppression and increased pathogenic infections (Oldroyd, 2007). This problem has been driven by the industrialization of farming and maintained by political and corporate interests in the agricultural sector as well as American food culture. Loss of Biodiversity In order for bees to meet their nutritional needs they must pollinate a diverse crop population. A study published in PNAS found that a lack of plant diversity for bees caused insufficient pollination in watermelons and a decline in worker bee populations. The study compared organic and conventional farming management as well as proximity to naturally biodiverse land. Pollination contribution and abundance of bees was measured through the number of newly opened female flowers in on watermelon vines and the number of bees that visited the flower respectively. The results found that bees pollinating organic farms near biodiverse flora were able to provide full pollination services. However, as biodiversity of the surrounding area decreased, the pollination services could not meet the needs of the watermelon. The abundance 2 of the bees also decreased in the monocultured areas because their nutritional needs where not met. The researchers concluded that plant diversity is essential in maintaining a healthy colony and warned that expansion of intensive farming will create ecosystems that cannot provide adequate nutrition for native or commercial bees (Kremen, Williams, & Thorp, 2002). Nutritional Stress When the polyflora does not meet the hives nutritional needs’ the bees experience nutritional stress. A consequence of this malnutrition is immunosuppression and increased susceptibility to disease. A study published by Scientific Reports analyzed how habitat depletion and loss of biodiversity impact the strength and health of the hive. Sixty-two colonies were placed in a nutritionally poor Eucalyptus grandis plantation for the season and were divided into two groups. Half of the hives received a polyfloral pollen supplement. The other hives were used as a control and did not receive supplementation. The researchers examined pollen composition, colony strength and Nosema ceranae infection. The bees that received the supplement had high concentrations of amino acids in their pollen, higher populations of adult bees and lower rates of infection over the growing season. It was concluded that nutritional stress is linked with the suppression of the immune system making bees more vulnerable to disease (Branchiccela, 2019). Pesticides Another area of CCD research has been pesticide exposure. Neonicotinoids have been the focus of the investigation because their debut and systemic usage have correlated with the decline of bee populations. Bayer CropScience release neonicotinoids onto the United States’ market in 1991. What was different about this pesticide at the time was that it is used as a seed dressing which allows the chemical to integrate into the plant as it grows, including the pollen. 3 Neonicotinoids, named after its mechanism of action, bind to the post-synaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the central nervous system (CNS) and permanently prevents the binding of acetylcholine. The blockage of this pathway has been linked with several deadly outcomes such as loss of genetic diversity, homing ability and immunosuppression (Mason, Tennekes, Sánchez-Bayo, Jepsen, 2013) The increased need for pesticide usage can be linked with the loss of biodiversity. This is because not all insects are polyphagous like bees. Many insects are monophagous, meaning they only need to feed on one crop species to survive (Di, Zhang, Zhang, Wang, & Liu 2018). Intensive farming provides this simplistic diet for pests through the planting of monocultures. Monocultures are an agricultural technique that plants one species of crops for an entire field. This gives different species of pests’ advantages because of the missing complex ecosystem that distributes resources and allows for population control. The lack of natural pesticides, that have co-evolved with insects, has increased the need for manufactured pesticide usage to sustain current agricultural practices (Lundgren, & Fausti, 2015). Money, Power & Control: Big Agribusiness The planting of commodity crops such as corn and soy have significantly contributed to the loss of biodiversity through the expansion of monocultures. In 1983 there was approximately 60.2 million planted acres of corn and since 2020 has expanded to over 97 million acres. Corn is also highly profitable for the United States. This crop makes up two-thirds of the grain exported from the United States and through advancements in technology the yield per acre has increased by 73.2 bushels (Feedgrains Sector at a Glance, 2020). Its estimated economic value in 2005 was 21 billion dollars making it the most valuable crop in the United States. (Ash, Livezey, & Dohlman & 2006,) Soybean expansion has seen similar growth. Soybean farmers intend to plant 4 83.5 million acres in 2020, up 10% from the year before. The bushels harvested per acre has increased from 34.2 in 1991 to 53.3 in 2019 while their price has decreased from $14.40 per bushel in 2012 to $8. 75 (USDA, 2020). This has made it the second most utilized crop in the United States, valued at $17 billion in 2005 (Ash et al., 2006). The increased efficiency and profitability have contributed to the transformation of agricultural practices. The industrialization of farming began in 1970 when Russia experienced a grain shortage. Many of the regulations put in place to control market prices of commodity crops were rolled back to allow for mass production of commodity crops including corn and soy. After Russia recovered, product flooded the market and the price of commodity crops dropped below market value making it impossible for farmers to make a profit. To stabilize prices big agribusinesses pushed policy makers to continue to support increasing crop yields and export crops to other countries. The market-driven agricultural policy forced US farmers to rely on exportation to compensate for the excess supply yet still remain dependent on subsidies. Agribusinesses benefit from this system because it allows them to buy product below market value from farmers, while the taxpayers supplement the farmers’ incomes. This current system allowed for agribusinesses such as pesticide, seed and food manufactures to make billions of dollars a year which they use to protect their interests (Farm Bill 101, 2015). Agribusinesses use several strategies to control policy and the market which include maintaining a “revolving door,” industry published research, consolidation of power and lobbying. There are over 330 cases of employees shuffling between the USDA, EPA and several chemical and seed companies. This revolving door allows for former employees from the industry and government to work for the other and share information and insight that each 5 organization possess with one another. This makes it easier for the corporations to maintain power and control (EcoWatch, 2016). Agrobusiness have also polluted evidence-based science by publishing bias industry funded studies. There are examples of this across agricultural and food processing industries. A study published in PLOS Medicine examined the conclusions of 206 nutrition related articles that were either industry or independently funded. The researchers found that the conclusions where significantly related to the funding source (Lesser, Ebbeling, Goozner, Wypij & Ludwig, 2007). This commercial bias creates confusion amongst the general population and policy makers which can have major consequences on public health. The industries follow up with strategic tobaccostyle marketing to further sow doubt and slow any attempt at reform (EcoWatch, 2016). Merging of farms and corporations has also aided in the consolidation of power. The number of corn farms with over 500 acres has increased (Feedgrains Sector at a Glance, 2020). Of the 2.1 million farms in the United States 80,000 or 4% of them produce 75% percent of agricultural production (A Framework for Assessing Effects of the Food System, 2015). Several mergers of chemical and seed companies have also occurred between Monsanto and Bayer as well as Dupont and Dow Chemical and has helped to contribute to the agribusiness’ oligarchy. A significant causative factor to maintaining their control is contributing to political candidates’ campaigns and lobbying to support their special interests. Agribusinesses contributed $50,732,932 to candidates in the 2019 – 2020 election cycle (Agribusiness: Money to Congress, 2020). BayerScience, the creator of noenicitinoids, alone spent 9,140,000 in lobbying in 2019 to protect their profits and interests (Client Profile: Bayer AG, 2019). Some of this money has been used to prevent the study neonicotinoids (Ecowatch, 2016). This multilayered campaign to 6 maintain control of the market and protect their interests has been very effective at diverting attention away from their role in CCD. Legislation: The Pollinator Protection Act Despite the strategic interference, representatives have attempted to propose legislation at the state and federal level to address the decline in bee populations. The Pollinator Protection Act was first introduced to the United States senate by democratic senator Barbara Boxer from California. The bill authorized $9,000,000 in appropriations to the Secretary of Agriculture, through the Agricultural Research Service for various research initiatives around the country. These include research on honeybee physiology, insect pathology, insect chemical ecology, and honey, native bee toxicology and research to identify causes and solutions for Colony Collapse Disorder (Boxer, 2007). However, the bill was never put to a vote. In 2013 a new bill was introduced under the name The American Pollinator Protection Act by Democratic Representatives Earl Blumenauer of Oregon and John Conyers Jr. of Michigan. This bill proposes a joint initiative between the U.S department of Agriculture, Environmental Protection Agency and Department of the Interior to collect more comprehensive data on wild bee populations. It also seeks to establish an independent pesticide review broad that consists of beekeepers, scientists and farmers. The bill has yet to be put to a vote and 2019 and has entered its 5th iteration. (Graber-Stiehl, 2019). However, neither bill addresses the root causes of CCD such as loss of habitat, biodiversity or climate change, factors exasperated by intensive farming utilized to meet consumer demands. In order to compressively address the decline in bee populations, the existential lifestyle of Americans must also be a part of policy reform and cultural change. 7 Cultural Norms: Standard American Diet (SAD) The Standard American Diet (SAD) is a dietary pattern that consists foods that are calorie dense but devoid of micronutrients associated with disease prevention. These dietary patterners are highly influenced by aggressive and strategic marketing as well as flavor enhancing additives. The food industry mass produces inexpensive products that are hyperpalatable and exploit gustatory and visual physiology. This has created a culture of supersized portions and over consumption. The major staples of this lifestyle include corn and soy, the same monocultured crops used to make big agribusinesses multibillion-dollar industries (Nestle, 2013). Corn and soy are both used in animal feed for meat production as well and used in processed foods. Soy is the primary protein found in animal feed and is used to make processed oils (USD, 2020). Corn is used in processed foods such as high fructose corn syrup and other sweeteners (Feedgrains Sector at a Glance, 2020). Diets high in animal products and processed foods have been linked with chronic disease and have been shown to make up a substantial portion of American’s diets (Nestle, 2013). Authors from a study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association found that 56.2% of calories consumed by Americans are derived from major subsidized crops, which are grown in monocultures. Their study also found that the individuals that had the highest intake of commodity crops had a higher probability of cardiometabolic risk factors such as elevated C reactive protein, LDL and blood glucose levels as well as a BMI >30 and a height to waist circumference ratio of at least .60. The authors concluded that the consumption of commodity crops was significantly associated with obesity and related risk factors (Siegel, 2016). Their suggestion of aligning agricultural and nutritional policies to address the 8 prevalence of obesity would inadvertently aid in protecting bees. Both fields of science support that polycutlures are needed to meet the nutritional needs of both bees and humans and by eating a diverse diet, both species have lower rates of disease. Ethical Obligation of the Health Care Professional: Registered Dietitian One group of health care professionals that have the potential to play an integral role in protecting biodiverse agriculture through the promotion of disease preventative foods are registered dietitians (RD). Registered dietitians are credentialed and licensed experts in the scientific field of nutrition. In the past agricultural has not been required curriculum for this profession. However, as the link between agriculture policy, sustainability and health becomes more established, RDs and their associations have begun to recognize their professional obligation to be involved (Vogliano, Steiber, & Brown, 2015). Of the three major institutions that govern the field of dietetics the professional organization, The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, has been the most progressive in establishing its position on the responsibility dietitians have in promoting sustainability and environmental stewardship. In 2015 nutrition leaders came together to identify areas where health and nutrition interact with agriculture and what members can do to strengthen efforts in sustainable farming. The panel of experts also sought to find ways RDs can be involved in initiatives that seek to increase availability of nutrient dense food to improve nutrition interventions. They also wanted to find ways to increase the scope of practice by expanding curriculum to better educate future professionals about the impact of agriculture. At the conclusion of the conference the academy officially recognized that dietitians have a responsibility to promote sustainable farming and protect the environment to ensure access to nutrient dense food to prevent malnutrition and chronic disease. They also believe RDs can be 9 valuable assets in these efforts because of their unique skill set in assessing equitable diets and nutrition intervention outcomes (Vogliano et al, 2015). The Accrediting Council for Education in Nutrition and Dietetics (ACEND), the accrediting body for nutrition and dietetics programs, includes several competencies, in both the revised and newly proposed model, for agriculture and environmental issues. For example, competence 1.1.1 requires students to be able to identify environmental factors that influence the development of disease. Sustainability is also included in competencies 1.6, 3.3.1 and 3.2 while agriculture is included in competency 3.4. (Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics [AND], 2020). Another major effort to promote sustainable food sources has been at a grassroot level. Many individual registered dietitians have organized initiatives and incorporated environmental stewardship into their business plans or curriculum. For example, a collaboration between The Culinary Institute of America (CIA) and the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health created Menus of Change which includes environmental sustainably, social responsibly, and ethical practices into their curriculum for foodservice professionals (Bonci, 2016). These changes indicate that the scope of the practice does include promoting sustainable practices. This change is in response to the need for experts that can fill the nutritional gap between the agriculture sector and disease prevention. One of the issues that falls under this new umbrella is the protection of safe food environments for bees. Without bees the goal of achieving nutrition capacity is impossible. 10 References Ash, M., Livezey, J., & Dohlman, E. (2006, April). Electronic Outlook Report from the Economic Research Service. Retrieved September 6, 2020, from https://www.ers.usda.gov/webdocs/outlooks/38482/29495_ocs200601.pdf?v=5388.7 Boxer, B. (2007, June 26). S.1694 - 110th Congress (2007-2008): Pollinator Protection Act of 2007. Retrieved September 04, 2020, from https://www.congress.gov/bill/110thcongress/senate-bill/1694?r=85 Bonci, L. (2016, January). Menus of Change - Today's Dietitian Magazine. Retrieved September 03, 2020, from https://www.todaysdietitian.com/newarchives/0116p30.shtml Branchiccela, B., Castelli, L., Corona, M., Díaz-Cetti, S., Invernizzi, C., Martínez de la Escalera, G., Mendoza, Y., Santos, E., Silva, C., Zunino, P., & Antúnez, K. (2019). Impact of nutritional stress on the honeybee colony health. Scientific reports, 9(1), 10156. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-46453-9 Client Profile: Bayer AG. (2019). Retrieved September 06, 2020, from https://www.opensecrets.org/federallobbying/clients/summary?cycle=2019&id=D000042363 Colony Collapse Disorder. (2018, April 26). Retrieved September 02, 2020, from https://www.epa.gov/pollinator-protection/colony-collapse-disorder Committee on a Framework for Assessing the Health, Environmental, and Social Effects of the Food System; Food and Nutrition Board; Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources; Institute of Medicine; National Research Council; Nesheim MC, Oria M, Yih PT, editors. A Framework for Assessing Effects of the Food System. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2015 Jun 17. 4, Environmental Effects of the U.S. Food System. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK305182/ Di, N., Zhang, K., Zhang, F., Wang, S., & Liu, T. X. (2018). Polyculture and Monoculture Affect the Fitness, Behavior and Detoxification Metabolism of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Frontiers in physiology, 9, 1392. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01392 Doublet, V., Labarussias, M., de Miranda, J. R., Moritz, R. F., & Paxton, R. J. (2015). Bees under stress: sublethal doses of a neonicotinoid pesticide and pathogens interact to elevate honey bee mortality across the life cycle. Environmental microbiology, 17(4), 969–983.https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.12426 EcoWatch. (2016, June 30). Buzz Kill: How the Pesticide Industry Blocks Bee Protections Nationwide. Retrieved September 06, 2020, from https://www.ecowatch.com/buzz-killhow-the-pesticide-industry-blocks-bee-protections-nationwide-1891178052.html “Farm Bill 101.” Food & Water Watch, 21 Oct. 2015, www.foodandwaterwatch.org/insight/farm-bill-101. 11 Feedgrains Sector at a Glance. (2020, February 26). Retrieved September 06, 2020, from https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/crops/corn-and-other-feedgrains/feedgrains-sector-at-a glance/ Future Education Model. (2020). Retrieved September 03, 2020, from https://www.eatrightpro.org/acend/accreditation-standards-fees-and-policies/future education-model Graber-Stiehl, I. (2019, May 24). New Law Would Help Bees-but Could Leave Other Pollinators out in the Cold. Retrieved September 04, 2020, from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/new-law-would-help-bees-but-could-leaveother-pollinators-out-in-the-cold/ Kremen, C., Williams, N. M., & Thorp, R. W. (2002). Crop pollination from native bees at risk from agricultural intensification. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 99(26), 16812–16816. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.262413599 Lesser, L. I., Ebbeling, C. B., Goozner, M., Wypij, D., & Ludwig, D. S. (2007). Relationship between funding source and conclusion among nutrition-related scientific articles. PLoS medicine, 4(1), e5. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0040005 Lundgren, J. G., & Fausti, S. W. (2015). Trading biodiversity for pest problems. Science advances, 1(6), e1500558. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500558 Agribusiness: Money to Congress. (2020, August 21). Retrieved September 06, 2020, from https://www.opensecrets.org/industries/summary.php?ind=A Oldroyd B. P. (2007). What's killing American honey bees?. PLoS biology, 5(6), e168https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0050168 Siegel, K. R., McKeever Bullard, K., Imperatore, G., Kahn, H. S., Stein, A. D., Ali, M. K., & Narayan, K. (2016). Association of Higher Consumption of Foods Derived From Subsidized Commodities With Adverse Cardiometabolic Risk Among US Adults. JAMA internal medicine, 176(8), 1124–1132.https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.2410 Vogliano, C., Steiber, A., & Brown, K. (2015). Linking Agriculture, Nutrition, and Health: The Role of the Registered Dietitian Nutritionist. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 115(10), 1710–1714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2015.06.009 Saily Perla West Coast University 04/26/2021 Outline 2 Racism as a Public Health Issue 1. Origin of Injustice a. Background - Wealth, the measures of a family’s or an individual’s financial health, determines opportunities for American families. Taylor (2019) argues that wealth enables people to access well-paid jobs, advance their social class, and respond to emergencies. - Unfortunately, American wealth is unequally distributed due to racism, minimizing African American’s opportunities. Taylor (2019) reveals that African American families are more economically insecure than white families. Hence, African Americans have limited access to quality health care compared to Whites. b. Causes - Discriminatory policies prevent African Americans from accessing quality healthcare as Whites. According to Noonan et al. (2018), race-based policies discriminate against African Americans by reinforcing racist beliefs. In past centuries, many laws prevented Black people from accessing quality health care. Hence the white community believes that those laws justify the health inequalities facing Blacks. - Media presentation promotes racism against African Americans. While the media reflects culture, it portrays racial stereotypes, promoting racism. 2. Money power and control: - American healthcare organizations and clinics are the main focus and practice racism injustice for Black Americans. 3 - Over 18% of American health centres prioritize whites when it comes to attending to their medical needs. - Whites are given health covers and insurances at high rates compared to blacks. 3. Legislation - Healthcare Equality and Accountability Act (HEAA) is essential in addressing racism as a public health issue. The Act's primary purpose is to improve minorities’ health care and eliminate racial disparities in healthcare (Noonan et al., 2018). Over more than 250 years, the African American community has suffered as the least healthy social and ethnic group (Noonan et al., 2018). Inadequacies and the inefficiency of the policies in the nation are some of the reasons that make the implemented approaches have failed to benefit this minority group. Lack of representation and minimal involvement in decision making has also resulted in this challenge since most of the problems that this community encounters. - Policymakers and academics help create legislation like the HEAA. While African Americans have prominent policymakers and academics, they can help address racism by advocating for healthcare equality. - Health disparities affect African Americans; therefore, public health researchers need to find practical strategies that can help meet the needs of the underserved community. - HEAA will help expand access to quality health care by addressing factors contributing to African American racism, such as a lack of a diversified health workforce and cultural competence training. 4. Culture 4 - Lack of education is a crucial social norm in addressing racism and health care access. Hemingway & Bosanquet (2018) recognize a strong correlation between educational level, self-reported health, and expectancy across racial groups. The ethical issues linked with the development and successful implementation of public health interventions that revolve around nutrition can not be easily justified when dealing with activities in health promotion. Hurlimann et al. (2018) look at this issue and the challenges when creating a policy to cater to diverse populations. Considering ethical impacts in the monitoring and assessing these interventions is an exemplary implementation for promoting the growth of a diverse culture. - The white society believes that African Americans have lower educational levels. Thus, they are more vulnerable to various diseases. 5. Ethical Obligation - Nurses engage with racism as a social determinant of quality health care daily. - Therefore, they can help minimize racism against African Americans by ensuring individual nurse accountability. - Hemingway & Bosanquet (2018) argue that leadership and political activism are vital roles of nurses in addressing the social determinants of health. Hence, nurses can influence policymakers to develop laws promoting health care equity. Taylor (2019)further focuses on the issues leading to inequality in health provision when addressing African Americans' issues. Despite the measures considered to promote health outcome and reduce health-related issues, it is worth noting that the minimum income associated with African Americans has made it challenging to attain optimal health. Poverty, being one of 5 the leading social determinants of health, further influences the health-related decisions made by African American communities concerning positive health outcome. - Nurses witness the adverse effects of racism and the low income facing African Americans. Thus, they can influence policymakers to eliminate discrimination by empowering Africa Americans. References Hemingway, A., & Bosanquet, J. (2018). Role of nurses in tackling health inequalities. Journal of Community Nursing, 32(6), 62-64. 6 Noonan, A. S., Velasco-Mondragon, H. E., & Wagner, F. A. (2018). Improving the health of African Americans in the USA: an overdue opportunity for social justice. Public health reviews, 37(1), 1-20. Taylor, J. (2019). Racism, inequality, and health care for African Americans. American Journal of Healthcare (6) 3 -13 Topic you chose from Google forms Would Approaching insert social/environmental injustice as a Public Health Issue Decrease Rates of insert medical condition caused by injustice for population you will focus on ? From a Future Nurse’s Prospective Date Name West Coast University Origin of Injustice: Insert injustice In this section you are going to give a brief history of your injustice. Not more than a paragraph. I know in the video I said that if you had an environmental issue you did not do this section but upon further reflection it does make sense for you to include it. You should be able to find studies here to back up your claims. The writing style is formal and must have fluidity. You need a strong introductory sentence that describes what the section will be about but without vague/weak language and is not painted with too broad a brush. You also need transition sentences and summary sentences. Use credible sources in this part because you cannot make up information. The citations will go after the last sentence with information from that source. Each paragraph must have at least ONE in text citation otherwise this is plagiarism. You should have several paragraphs to ensure organization of content and to help your reader follow your logic. You also need to write formally, meaning NO PERSONAL PRONOUNS (we, our, my or you). This is no place for personal opinions either so the word should or need, should not be used. Look at my full list of words and phases in my Writing Style handout that make your writing juvenile (get/ing, a lot, huge, big, “when it comes to” to name a few). If you use them I will know you did not look at the videos and are not participating in class. NO QUOATATIONS either. Information needs to be paraphrased and cited correctly in your own words. This is also a form of plagiarism. Look at my example about the decline in bee populations and the peer review rubric for guidance. They are both posted in the announcements. The last sentence should transition into the causes. Insert cause In this section you will discuss one specific causes to your injustice not a medical condition. This paper is not about your medical condition, it is about the injustice. Use evidence to back up your claim. There should be studies used here to back up your claim. All same writing rules apply. Insert 2nd cause if you have one If you have another specific cause to your injustice discuss it here and back it up with evidence. There should be studies used here to back up your claim. Last sentence needs to transition into the next section. All same writing rules apply. The next three sections can be in the order you choose to allow for smooth transition and fluidity in your paper. Insert 3rd cause if you have one If you have a third cause to your injustice include it here. Money Power and Control: Insert organization In this section you will find a specific organization or institution that benefits from your injustice and works to keep it in place. You will need to find different ways that they maintain power. Each of those tactics should have their own paragraphs. Use the site open secrets to find out how much this industry lobbies congress to protect their interests if you are dealing with American politics. You will need to find several sources to prove the point that this group of people do not want to allow change prevent progress. All the same writing rules apply for this section. Make sure to have a transition to the next section. The next section does not have to be legislation. The three middle sections can be put in the order you want. Legislation: Insert specific law or bill In this section you will find a law or a bill that directly impacts your population regarding your injustice. Once you find one look it up on congress.gov. It has a summary of the actual bill and its history. You probably will not find studies about this section but it is possible depending on the discussion you want to have. You want to include the specific information about the bill as well as its history and the people that proposed it. You need to have a smooth transition to the next section. Again, the three middle sections can be in the order you need them to be for fluidity. Cultural Norms: Click or tap here to enter text. In this section you will discuss a cultural norm that perpetuates the injustice. You should be able to find studies to back up your claim that culture influences your injustice and works to maintain the status quo. Make sure to have a smooth transition to the next section. Again, the three middle sections can be in the order you need them to be for fluidity. Ethical Obligation of the Health Care Professional: Future Nurse In this section you will discuss why it is a nurse’s obligation to be an advocate for your population and be active in addressing the injustice as a professional. Those with an environmental topic there will be plenty of position statements. For social injustices look up the provisions in the code of ethics. Describe what they are and choose a few to relate to your topic. This section needs to be the last. Its order cannot be changed. Conclude with a summative statement about the proof you presented that your profession requires your activism regarding this injustice without being silly because all of the rules still apply. NO PERSONAL PRONOUNS!!!!!!! This is not a personal statement on how you feel. Your feelings do not matter. Only facts and evidence do in this type of writing. References Writing Style Scientific Perspective and Mathematical of Inquiry Paper . Writing Style This is a formal paper which means it needs to be written in a scholarly tone. A scholarly tone means that the writing is thorough, objective and does not use a personal writing style. Its purpose it to layout the facts without being bias. It is intended to be read by scholars, not the general public. This is not story time, a blog, a news report, interview or a “how to pamphlet.” The best way to avoid an informal tone is to never speak directly to the read and never use personal pronouns. Below is a list that includes words and phases that should not be used in formal papers Do not use the following • • • • • • • • • • Use personal pronouns (I, we, your, our, my, should, anyway, society, anyhow, us) Use the following phrases or words o All in all o So o When it comes to o In the long run o Never the less o With that being said o Of major concern o Worrisome o Overall health o Human beings (it is just humans) o On the other hand o In today’s society o Thing o Being (as a verb) o In the long run (over time) o A lot o Good o Whopping o People (they are consumers, patients, victims etc.) o Huge (large or significant) o More and more (increasing amounts) o At the end of the day o It (Name what IT is) o A shit load Ask the reader questions (this is forbidden) Over using “according to” (sometimes this is okay but it annoys me so don’t overdo it) Use of quotations Be vague and unscientific Have incomplete or run on sentences Grammar mistakes Make too large of a leap with information and lack evidence to support your claim Have missing or incorrect citations • • • Have incorrect information Lack fluidity and have illogical sequencing of information Use .coms, blogs or Wikipedia as a source Command of topic • • • • • • • Using more than one source in a paragraph o Using one demonstrates you know how to paraphrase and regurgitate someone else’s work Using introductory sentence in each paragraph Using summarizing sentences in each paragraph Using transition sentences that link one concept to another All points that are introduced are elaborated on and concluded Using examples to support a claim (then cite them) Has substance Citations In a scientific paper the writer is contributing very little. They are simply reporting on the literature that already exists. That means that the majority of the paper is comprised of information that is not their own and must be cited. In this section of the paper almost every sentence is cited. The only exceptions are: • • Introductory sentences – preview of more detailed information to come and then followed by cited evidence Summary sentences – a recap of previously introduced information This paper requires a minimum of 5 reliable sources. • In text citations Number of authors First text citation (either parenthetical or narrative) Subsequent text citations (all) One or two (Palmer & Roy, 2008) (Palmer & Roy, 2008) Three, four, or five (Sharp, Aarons, Wittenberg, & Gittens, 2007) (Sharp et al., 2007) Six or more (Mendelsohn et al., 2010) (Mendelsohn et al., 2010) Fluidity and Logical Sequencing The presentation of the information must be logical in the paper as a whole and within in each paragraph. The most general information is written first, in the form of introductory sentences and then followed by more detailed and related evidence. Transitions between paragraphs and within paragraphs must also have fluidity. Using choppy sentence structure and not employing transition sentences makes the paper unpleasant to read and comprehension difficult. www.tutor.com or PALS tutoring All work must be proof read and corrected before being handed in. This is a standard practice at the college level. You do not want to hand in a rough draft to a professor. You only want your professor to see your revised work. It is the instructor’s job to grade and provide feedback to enhance your paper, not to be your proofreader. In order to ensure this, you must submit your paper to tutor.com or schedule an appointment with a PAL tutor for corrections. This will take a significant amount of time but is necessary for the learning process. When you have your paper proof read, you need to give yourself time to make the modifications before submitting your paper to Blackboard. This means procrastination is not an option. It is impossible to write a strong paper in a day. Expect to spend several days working on this section. After your session is complete you will receive a receipt of completion from tutor.com. You must copy paste that to the end of your final draft when you submit so I know you used this resource. If you work with a PAL ask for an email conformation. Reference Page • • • This paper requires a minimum of 5 reliable sources Hanging indent Using citation machine and the APA template Description Meets Minimum Page Requirement Minimum 3 pages Strong Introductory Paragraph Introduces the topic without being informal, unscientific or vague. Body Introductory sentences to the sub topic is clear and strong Supportive body with relevant and correct information. Final sentences summarize or prepare reader for transition to the next paragraph. Conclusion Summarizes the body of the paper and prepares reader for next part of the paper Paper as a Whole Correct Information Does not use I, you, they, us, our, well, so, anyhow, anyways, my , we, etc. Does not ask the reader questions. Review the list of forbidden words and phrases. Fluidity: The order the information is presented in logical sequence including sentences in the paragraphs and paragraphs in the paper Comprehensive : The research details the needed information in its entirety for the reader to understand the methods and purpose if the research. Mechanics: Correct grammar and sentence structure Sub topics: Each subtopic is included only in relevant paragraphs Clearly and sophisticatedly reports information: The paper is easy to follow, does not repeat information and is not riddled with unnecessary wordiness. The paper is written at the college level Command of the topic: Author demonstrates their expertise of the topic by using multiple sources to report information to draw their own insight to the issue www.tutor.com or PALS APA format References Saily Perla West Coast University 04/26/2021 Outline 2 Racism as a Public Health Issue 1. Origin of Injustice a. Background - Wealth, the measures of a family’s or an individual’s financial health, determines opportunities for American families. Taylor (2019) argues that wealth enables people to access well-paid jobs, advance their social class, and respond to emergencies. - Unfortunately, American wealth is unequally distributed due to racism, minimizing African American’s opportunities. Taylor (2019) reveals that African American families are more economically insecure than white families. Hence, African Americans have limited access to quality health care compared to Whites. b. Causes - Discriminatory policies prevent African Americans from accessing quality healthcare as Whites. According to Noonan et al. (2018), race-based policies discriminate against African Americans by reinforcing racist beliefs. In past centuries, many laws prevented Black people from accessing quality health care. Hence the white community believes that those laws justify the health inequalities facing Blacks. - Media presentation promotes racism against African Americans. While the media reflects culture, it portrays racial stereotypes, promoting racism. 2. Money power and control: - American healthcare organizations and clinics are the main focus and practice racism injustice for Black Americans. 3 - Over 18% of American health centres prioritize whites when it comes to attending to their medical needs. - Whites are given health covers and insurances at high rates compared to blacks. 3. Legislation - Healthcare Equality and Accountability Act (HEAA) is essential in addressing racism as a public health issue. The Act's primary purpose is to improve minorities’ health care and eliminate racial disparities in healthcare (Noonan et al., 2018). Over more than 250 years, the African American community has suffered as the least healthy social and ethnic group (Noonan et al., 2018). Inadequacies and the inefficiency of the policies in the nation are some of the reasons that make the implemented approaches have failed to benefit this minority group. Lack of representation and minimal involvement in decision making has also resulted in this challenge since most of the problems that this community encounters. - Policymakers and academics help create legislation like the HEAA. While African Americans have prominent policymakers and academics, they can help address racism by advocating for healthcare equality. - Health disparities affect African Americans; therefore, public health researchers need to find practical strategies that can help meet the needs of the underserved community. - HEAA will help expand access to quality health care by addressing factors contributing to African American racism, such as a lack of a diversified health workforce and cultural competence training. 4. Culture 4 - Lack of education is a crucial social norm in addressing racism and health care access. Hemingway & Bosanquet (2018) recognize a strong correlation between educational level, self-reported health, and expectancy across racial groups. The ethical issues linked with the development and successful implementation of public health interventions that revolve around nutrition can not be easily justified when dealing with activities in health promotion. Hurlimann et al. (2018) look at this issue and the challenges when creating a policy to cater to diverse populations. Considering ethical impacts in the monitoring and assessing these interventions is an exemplary implementation for promoting the growth of a diverse culture. - The white society believes that African Americans have lower educational levels. Thus, they are more vulnerable to various diseases. 5. Ethical Obligation - Nurses engage with racism as a social determinant of quality health care daily. - Therefore, they can help minimize racism against African Americans by ensuring individual nurse accountability. - Hemingway & Bosanquet (2018) argue that leadership and political activism are vital roles of nurses in addressing the social determinants of health. Hence, nurses can influence policymakers to develop laws promoting health care equity. Taylor (2019)further focuses on the issues leading to inequality in health provision when addressing African Americans' issues. Despite the measures considered to promote health outcome and reduce health-related issues, it is worth noting that the minimum income associated with African Americans has made it challenging to attain optimal health. Poverty, being one of 5 the leading social determinants of health, further influences the health-related decisions made by African American communities concerning positive health outcome. - Nurses witness the adverse effects of racism and the low income facing African Americans. Thus, they can influence policymakers to eliminate discrimination by empowering Africa Americans. References Hemingway, A., & Bosanquet, J. (2018). Role of nurses in tackling health inequalities. Journal of Community Nursing, 32(6), 62-64. 6 Noonan, A. S., Velasco-Mondragon, H. E., & Wagner, F. A. (2018). Improving the health of African Americans in the USA: an overdue opportunity for social justice. Public health reviews, 37(1), 1-20. Taylor, J. (2019). Racism, inequality, and health care for African Americans. American Journal of Healthcare (6) 3 -13 Racism as a Public Health Issue Would Approaching Racism as a Public Health Issue Decrease Rates of Poor Health Outcomes for The Black Community. From a Future Nurse's Perspective West Coast University Article One: Ethical issues in the development and implementation of nutrition-related public health policies and interventions: A scoping review An article published in PLOS ONE was offered in the PLOS journal and focused on the current problems linked with public health policies and related interventions. This research examined some of the issues affecting the adoption of nutrition-related interventions. The author concluded that the general ethical frameworks are essential. However, the ethical recommendations are not always practical as they do not provide ethical guidance since they cannot always anticipate the proper health intervention to follow. Through a cultural and ethical dimension, the authors have explored some of the factors influencing the overall community wellness. The article appreciates the disparities created through the existing practices informing the ethics and cultural alignment of adopted interventions. Implementing such interventions requires practitioners and other stakeholders to understand the cultural traditions and values observed in a community (Hurlimann, Peña-Rosas, Saxena, Zamora & Godard, 2017). The authors argue that the spectrum in ethical practices and requirements needed in creating interventions is essential for boosting community health. There are different types of research articles offered to handle the topic mentioned above. These articles exhibit additional attributes which influence their effectiveness in their application. This article is scholarly since it provides a framework for exploring the scientific evidence presented about the topic above. The peer-reviewed article offers valid proof that experts have cross-checked to certify its credibility in responding to the issues raised in the significant interest area. Therefore, this article is compelling and relevant to the current topic. Hurlimann et al., 2018) will be used in the literature review section of the leading research project. This positioning is influenced by the idea that the report offers supplementary information necessary for understanding the ethical and cultural dimensions defining the research topic. Further, I will use this research article in the background section to form a solid foundation for understanding the subject. Article Two: Do sociocultural factors influence college students' self-rated health status and health-promoting lifestyles? A cross-sectional multicenter study in Dalian, China An article published in BMC public health was published in the central biomedical database to address the sociocultural factors and their impact on the healthy lifestyles adopted by college students. This cross-sectional multicenter research studied the role of sociocultural factors in shaping self-rated health status in college students in health promotion lifestyles. This study targeted 829 college students comprising 60.8% Chinese and international learners. The international students reported a lower health-promoting lifestyle than the Chinese counterparts. Each group's psychological response was influenced by factors like smoking, the body mass index, and financials (Lolokote, Hidru & Li, 2017). The study found that health status and lifestyle are essential in determining wellness in college students. This cross-sectional study is peer-reviewed. Made numerous submissions concerning the review process to ensure the validity and effectiveness of the authors` ideas (Lolokote, Hidru & Li, 2017). The peer-review process comprised numerous improvements to produce the final manuscript. This study is best suited in the background and literature review sections of the research project. In the background section, the research will provide insight into sociocultural factor's roles in influencing health. The article will offer a deeper understanding of the relationship between health-promoting lifestyles and self-rated status in the literature review section. Article Three: Social and cultural influences on food choices: A review An article published in Taylor and Francis Online Journal was published in the PubMed database to point out the impact of social and cultural impact on food choice. This project reviewed the role of social and cultural factors in shaping food choices. The research reviewed these factors based on their influences on the overall wellness trends the community exhibits (Enriquez & Archila-Godinez, 2021). From the study, the authors argue that human food choices are primarily influenced by the choices the community makes. Their traditional values influence community choices. Failure to observe ethics in food choices may undermine the ability to make the right food choice decisions (Enriquez & Archila-Godinez, 2021). This peer-reviewed article offers an insight into the issues that influence physical health and wellness outcomes by considering the socioeconomic frameworks. This research provides valid and conclusive findings based on the review processes followed. The research documents credible evidence that can be replicated and applied in the clinical setting through these processes. I Will used this article in the literature review section. The evidence offered can be used to promote understanding the researcher exhibits in discussing the topic mentioned above. On the same note, using this research in the literature review section will encourage deeper learning and understanding of the issue mentioned generating historical trends of the previous developments. References Enriquez, J. P., & Archila-Godinez, J. C. (2021). Social and cultural influences on food choices: A review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 1-7. Hurlimann, T., Peña-Rosas, J. P., Saxena, A., Zamora, G., & Godard, B. (2017). Ethical issues in the development and implementation of nutrition-related public health policies and interventions: A scoping review. PloS one, 12(10), e0186897. Lolokote, S., Hidru, T. H., & Li, X. (2017). Do sociocultural factors influence college students' self-rated health status and health-promoting lifestyles? A cross-sectional multicenter study in Dalian, China. BMC public health, 17(1), 1-14. 0 Cultural and Ethical Perspectives Food environment related to the Decline in Bee Populations as a Public Health Issue Would Approaching the Food Environment Related to the Decline in Bee Populations as a Public Health Issue Decrease Rates of Chronic Disease for Americans? A Registered Dietitian’s Perspective August 25, 2020 Kathryn Ayres MA RD LDN West Coast University 1 Origin of Environmental Injustice: Decline in bee populations There have been many documented cases of bee population losses throughout history. However, between the years 2006-2007 bee populations across the globe experienced unprecedented losses of 80 – 100% (Oldroyd, 2007). This drastic decline was named colony collapse disorder (CCD) and was characterized by the initial loss of the worker bees but not the queen, nurse bees or food for the immature bees. Eventually the colony dies due to the lack of resources provided to the hive by the worker bees (Environmental Protection Agency [EPA], 2018). This prompted governmental agencies and research organizations from around the world to launch a scientific investigation into the cause of CCD. The research has found that CCD is a multifaceted issue related to the loss of biodiversity, nutritional stress and exposure to pesticides which has led to immunosuppression and increased pathogenic infections (Oldroyd, 2007). This problem has been driven by the industrialization of farming and maintained by political and corporate interests in the agricultural sector as well as American food culture. Loss of Biodiversity In order for bees to meet their nutritional needs they must pollinate a diverse crop population. A study published in PNAS found that a lack of plant diversity for bees caused insufficient pollination in watermelons and a decline in worker bee populations. The study compared organic and conventional farming management as well as proximity to naturally biodiverse land. Pollination contribution and abundance of bees was measured through the number of newly opened female flowers in on watermelon vines and the number of bees that visited the flower respectively. The results found that bees pollinating organic farms near biodiverse flora were able to provide full pollination services. However, as biodiversity of the surrounding area decreased, the pollination services could not meet the needs of the watermelon. The abundance 2 of the bees also decreased in the monocultured areas because their nutritional needs where not met. The researchers concluded that plant diversity is essential in maintaining a healthy colony and warned that expansion of intensive farming will create ecosystems that cannot provide adequate nutrition for native or commercial bees (Kremen, Williams, & Thorp, 2002). Nutritional Stress When the polyflora does not meet the hives nutritional needs’ the bees experience nutritional stress. A consequence of this malnutrition is immunosuppression and increased susceptibility to disease. A study published by Scientific Reports analyzed how habitat depletion and loss of biodiversity impact the strength and health of the hive. Sixty-two colonies were placed in a nutritionally poor Eucalyptus grandis plantation for the season and were divided into two groups. Half of the hives received a polyfloral pollen supplement. The other hives were used as a control and did not receive supplementation. The researchers examined pollen composition, colony strength and Nosema ceranae infection. The bees that received the supplement had high concentrations of amino acids in their pollen, higher populations of adult bees and lower rates of infection over the growing season. It was concluded that nutritional stress is linked with the suppression of the immune system making bees more vulnerable to disease (Branchiccela, 2019). Pesticides Another area of CCD research has been pesticide exposure. Neonicotinoids have been the focus of the investigation because their debut and systemic usage have correlated with the decline of bee populations. Bayer CropScience release neonicotinoids onto the United States’ market in 1991. What was different about this pesticide at the time was that it is used as a seed dressing which allows the chemical to integrate into the plant as it grows, including the pollen. 3 Neonicotinoids, named after its mechanism of action, bind to the post-synaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the central nervous system (CNS) and permanently prevents the binding of acetylcholine. The blockage of this pathway has been linked with several deadly outcomes such as loss of genetic diversity, homing ability and immunosuppression (Mason, Tennekes, Sánchez-Bayo, Jepsen, 2013) The increased need for pesticide usage can be linked with the loss of biodiversity. This is because not all insects are polyphagous like bees. Many insects are monophagous, meaning they only need to feed on one crop species to survive (Di, Zhang, Zhang, Wang, & Liu 2018). Intensive farming provides this simplistic diet for pests through the planting of monocultures. Monocultures are an agricultural technique that plants one species of crops for an entire field. This gives different species of pests’ advantages because of the missing complex ecosystem that distributes resources and allows for population control. The lack of natural pesticides, that have co-evolved with insects, has increased the need for manufactured pesticide usage to sustain current agricultural practices (Lundgren, & Fausti, 2015). Money, Power & Control: Big Agribusiness The planting of commodity crops such as corn and soy have significantly contributed to the loss of biodiversity through the expansion of monocultures. In 1983 there was approximately 60.2 million planted acres of corn and since 2020 has expanded to over 97 million acres. Corn is also highly profitable for the United States. This crop makes up two-thirds of the grain exported from the United States and through advancements in technology the yield per acre has increased by 73.2 bushels (Feedgrains Sector at a Glance, 2020). Its estimated economic value in 2005 was 21 billion dollars making it the most valuable crop in the United States. (Ash, Livezey, & Dohlman & 2006,) Soybean expansion has seen similar growth. Soybean farmers intend to plant 4 83.5 million acres in 2020, up 10% from the year before. The bushels harvested per acre has increased from 34.2 in 1991 to 53.3 in 2019 while their price has decreased from $14.40 per bushel in 2012 to $8. 75 (USDA, 2020). This has made it the second most utilized crop in the United States, valued at $17 billion in 2005 (Ash et al., 2006). The increased efficiency and profitability have contributed to the transformation of agricultural practices. The industrialization of farming began in 1970 when Russia experienced a grain shortage. Many of the regulations put in place to control market prices of commodity crops were rolled back to allow for mass production of commodity crops including corn and soy. After Russia recovered, product flooded the market and the price of commodity crops dropped below market value making it impossible for farmers to make a profit. To stabilize prices big agribusinesses pushed policy makers to continue to support increasing crop yields and export crops to other countries. The market-driven agricultural policy forced US farmers to rely on exportation to compensate for the excess supply yet still remain dependent on subsidies. Agribusinesses benefit from this system because it allows them to buy product below market value from farmers, while the taxpayers supplement the farmers’ incomes. This current system allowed for agribusinesses such as pesticide, seed and food manufactures to make billions of dollars a year which they use to protect their interests (Farm Bill 101, 2015). Agribusinesses use several strategies to control policy and the market which include maintaining a “revolving door,” industry published research, consolidation of power and lobbying. There are over 330 cases of employees shuffling between the USDA, EPA and several chemical and seed companies. This revolving door allows for former employees from the industry and government to work for the other and share information and insight that each 5 organization possess with one another. This makes it easier for the corporations to maintain power and control (EcoWatch, 2016). Agrobusiness have also polluted evidence-based science by publishing bias industry funded studies. There are examples of this across agricultural and food processing industries. A study published in PLOS Medicine examined the conclusions of 206 nutrition related articles that were either industry or independently funded. The researchers found that the conclusions where significantly related to the funding source (Lesser, Ebbeling, Goozner, Wypij & Ludwig, 2007). This commercial bias creates confusion amongst the general population and policy makers which can have major consequences on public health. The industries follow up with strategic tobaccostyle marketing to further sow doubt and slow any attempt at reform (EcoWatch, 2016). Merging of farms and corporations has also aided in the consolidation of power. The number of corn farms with over 500 acres has increased (Feedgrains Sector at a Glance, 2020). Of the 2.1 million farms in the United States 80,000 or 4% of them produce 75% percent of agricultural production (A Framework for Assessing Effects of the Food System, 2015). Several mergers of chemical and seed companies have also occurred between Monsanto and Bayer as well as Dupont and Dow Chemical and has helped to contribute to the agribusiness’ oligarchy. A significant causative factor to maintaining their control is contributing to political candidates’ campaigns and lobbying to support their special interests. Agribusinesses contributed $50,732,932 to candidates in the 2019 – 2020 election cycle (Agribusiness: Money to Congress, 2020). BayerScience, the creator of noenicitinoids, alone spent 9,140,000 in lobbying in 2019 to protect their profits and interests (Client Profile: Bayer AG, 2019). Some of this money has been used to prevent the study neonicotinoids (Ecowatch, 2016). This multilayered campaign to 6 maintain control of the market and protect their interests has been very effective at diverting attention away from their role in CCD. Legislation: The Pollinator Protection Act Despite the strategic interference, representatives have attempted to propose legislation at the state and federal level to address the decline in bee populations. The Pollinator Protection Act was first introduced to the United States senate by democratic senator Barbara Boxer from California. The bill authorized $9,000,000 in appropriations to the Secretary of Agriculture, through the Agricultural Research Service for various research initiatives around the country. These include research on honeybee physiology, insect pathology, insect chemical ecology, and honey, native bee toxicology and research to identify causes and solutions for Colony Collapse Disorder (Boxer, 2007). However, the bill was never put to a vote. In 2013 a new bill was introduced under the name The American Pollinator Protection Act by Democratic Representatives Earl Blumenauer of Oregon and John Conyers Jr. of Michigan. This bill proposes a joint initiative between the U.S department of Agriculture, Environmental Protection Agency and Department of the Interior to collect more comprehensive data on wild bee populations. It also seeks to establish an independent pesticide review broad that consists of beekeepers, scientists and farmers. The bill has yet to be put to a vote and 2019 and has entered its 5th iteration. (Graber-Stiehl, 2019). However, neither bill addresses the root causes of CCD such as loss of habitat, biodiversity or climate change, factors exasperated by intensive farming utilized to meet consumer demands. In order to compressively address the decline in bee populations, the existential lifestyle of Americans must also be a part of policy reform and cultural change. 7 Cultural Norms: Standard American Diet (SAD) The Standard American Diet (SAD) is a dietary pattern that consists foods that are calorie dense but devoid of micronutrients associated with disease prevention. These dietary patterners are highly influenced by aggressive and strategic marketing as well as flavor enhancing additives. The food industry mass produces inexpensive products that are hyperpalatable and exploit gustatory and visual physiology. This has created a culture of supersized portions and over consumption. The major staples of this lifestyle include corn and soy, the same monocultured crops used to make big agribusinesses multibillion-dollar industries (Nestle, 2013). Corn and soy are both used in animal feed for meat production as well and used in processed foods. Soy is the primary protein found in animal feed and is used to make processed oils (USD, 2020). Corn is used in processed foods such as high fructose corn syrup and other sweeteners (Feedgrains Sector at a Glance, 2020). Diets high in animal products and processed foods have been linked with chronic disease and have been shown to make up a substantial portion of American’s diets (Nestle, 2013). Authors from a study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association found that 56.2% of calories consumed by Americans are derived from major subsidized crops, which are grown in monocultures. Their study also found that the individuals that had the highest intake of commodity crops had a higher probability of cardiometabolic risk factors such as elevated C reactive protein, LDL and blood glucose levels as well as a BMI >30 and a height to waist circumference ratio of at least .60. The authors concluded that the consumption of commodity crops was significantly associated with obesity and related risk factors (Siegel, 2016). Their suggestion of aligning agricultural and nutritional policies to address the 8 prevalence of obesity would inadvertently aid in protecting bees. Both fields of science support that polycutlures are needed to meet the nutritional needs of both bees and humans and by eating a diverse diet, both species have lower rates of disease. Ethical Obligation of the Health Care Professional: Registered Dietitian One group of health care professionals that have the potential to play an integral role in protecting biodiverse agriculture through the promotion of disease preventative foods are registered dietitians (RD). Registered dietitians are credentialed and licensed experts in the scientific field of nutrition. In the past agricultural has not been required curriculum for this profession. However, as the link between agriculture policy, sustainability and health becomes more established, RDs and their associations have begun to recognize their professional obligation to be involved (Vogliano, Steiber, & Brown, 2015). Of the three major institutions that govern the field of dietetics the professional organization, The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, has been the most progressive in establishing its position on the responsibility dietitians have in promoting sustainability and environmental stewardship. In 2015 nutrition leaders came together to identify areas where health and nutrition interact with agriculture and what members can do to strengthen efforts in sustainable farming. The panel of experts also sought to find ways RDs can be involved in initiatives that seek to increase availability of nutrient dense food to improve nutrition interventions. They also wanted to find ways to increase the scope of practice by expanding curriculum to better educate future professionals about the impact of agriculture. At the conclusion of the conference the academy officially recognized that dietitians have a responsibility to promote sustainable farming and protect the environment to ensure access to nutrient dense food to prevent malnutrition and chronic disease. They also believe RDs can be 9 valuable assets in these efforts because of their unique skill set in assessing equitable diets and nutrition intervention outcomes (Vogliano et al, 2015). The Accrediting Council for Education in Nutrition and Dietetics (ACEND), the accrediting body for nutrition and dietetics programs, includes several competencies, in both the revised and newly proposed model, for agriculture and environmental issues. For example, competence 1.1.1 requires students to be able to identify environmental factors that influence the development of disease. Sustainability is also included in competencies 1.6, 3.3.1 and 3.2 while agriculture is included in competency 3.4. (Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics [AND], 2020). Another major effort to promote sustainable food sources has been at a grassroot level. Many individual registered dietitians have organized initiatives and incorporated environmental stewardship into their business plans or curriculum. For example, a collaboration between The Culinary Institute of America (CIA) and the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health created Menus of Change which includes environmental sustainably, social responsibly, and ethical practices into their curriculum for foodservice professionals (Bonci, 2016). These changes indicate that the scope of the practice does include promoting sustainable practices. This change is in response to the need for experts that can fill the nutritional gap between the agriculture sector and disease prevention. One of the issues that falls under this new umbrella is the protection of safe food environments for bees. Without bees the goal of achieving nutrition capacity is impossible. 10 References Ash, M., Livezey, J., & Dohlman, E. (2006, April). Electronic Outlook Report from the Economic Research Service. Retrieved September 6, 2020, from https://www.ers.usda.gov/webdocs/outlooks/38482/29495_ocs200601.pdf?v=5388.7 Boxer, B. (2007, June 26). S.1694 - 110th Congress (2007-2008): Pollinator Protection Act of 2007. Retrieved September 04, 2020, from https://www.congress.gov/bill/110thcongress/senate-bill/1694?r=85 Bonci, L. (2016, January). Menus of Change - Today's Dietitian Magazine. Retrieved September 03, 2020, from https://www.todaysdietitian.com/newarchives/0116p30.shtml Branchiccela, B., Castelli, L., Corona, M., Díaz-Cetti, S., Invernizzi, C., Martínez de la Escalera, G., Mendoza, Y., Santos, E., Silva, C., Zunino, P., & Antúnez, K. (2019). Impact of nutritional stress on the honeybee colony health. Scientific reports, 9(1), 10156. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-46453-9 Client Profile: Bayer AG. (2019). Retrieved September 06, 2020, from https://www.opensecrets.org/federallobbying/clients/summary?cycle=2019&id=D000042363 Colony Collapse Disorder. (2018, April 26). Retrieved September 02, 2020, from https://www.epa.gov/pollinator-protection/colony-collapse-disorder Committee on a Framework for Assessing the Health, Environmental, and Social Effects of the Food System; Food and Nutrition Board; Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources; Institute of Medicine; National Research Council; Nesheim MC, Oria M, Yih PT, editors. A Framework for Assessing Effects of the Food System. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2015 Jun 17. 4, Environmental Effects of the U.S. Food System. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK305182/ Di, N., Zhang, K., Zhang, F., Wang, S., & Liu, T. X. (2018). Polyculture and Monoculture Affect the Fitness, Behavior and Detoxification Metabolism of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Frontiers in physiology, 9, 1392. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01392 Doublet, V., Labarussias, M., de Miranda, J. R., Moritz, R. F., & Paxton, R. J. (2015). Bees under stress: sublethal doses of a neonicotinoid pesticide and pathogens interact to elevate honey bee mortality across the life cycle. Environmental microbiology, 17(4), 969–983.https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.12426 EcoWatch. (2016, June 30). Buzz Kill: How the Pesticide Industry Blocks Bee Protections Nationwide. Retrieved September 06, 2020, from https://www.ecowatch.com/buzz-killhow-the-pesticide-industry-blocks-bee-protections-nationwide-1891178052.html “Farm Bill 101.” Food & Water Watch, 21 Oct. 2015, www.foodandwaterwatch.org/insight/farm-bill-101. 11 Feedgrains Sector at a Glance. (2020, February 26). Retrieved September 06, 2020, from https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/crops/corn-and-other-feedgrains/feedgrains-sector-at-a glance/ Future Education Model. (2020). Retrieved September 03, 2020, from https://www.eatrightpro.org/acend/accreditation-standards-fees-and-policies/future education-model Graber-Stiehl, I. (2019, May 24). New Law Would Help Bees-but Could Leave Other Pollinators out in the Cold. Retrieved September 04, 2020, from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/new-law-would-help-bees-but-could-leaveother-pollinators-out-in-the-cold/ Kremen, C., Williams, N. M., & Thorp, R. W. (2002). Crop pollination from native bees at risk from agricultural intensification. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 99(26), 16812–16816. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.262413599 Lesser, L. I., Ebbeling, C. B., Goozner, M., Wypij, D., & Ludwig, D. S. (2007). Relationship between funding source and conclusion among nutrition-related scientific articles. PLoS medicine, 4(1), e5. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0040005 Lundgren, J. G., & Fausti, S. W. (2015). Trading biodiversity for pest problems. Science advances, 1(6), e1500558. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500558 Agribusiness: Money to Congress. (2020, August 21). Retrieved September 06, 2020, from https://www.opensecrets.org/industries/summary.php?ind=A Oldroyd B. P. (2007). What's killing American honey bees?. PLoS biology, 5(6), e168https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0050168 Siegel, K. R., McKeever Bullard, K., Imperatore, G., Kahn, H. S., Stein, A. D., Ali, M. K., & Narayan, K. (2016). Association of Higher Consumption of Foods Derived From Subsidized Commodities With Adverse Cardiometabolic Risk Among US Adults. JAMA internal medicine, 176(8), 1124–1132.https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.2410 Vogliano, C., Steiber, A., & Brown, K. (2015). Linking Agriculture, Nutrition, and Health: The Role of the Registered Dietitian Nutritionist. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 115(10), 1710–1714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2015.06.009

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