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As a backbone to the society, ethics play an incredibly important role to the society because it arises from the conscience or a sense to determine right and wrong

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As a backbone to the society, ethics play an incredibly important role to the society because it arises from the conscience or a sense to determine right and wrong.

We cannot oblige a person to violate his conscience, but we must respect that decision even if we ourselves are convinced that it is wrong.

From the standpoint of a psychotherapy student the current tactics non balanced narrative, silenced opposition, unfounded, disproportionate reasonine, coercive methodsand mandates that are in effect to combat the COVID-19 spread within our communities are of questionable nature. The beginning of this pandemic brought fear throughout the globe the fear quickly spread to the media and the media quickly spread it to communities and homes and personal environments of thought the tactics used by the media in in forcing the government mandates and perspectives when neither the government nor the media had medical authority to do so is the first question and point that causes concern for me personally as a student of ethics critical thought and asking questions that need to be asked the swift disk which with the virus had gained popularity and protocol was astounding to me and was one of the first things that caused me to pay attention not because of the seriousness but because of the nature of the tactics used to advertise the fears of this virus the fact that I'd never heard about this virus and yet it was already claiming to be a global pandemic may be quite caused for concern as I knew that the only way that that could happen if I was not already aware of it was that there is something bigger at play.

As a backbone to the society, ethics play an incredibly important role to the society because it arises from the conscience or a sense to determine right and wrong.

We cannot oblige a person to violate his conscience, but we must respect that decision even if we ourselves are convinced that it is wrong.

Personally I along with my family traveled in January of 2019 the spearhead era or point in time which this virus became known to the world. In all reality I actually did fall quite ill shortly after returning home from my trip not really placing any other significance on it other than that perhaps yes I have traveled and maybe I did pick up a bug but the sickness that I did in door was quite significant past any other flu or illness that I had in durd since being a human being. Having said this the sickness that I refer to took place quite a few weeks before I had been notified that there was a virus of concern therefore when I was ill with the sickness treated it nothing other than a flu and recovered if with great effort, with resilience and little more effort than I would a common flu.

I left my vacation in January, became sick in the beginning of February, found out about a killer virus late February early March and by the middle of March we were in lockdown.

While today as it appears vaccines are being mandated in New York and other States, in May of this year New York Governor Andrew Cuomo categorically declared that by law vaccines cannot be directly or indirectly mandated. Speaking at a Covid briefing held May 4th 2021, Governor Cuomo declared:

“My agenda is very simple. I want to incentivize as many New Yorkers as possible to get vaccinated.”

Emphasizing that incentivizing vaccines was the best route to immunizing the unvaccinated New Yorkers because he cannot legally mandate vaccines.

Cuomo continued:

“You cannot mandate vaccines because the vaccines are approved under something called an emergency use authorization, EUA, and by law, you can’t mandate a vaccine approved under an EUA,” Gov. Cuomo said. “So you can’t, say for example, college students must have a vaccine. You cannot mandate a vaccine under an EUA. You can mandate measles which had a full approval, but you can’t mandate these vaccines which are still all under emergency use authorization.”

“a constitutional right to bodily integrity, autonomy, and of medical treatment choice in the context of a vaccination mandate.”

Health and mental health care in the United States are embedded in Western science and medicine, which emphasize scientific inquiry and objective evidence. The self-correcting features of modern science - new methods, peer review, and openness to scrutiny through publication in professional journals - ensure that as knowledge is developed, it builds on, refines, and often replaces older theories and discoveries

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK44249/

2. Members set and follow special standards for carrying on their occupational work.

* At least one of these standards must go beyond what law, the marketplace, ordinary morality (what a ordinary moral person must do) and public opinion demand. (i.e. a good mercenary only needs to fulfill the terms of his contract, a good, professional soldier must serve his country honorably, even when ordinary morality, law, and public opinion do not require it.) (3) https://ethics.iit.edu/teaching/professional-ethics

Professional Codes of Ethics

A code of ethics...prescribes how professionals are to pursue their common ideal so that each may do the best she can at a minimal cost to herself and those she cares about (including the public...). The code is to protect each professional from certain pressures (for example, the pressure to cut corners to save money) by making it reasonably likely (and more likely then otherwise) that most other members of the profession will not take advantage of her good conduct...A code is a solution to a coordination problem.” (Davis, Michael. “Thinking Like an Engineer” pp.153-4).

(For the next section, it may be helpful to look at a code of ethics. Take a look at the National Association for Professional Engineers Code of Ethics. What sections of the code mention the following obligations?)

Individual Professional Obligations:

1. An individual’s professional obligations are derived from the profession and its code, tradition, society's expectations, contracts, laws, and rules of ordinary morality

2. A professional has obligations to his/her

Employer
Clients/Customers
Other Professionals- relations of collegiality, specific expectations of reciprocity
Profession as a collectivity
Society - responsibility to serve the public interest

Upshot: A professional is not a mere hired gun; responsibilities go with knowledge and position.

Individual Responsibility:

1. Sphere of tasks – daily/regular responsibilities

2. For outcome caused by one’s actions or decisions

3. Liability = answerability for one’s actions or decisions

4. Capacity - to appreciate, to control one's behavior

5. Moral responsibility - looking ahead to and caring about what happens to oneself and others.

https://ethics.iit.edu/teaching/professional-ethics

Culture has a pervasive influence over important aspects of people's everyday experience,including their perceptions of, and interactions with, mental health services ( 14 , 19 , 20 ). For instance, cultural differencesinfluence mental health help-seeking strategies, affecting variables such as problem identification, problem definition, and treatment or provider choices ( 14 ). Simply stated, culture influences what gets defined as a problem, how the problem is understood,and which solutions to theproblem are acceptable. Culture also affects mental health services when there are cultural differences between providers andindividualsreceiving services. When unacknowledged and unaddressed, these differences have been found to perpetuate disparities through misdiagnosis and mistreatment ( 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ). Culturally competent mental health services are to a great extenttied to aservice organization's ability to appropriately understand and respond to the cultural characteristics of the community it serves ( 11 ).

It often hasbeen suggested that increasing cultural competence in providing psychiatric services can contribute to the reduction of existing mental health service disparities ( 5 , 6 ). According to one popular definition, cultural competence in mental health services occurs when a set of congruent behaviors, attitudes, and policies come together in a system, an agency, or among professionals to enable effective cross-cultural work ( 7 ). Although the proposition that increased cultural competence in providing psychiatric services can reduce existing disparities is appealing, cultural competence lacks a clear means of operationalization that can direct research and practice ( 8 , 9 , 10 ).

https://ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/ps.2009.60.8.1046

How the media is used helped government weaponizes our cultural standards values, morality and ethics Phycology of Manipulation on our behaviour phycology, against us through propaganda in political advertising and information controlled by the mainstream media’s narrative.

nless you have a way of producing or delivering them more cheaply than anyone else, you generally want to avoid selling parity products. A parity product is one that is no different from other products in its category. When you can't differentiate your product's benefits from the competition, you must resort either to superior marketing or to having the lowest price. (And superior marketing is difficult when you have no benefits to tout.)

https://blog.cauvin.org/2006/06/parity-products.html

A psychotherapy students earnest questions regarding the ethics of the profession, her person and society and how they align with the current biopsychosocial environment of the day

Although the Ethics Code permits psychologists to engage in these activities in their leisure time, participation in such high profile behavior could have unplanned detrimental effects. Assumptions could easily be made by the public that all psychologists hold a similar opinion on specific controversial issues based on the psychologist’s public position. Given that APA only takes a stance when there is considerable scientific evidence supporting a particular direction on an issue, this could lead individuals or organizations to assume that research has been done supporting an argument that psychologists are making in their leisure time. Further, this behavior could make some individuals reluctant to seek help or continue to feel comfortable with their therapists, supervisors, or professors.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4204330/pdf/nihms559447.pdf

Public health terms and phrases propetuated by use in the media.

Creates a social higharachy blaming unvaccinated for the problem, and deviding vaxxed and unvaxxed

Doctors who has spoken out on covid ethics have sacrificed their jobs to tell the truth, and mainstream media helps to condemn them.

By now it should be clear that there's a lot going on psychologically in political ads. The factual content, although important, is not the principal driver of political behavior. And yet the standard critiques of political ads are limited to the accuracy of factual claims. This is what groups like Factcheck.org and Media Matters do. (FAIR goes a bit deeper and looks at sources of bias that arise due to structural issues, yet could benefit from more coverage of psychological mechanisms like those mentioned here.)

In order to raise the bar on our politics, we need to improve public understandings of how the political mind works. People need to be taught about political psychology as part of their civic education. They need to know how they have been manipulated in the past in order to protect themselves from blatant ethical violations in the future.

The integrity of a political ad can no longer be limited to "just the facts." People need to know how their behavior is influenced by the hidden processes in our brains. It is only by going deeper that we will see the light at the other side of the tunnel and restore civility to our civil discourse.

between values, morality and ethics

importance of self-reflection, how to ask good questions and evaluate evidence, how to learn from the past and why democracy requires civic virtue.

Canada is governed by laws which are based on ethics.

“The right to determine what shall or shall not be done with one’s own body, and to be free from non-consensual medical treatment, is a right deeply rooted in our common law.” These aren’t my words; they are the words of Justice Sydney Robins of the Ontario Court of Appeal.

“Why,” as a nurse recently asked, “do the protected need to be protected from the unprotected by forcing the unprotected to use the protection that did not protect the protected in the first place?”

What has happened to our leadership? Our Prime Minister leads the battle cry: “Don’t think you’re getting on a plane,” he threatened. Campaign promises are now segregationist public policy. Our government encourages us daily to be divisive and hateful.

The issue is not whether you know more about virology than our public health officials; the issue is why we aren’t all calling them out for not being willing to engage with the evidence and debate someone who has a different opinion.

The dismissive, well-rehearsed messaging of our public health officials has created a highly efficient machine that does not publish its evidence or engage in debate, but only issues orders that we obligingly follow. With the help of the media, its mistakes are hidden, its policies unquestioned, its dissenters silenced.

There is, I would argue, little value in insuring the survival of our nation if our freedom to debate, to criticize, to demand evidence for what our government asks of us does not survive with it.

Dr. Julie Ponesse

https://brownstone.org/articles/do-not-give-up-your-rights-dr-julie-ponesses-remarkable-speech/

Cultural criticism

Capitialist societies are adept at disseminating their ideological beliefs without having to resort to force. Ideaology is passed on at the level of ideas, as much as by economic pressures,( often unwittingly) by the individials involved

Health literacy is important for the comprehension of the recommendations and their translation into adequate preventive behaviours.
The objective COVID-19 knowledge level has been reported to be positively associated with compliance to recommended preventive practices against the virus.

https://epiprev.it/articoli_scientifici/factors-associated-with-self-perceived-knowledge-of-covid-19-a-study-among-women-from-the-ninfea-birth-cohort

In particular, it was found a noteworthy increase in sedentariness, alcohol consumption, and tobacco smoking. A meaningful proportion of respondents reported a worsening of eating habits, especially among women. However, for each of the behavioural risk factors investigated, small proportions of respondents with resilient attitudes were also found, namely, capable of taking advantage of social isolation for improving their daily habits. Studying changes in lifestyles during a pandemic, identifying population groups most at risk of adopting unfavourable behaviours, is a useful tool for policy makers to plan targeted and effective public health interventions.

https://epiprev.it/articoli_scientifici/did-social-isolation-during-the-sars-cov-2-epidemic-have-an-impact-on-the-lifestyles-of-citizens

Mandating COVID-19 vaccines under an EUA is legally and ethically problematic. The act authorizing the FDA to issue EUAs requires the secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) to specify whether individuals may refuse the vaccine and the consequences for refusal. Vaccine mandates are unjustified because an EUA requires less safety and efficacy data than full Biologics License Application (BLA) approval. Individuals would also likely distrust vaccine mandates under emergency use, viewing it as ongoing medical research.

Viewpoint

December 29, 2020

Mandating COVID-19 Vaccines

Lawrence O. Gostin, JD¹; Daniel A. Salmon, MPH, PhD²; Heidi J. Larson, PhD³

Author Affiliations Article Information

JAMA. 2021;325(6):532-533. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.26553

COVID-19 Resource Center

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Editorial

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Vaccine Research and Testing

Ethical discussions also surround the research and testing of vaccines, including discussions about vaccine development, and study design, population, and trial location.

To be licensed, vaccines go through many years of research, and must pass rigorous safety and efficacy standards.^[1] The vaccine development and research process includes diverse experts many scientific and social disciplines, including public health, epidemiology, immunology, and statistics, and from pharmaceutical companies. These stakeholders may have conflicting priorities and motives, which contributes to various ethical discussions.^[10]

Sometimes researchers disagree about whom to include in vaccine trials. To properly test a vaccine’s effectiveness, a clinical trial including a control group that does not get the test vaccine is usually necessary.^[1]Failing to provide any adequate preventive option can be a difficult decision when the vaccine can potentially prevent a serious, untreatable, or fatal infection, however. For instance, TB vaccine researchers have struggled to devise ethical control group procedures. Existing TB vaccines, called Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccines, are not always effective to prevent TB, and can cause infections in people with compromised immune systems, such as people living with HIV/AIDS. When they test the effectiveness of new strategies, researchers debate over whether or not it is safe and ethical to give control participants these vaccines.^[11]

https://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/articles/ethical-issues-and-vaccines

“The politicization of vaccines, not just in the case of COVID-19 but also with regard to measles and many other diseases, is a key problem of public health where social science is essential for understanding the problem of persuasion,” said Saad B. Omer, director of the Yale Institute for Global Health and a co-author of the study.

The study, a collaboration between political scientists and epidemiologists, is an example of the cross-disciplinary partnerships that Yale fosters, said Gregory Huber, the Forst Family Professor of Political Science at Yale and a co-author of the paper. “We believe this study shows the value of rapid and interdisciplinary social science research in understanding contemporary policy problems,” he said.

The research was supported by Yale’s Tobin Center for Economic Policy, the Center for the Study of American Politics, the Institution for Social and Policy Studies, and the Yale Institute for Global Health.

https://news.yale.edu/2020/10/27/politics-affect-public-buy-covid-19-vaccine-study-shows

One of the bottom lines is that we don’t know how long social distancing measures and lockdowns can be maintained without major consequences to the economy, society, and mental health. Unpredictable evolutions may ensue, including financial crisis, unrest, civil strife, war, and a meltdown of the social fabric. At a minimum, we need unbiased prevalence and incidence data for the evolving infectious load to guide decision-making.

By John P.A. Ioannidis March 17, 2020

https://www.statnews.com/2020/03/17/a-fiasco-in-the-making-as-the-coronavirus-pandemic-takes-hold-we-are-making-decisions-without-reliable-data/

Objective analysis of Autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence and justice would lean towards waiting for the fog of medicine to clear, and eliminating political interference. That would be best for Americans, and best for restoring the trust in our medical profession. Best case scenario would be avoiding thalidomide complications. Worst case scenario would be widespread natural immunity like India.

On a national scale, I am pessimistic about these issues, yet on a micro level these nuanced discussions have already helped many Americans make decisions regarding their healthcare.

https://themannerbund.com/2021/10/18/an-ethical-evaluation-of-mandates/

1.05 Reporting Ethical Violations
If an apparent ethical violation has substantially harmed or is likely to substantially harm a person or organization and is not appropriate for informal resolution under Standard 1.04, Informal Resolution of Ethical Violations , or is not resolved properly in that fashion, psychologists take further action appropriate to the situation. Such action might include referral to state or national committees on professional ethics, to state licensing boards, or to the appropriate institutional authorities. This standard does not apply when an intervention would violate confidentiality rights or when psychologists have been retained to review the work of another psychologist whose professional conduct is in question. (See also Standard 1.02, Conflicts Between Ethics and Law, Regulations, or Other Governing Legal Authority .)

Cultural and social context weigh more heavily in causation of depression. In the same international studies cited above, prevalence rates for major depression varied from 2 to 19 percent across countries (Weissman et al., 1996). Family and molecular biology studies also indicate less heritability for major depression than for bipolar disorder and schizophrenia (NIMH, 1998). Taken together, the evidence points to social and cultural factors, including exposure to poverty and violence, playing a greater role in the onset of major depression. In this context, it is important to note that poverty, violence, and other stressful social environments are not unique to any part of the globe, nor are the symptoms and manifestations they produce. However, factors often linked to race or ethnicity, such as socioeconomic status or country of origin can increase the likelihood of exposure to these types of stressors.

Cultural and social factors have the most direct role in the causation of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD is a mental disorder caused by exposure to severe trauma, such as genocide, war combat, torture, or the extreme threat of death or serious injury (APA, 1994). These traumatic experiences are associated with the later development of a longstanding pattern of symptoms accompanied by biological changes (Yehuda, 2000).

* These special standards are morally binding to “professed” members of the profession. If a member freely declares (or professes) herself to be part of a profession, she is voluntarily implying that she will follow these special moral codes. If the majority of members of a profession follow the standards, the profession will have a good reputation and members will generally benefit; if the majority of members violate these voluntary standards, professed members of a profession will be at a disadvantage or at the least receive no benefit from declaring a profession. (4)

Recommended Reading:

Andre, Judith. “Role Morality as a Complex Instance of Ordinary Morality.” American Philosophical Quarterly 28:1 (January 1991) 73-80.

This article looks at how the role an individual assumes in society (such as “engineer” or “physician,” when it is a voluntary role, or “grandmother” when it is not) oftentimes has a corresponding moral value, or moral obligations that can go beyond or differ from what is seen as ordinary morality. For example, lawyers have a moral obligation to help the client they are representing go free, regardless of that client’s innocence or guilt. We can old many roles simultaneously in society, and these roles are constantly shifting and being negotiated by society and by ourselves.

https://ethics.iit.edu/teaching/professional-ethics

https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-psychology-of-manipul_b_775420

Are you tired of all the negative attacks, robo calls, and smear campaigns this election season? Have you ever wondered why these deplorable tactics are so widespread in political communications? The simple answer is "because they work." But what exactly do they work for? I'd like to pull back the curtain and share some of the psychological mechanisms that shape political behavior and drive public discourse toward the lowest denominator.

First off, let's be clear about one thing: it is absolutely vital that we raise the bar on the quality of our politics. We have to successfully grapple with big threats to our economy and the future of our nation. And this is going to require more honesty, integrity, and straight talk than we've seen in decades from our political leaders. Now is the time to break the Pandora's Box of political spin and start the difficult work of cleansing our toxic, divisive, and dysfunctional political culture.

Are you with me? Then read on...

Getting into the Spin Zone

It will probably come as no surprise that much of what you read, hear, and see in politics today is misleading at best, and sometimes downright dishonest. There are people who will try to convince you that voting for a particular candidate will lead to the destruction of capitalism and the downfall of Western Civilization. Others will push narratives about class warfare to spread doubt about tax increases that only impact the super rich. And others still will twist history to map today's chronic problems on their opponents when they were the ones responsible for creating the problems in the first place.

Yes, our politics is broken. And the breakdown has occurred in the landscape of conversations that shape public perception. Communication empires have been built to set the political agenda we live in today. And they are run by people who benefit from the covert manipulation of public will. One of the direct benefits they get is political advantage when the nastiness of political ads turns off more reasonable people and polarizes the ideologues to cling to their base.

The spin zone was created to drive this very dynamic. It works like this:

1. Engage in demographic targeting. Cleave the populace into distinct groups that can be pitted against each other.
2. Evoke fear and disgust in viewers. This will either get them to rally to your side or withdraw from the conversation.
3. Strengthen bonds within your demographic base. Use messages that are tailor made for particular audiences.
4. Attack the opposition. Try to get as many people who might vote for your opponent to stay home on election day. (Learn more about this tactic in this radio interview I gave last week.)

It's an ugly game that gets played out every election cycle. Marketing techniques are used to tweak viewers emotions and influence their behavior. Much of this occurs with very little oversight or regulation.

Exposing The Root Drivers of Political Behavior

Political spin is designed to engage the emotional systems of viewers brains to achieve political outcomes. The key emotions that typically arise are fear, anger, and disgust. We rarely see hope, compassion, or awe used to inspire people to work together toward a common vision. The reasons for this become clear once we see how different emotional states influence how our brains process information.

Fear is a natural response to threats. It is part of our biological legacy to have a "fight or flight" system that increases our alertness so we can make rapid decisions when a new threat appears. One of the consequences of this alert state is that we tend to break the world into absolutes -- black or white, right or wrong, good or bad. We are less attuned to nuanced information about a person's moral character or the details of a policy proposal. We also fall back on our herd mentality with a tendency to uncritically align with people we consider to be like us (and to distance ourselves from those we consider "the other").

Anger arises when we feel pain. A flood of endorphins pour into our blood stream to make us less sensitive to our injuries. This creates a rush of energy that is typically directed toward whatever is nearby. When associated with an injustice, we target our anger toward the instigator of harm. As a result, we tend to have a lower sensitivity to the feelings of this person. Our ability to show compassion toward them is compromised.

Disgust is our body's way of telling us that we have been poisoned. It is most directly associated with our digestive system and involves the release of memory-enhancing hormones that encourage us to remember the source of contamination so we can avoid it in the future. The physical experience of disgust can be associated with the moral concept of purity. If a political label (e.g "liberal") is associated with an impurity, the disgust response will be imprinted for a long period of time.

All three of these emotional systems are targeted by political marketers seeking to manipulate voting behavior. They powerfully influence how people feel about candidates, policy options, and political parties. And they operate under the radar! Most viewers are unaware that these feelings are being manipulated.

Beyond 'Fact Checking'

And this means we need better standards for ethical communication. The "just the facts" strategy is too archaic to serve a 21st Century democracy.

Toward A New Definition of Integrity

People today are getting bombarded with political ads designed to evoke fear, anger, and disgust in viewers. Yet they are not armed with knowledge about how these emotions influence their behavior. This is why I have argued elsewhere that you need to understand political psychology. A light needs to be shined on the harmful impacts of negative ads on our public discourse.

We need higher levels of accountability that reveal manipulative tactics and penalize those who use them. A good way to begin this process is to deconstruct the mold of political ads. Two key elements of this approach are:

Revealing emotional patterns. The facts presented in an ad will be interpreted within the emotional state of the viewer, so it is necessary that these emotions be considered as part of the information content of political ads. This includes musical tonality, potent imagery, and the speed and intensity of colors, words, and sounds.

Analyzing political frames. Cultural models set the context for political ads. And they bring with them a set of emotional primers that shape how a candidate or political issue is understood. These models, also known as frames, allow the viewer to quickly interpret information and draw rapid conclusions. So they need to be considered as part of the communication process in order to determine whether the impression they create for a viewer is valid.

https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-psychology-of-manipul_b_775420

In every area of society, ethics comes into play. The time spent by individuals on ethics, is the key in having a successful life and career. Many societal views correlate ethics with integrity. Integrity is the single most important value/trait a person can have, it is your most powerful weapon. If your integrity is compromised in any way then so is your ability as an officer/person to conduct life. This paper will discuss the origin of ethical principles, personal and professional morals and ethics in relation to policing. The core values of a person gives them the ability to make the right and just decision.

Events that arise from ethical issues can build or destroy a person’s reputation. Ethical behavior builds respect, strengthens integrity and allows others to view you as an honest and trustworthy person. Values, beliefs, education, and experiences provide an ethical foundation in your life. Most of society does not want to be around unethical people and because of this; we look at others unfavorably when unethical behaviors are exhibited (Rice, 2006). Therefore, this is why you must be ethical.

What is Ethics?

Ethics is the study and examination of what constitutes good or bad conduct. Ethics is the classification of specific behaviors as right or wrong within a profession (Pollock, 2010). Because of the importance of ethics these guidelines are the foundation for success or failure in ones personal or private life.

Personal Ethical Code

Most people have an individual code of ethics based on values, beliefs, experience, culture, and education. Most people have a sense of what is right and wrong. Some situations may feel wrong even if society deems them right. This would be your ethical code. An ethical code is a source of values and characteristics that allows you to make a moral decision. In some cases, one choice may be preferable over another and your ethical code leads you to that conclusion. Everyone has a different set of ethical codes and a variety of opinions about how certain issues should be addressed. Ethical codes are the foundation of ethical behavior and decision-making (Reay, 2009). Without a strong set of values in the ethical code the morals of many individuals will be easily compromised.

Learned Ethics

There is evidence that teaching children at an early age is the most effective time to reinforce ethics. The issue is that the teaching of ethics must be learned by the child and reinforced by the parents. The parents and role models need to teach by example and by directing children with choices. Taking a proactive part in moral guidelines will shape and lead the person into adulthood and their life as a productive member of society.

The core values we learn start early in life. Parents need to establish good solid values and make sure children adhere to certain rules, morals and conduct. If a parent has impractical expectations or no rules, they will fail at producing a child who will be trustworthy, honest and moral.

Professional Ethics

Within the ideal of ethics there are distinctive traits and morals one must possess in their professional life. Integrity is the excellent qualities of character that are integral to an individual’s entire life, (both public and private). People of integrity do the right thing even when they think that no one is looking. Honesty is being able to be creditable and trust worthy as an officer. Honest officers are essential and their worth is beyond measure. Values are a measure of a person’s standards or qualities. These values can be described as Personal values, Organizational values, and Social Values. Standards are set guidelines to establish a baseline as to what the officer should or should not do. Courage is overcoming a person’s fear to do the right thing, even if it’s not the most accepted thing. Civility is being respectful and polite to all citizens encountered by law enforcement. A devotion to these building blocks provides a solid foundation towards a moral and ethical path in ones professional career.

Personal and Professional Ethics

The comparison between both personal and professional ethics correlates to the same values and beliefs in both instances. These two areas build on one another and if there is corruption in either area it will adversely effect the other. Therefore, we must all maintain a solid personal and professional ethical basis if we are to promote the ideal of ethics and morals in our personal and professional lives.

Ethical Decision Making

An ethical decision brings up the issue of how this result will affect others. These choices can be broken down in several distinct areas. The choice made will affect others in some way. Because of this, you need to think about what is the consequence. The second part deals directly with the decision you make and if it could end up hurting others. Life decisions have both good and bad outcomes. As a result, decisions need to be made with all the facts and determine what the best conclusion would be under the circumstances. The third process takes into consideration the adage, “Do unto others as you would have them do unto you”, which applies for the purposes of ethics in society today. Think about the options and base your judgment on the outcome. The last part of making an ethical decision relates to how others are going to respond to the resolution (Pollock, 2010). Any ethical decision has ramifications and people will have varying opinions on your actions and decisions.

Ethics and Policing

Members of the criminal justice system have a common expectation from the public. This expectation is a level of integrity, ethics and conduct that is required of them given their positions. People empower members of the criminal justice system because they do not want the responsibility.

The public expects all members of the criminal justice system to effectively and efficiently implement our laws and procedures. This is just a part of the commonality we as criminal justice professionals are expected to do. The criminal justice system as a whole is expected to create an environment where we can all life safely.

Speaking as a current law enforcement officer, I am expected to carry myself off duty as respectful as when I am on duty. I have an image to up hold and if that image is shamed in any way the trust and respect for my department is flawed. We are the ones in the community many outsiders have first contact with. Because of this, our demeanor and attitude is the deciding factor, which many focus their beliefs about all police and the criminal justice professionals.

Ethics Training for Law Enforcement

Departments need to conduct ethics training as part of a basic requirement for all new or existing employees on a regular basis. Whether the training is conducted in the Police Academy or at in-service training police need to be constantly reminded of their ethical behavior. Some officers believe they are doing nothing wrong. Those officers sometimes need the training to shed some light on their actions. No amount of training will give you ethics. I feel ethics is something I feel you either have or do not have. Officers need to realize when the decisions they make are unethical. Officers need to realize there are repercussions for making unethical decisions and creditability issues associated with bad moral character. I think it boils down to your character as an officer. I feel you either have it or you don’t it is not something that is learned or taught it is something you must already have inside you.

Conclusion

The lesson learned is ethics are a crucial part of society and we have to be aware how our actions affect people directly or indirectly. Our actions and decisions in any situation define how society views us. I do have a solid opinion on ethical decision making and I believe it has more to do with a person’s moral fiber, common sense, doing what is right, and looking outside the box.

UKEssays. (November 2018). The Concept Of Ethics In Society Philosophy Essay. Retrieved from https://www.ukessays.com/essays/philosophy/the-concept-of-ethics-in-society-philosophy-essay.php?vref=1

Ethics are hard to define, since they’re abstract and manipulable by society. Ethics are not something concrete that we can see with our own eyes.

Yet, ethics and human values in addition to our morals are all very important and invaluable for a well functioning society.

Just because ethics are not visible with our bare eyes doesn’t mean that they’re not there or not valuable.

Let’s find out why ethics are important and what the differences between ethics, human values and morals are.

Are ethics important?

Virtue ethics are often morals, which is how every individual determines what is right/good and what is wrong/bad in action.

This in turn means that ethics are our guideline to a civilized and well functioning society. For a large part, the society determines the existing ethics.

What we can conclude, however, is that there’s real utility in ethics and thus, that ethics and human values are important for a balanced, well functioning society.

Ethics gives us a vision to strive for in order to be the best possible version of our self which benefits our self, society, our family and basically the whole world. It guides us towards the proper way of conducting ourselves in the world.

Violent behavior for example is not tolerated in our western society and is considered unethical behavior. If you hit someone in the face, then there will be consequences in the form of a fine or jail time. In this case, the ethics, which are decided by our western society, determine that violence is wrong and thus society/government delivers punishment to violent people in order to deter them from aggressive behavior in the future.

However, the same ethics determine that using ‘violent’ behavior in order to defend yourself from danger is okay, as long as you use the minimal amount of necessary force. So this means that there’s a fine line between an ethic being considered good/right or bad/wrong.

Let us start off by describing the differences between ethics, values, morality and what the meaning of society is.

Definition of ethics, values, morality and society

ETHICS DEFINITION

Ethics are defining, recommending and defending the code of right and wrong. Virtue ethics refer to rules by external sources and are codes of conduct.

A person who is willing to do the right, moral thing, even though it might be hard and/or dangerous, is ethical.

Virtue ethics are defined by society and are often, though not always, our moral values in action!

VALUES DEFINITION

Value is the degree of importance of something or an action.

The goal of values is determining what the best way to live a meaningful life is, and what actions are meaningful to you as an individual.

MORALITY DEFINITION

Morality is the differentiation between right/good and wrong/bad in intentions, decisions and actions. Morals refer to an individual’s own principles regarding right and wrong. This is what we call moral principles

Morality, in my opinion, is defined by every individual itself. Because let’s say murder becomes legal.

Do you really think most people would find it okay and think it’s the right thing to do? Because I think if we would do a survey, then most people would find murder becoming legal a despicable proposition. Which implies that moral principles are not defined by society, but by the individual.

On the contrary, however, there are probably some people out there who find despicable behavior like stealing okay because “other people do it too.” This is what we call unethical or unethical principles.

SOCIETY MEANING

The meaning of society can be defined as a group of individuals who are involved in active and persistent social interaction, but can also be viewed as a larger social circle who shares a common social or spatial territory in a more or less ordered community.

What we can conclude is that ethics and human values plus our individual morals are important for maintaining a peaceful, cooperative society and finding personal meaning in life.

Why are ethics important for society

The utility in ethics lies in creating a guideline for proper behavior, so our society can function and flourish and can continue to exist in the future.

It also guides us on our way to become the best possible version of our self in the future. This is the main reason why ethics are important. However, for the sake of being precise, we will flesh out this main goal of ethics into little sub goals.

SATISFYING OUR BASIC HUMAN NEEDS FOR FULFILLMENT

Being honest with ourselves and with other people are important in order to trust each other and to have an open communication style.

Every person wants meaningful relationships and this is not possible if there’s no honesty, respect and trust in each other.

Searching and telling the truth to yourself and others is another important ethic.

Because good, thoughtful decisions and good behavior requires the truth.

Ethics are our guidelines to fairness and justice.

If people step out of line and are participating in harmful behavior, then there will be consequences in the form of punishment. Fairness and justice is encouraged by being rewarded.

Loving each other is important to feel fulfilled and happy as a human being.

In order to accomplish this, ethics like honesty and commitment are important and highly valued.

Ethical behavior teaches us to practice forgiveness and to resolve conflicts with words rather than with our fists.

Because violent behavior invites more violence, which means our society would collapse and regress to survival of the fittest. If this regression were to happen, then people would be in more danger than they are now in modern society.

Helping each other is another important ethic.

This is perhaps not as prevalent anymore in modern times than let’s say 50 years ago, as people now have more tools and money than they did before. Humans are highly social animals, and we survive by working and co-operating together.

PROTECTING THE SOCIETY

A society can only thrive if there are certain rules that everyone needs to uphold. If not, the society would collapse. Ethics help us strive and adhere to these rules.

Because without certain rules and policies like no rape, no murder and no violence our society would simply collapse and vanish. We apply and encourage those rules is the form of a reward and punishment system.

If you listen to the rules of society/government you are rewarded with for example money and respect. If you disobey the rules, you are punished with a fine and/or jail time among other examples. This system is used as a way to condition what we deem to be proper behavior in our society.

SACRIFICING SHORT TERM REWARDS FOR LONG TERM GAINS

Ethics like respect for each other, being honest and fair are ethics that pay off in the long term rather than in the short term.

Lying might even get you ahead and give you more rewards in the short term than being ethical because it satisfies your impulsive desires like for example immediate rewards, attention, substance abuse and aggressive behavior.

As a medium to long term strategy, however, it’s worthless because people will catch on to your dishonesty and untrustworthy character. Which means they won’t interact, care about your opinion, and won’t help you anymore.

IMPROVING YOUR DECISION-MAKING

Every individual human being makes decisions based on their values.

Ethics help us differentiate right from wrong, which is essential to know in order to take rational, well-thought-out decisions that will benefit you in the long term.

CREATING A SENSE OF UNITY

Ethics create a sense of unity since ethical behavior is the same for every human being in our society regardless of gender, age or race.

Feeling united is important for a society to function well. Since isolated, people often feel lonely, which is not beneficial for your mental and even your physical health.

Examples of values, morality and ethics in action

Perhaps the differences between values, morality and ethics are best shown with an example.

EXAMPLE ONE OF VALUES, MORALITY AND ETHICS IN PRACTICE

Imagine you are at your workplace. One of your colleagues bullies another colleague of you and threatens to make sure he/she loses her job. You as an individual find this behavior of the bully wrong and despicable. This means that you are moral, since you personally find this kind of behavior to be wrong.

You are ethical if you take action and defend your colleague that’s being victimized by either standing up for him/her and/or by telling your boss what’s happening. You are ethical since society demands of you to treat each other as equals, to be fair, to tell the truth and because society deems bullying to be bad.

The bully in this case is an example of unethical behavior and is not behaving according to society’s ethical norms.

Your personal value system comes into play, as for example you find being fair and just less important than you find bullying despicable. Your values are highly personal and differs from person to person.

ANOTHER GREAT EXAMPLE OF ETHICS, VALUES AND MORALITY IN ACTION IS THE FOLLOWING

You are the boss of two co-workers. Let’s just say for the easiness of measurement that they are both equally smart and equally skilled.

They both work equally hard and do their work equally well. The only difference is that one of them likes their work and tries to do it as well as he/she can because he/she finds it important to deliver quality work for the company. This person’s actions are pure and ethical. The other person does it purely to avoid punishment from the boss and because he/she gets paid well and doesn’t want trouble. This person’s actions are more guided by fear of punishment and for personal gain rather than good will. This person’s actions are less pure and more unethical.

You might say, well they both do an equally good job, so it’s all fine, no? Well not exactly. In the short-term, they both work equally well and produce the same results. However, in the long-term, lets say a few months to a couple of years down the road, they won’t deliver an equal job anymore.

This is because one person does it because their intrinsic value is to deliver a good product because they like their work. While the other person does it purely for the pay and to avoid punishment. He/she is not intrinsically motivated to deliver a good product. He/she is only extrinsically motivated due to the money, vacation days etc.

Different kinds of ethics

There are a multitude of different ethics which we employ depending on the roles we’re fulfilling. A couple of examples of those ethics are:

Professional ethics
Research ethics
Ethics in business research
Ethics and education
Ethics and economics
Natural ethics
Modern ethics
Ethical leadership
…

As we can see, ethical norms and principles are involved in everything we do in life and every role we consequently fulfill.

Conclusion

If your personal values, ethics and moral principles are not well-developed, then it’s hard to live a good and meaningful life.

Ethics and human values coupled with our morality are the foundation of a peaceful and cooperative society. And without it, we wouldn’t be able to tolerate and live with each other.

There are people out there who behave in accord with their unethical principles. But just because some people are unethical doesn’t give us the right to be as well. We can and need to be better.

Music and mainstream media are aspects of how

Ethics

Including 2010 and 2016 Amendments

Introduction and Applicability

Preamble

General Principles

Section 1: Resolving Ethical Issues

1.01 Misuse of Psychologists' Work
If psychologists learn of misuse or misrepresentation of their work, they take reasonable steps to correct or minimize the misuse or misrepresentation.

1.02 Conflicts Between Ethics and Law, Regulations, or Other Governing Legal Authority
If psychologists’ ethical responsibilities conflict with law, regulations, or other governing legal authority, psychologists clarify the nature of the conflict, make known their commitment to the Ethics Code, and take reasonable steps to resolve the conflict consistent with the General Principles and Ethical Standards of the Ethics Code. Under no circumstances may this standard be used to justify or defend violating human rights.

1.03 Conflicts Between Ethics and Organizational Demands
If the demands of an organization with which psychologists are affiliated or for whom they are working are in conflict with this Ethics Code, psychologists clarify the nature of the conflict, make known their commitment to the Ethics Code, and take reasonable steps to resolve the conflict consistent with the General Principles and Ethical Standards of the Ethics Code. Under no circumstances may this standard be used to justify or defend violating human rights.

1.04 Informal Resolution of Ethical Violations
When psychologists believe that there may have been an ethical violation by another psychologist, they attempt to resolve the issue by bringing it to the attention of that individual, if an informal resolution appears appropriate and the intervention does not violate any confidentiality rights that may be involved. (See also Standards 1.02, Conflicts Between Ethics and Law, Regulations, or Other Governing Legal Authority , and 1.03, Conflicts Between Ethics and Organizational Demands .)

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