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Homework answers / question archive / University of California, San Diego PSYC 124 Chapter 16 1)Clinicians have tended to organise childhood psychological problems into two broad domains based on the general behavioural characteristics of the child
University of California, San Diego
PSYC 124
Chapter 16
1)Clinicians have tended to organise childhood psychological problems into two broad domains based on the general behavioural characteristics of the child. One domain covers externalising disorders which are based on outward- directed behaviour problems such as which of the following?
2. Which of the following is not considered to be one an internalizing disorder?
3. Adolescent height phobia has been shown to be a risk factor for what adult disorder?
4. Studies of the prevalence of diagnosable childhood psychological disorders estimate that between what percentage of children and adolescents have a diagnosable psychological disorder (e.g. Phares, 2003; McDermott & Weiss, 1995)?
5. Comorbidity between childhood disorders is common. What percentage of children have more than one mental health diagnosis?
6. Studies of risk factors suggest that what percentage of children of lone parents are twice as likely to have a mental health problem as those living with married or cohabiting couples?
7. In ADHD impulsivity may result in the child taking part in which of the following activities?
8. Which of the following are true of the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for ADHD?
9. ADHD is usually first recognised when the individual begins:
10. Research on cognitive factors in childhood depression has tended to focus mainly on the role of:
11. According to Waldman & Gizer, (2006) abnormalities in certain neurotransmitters are implicated in ADHD. Which of the following is NOT one of these?
12. Children with ADHD are known to have deficits in which of the following?
13. Children with ADHD are known to have certain cerebral deficits and specifically have difficulty:
14. Learning theorists have suggested that parents may exacerbate ADHD symptoms in a rather different way to the psychodynamic theorist’s view. Individuals with ADHD exhibit impulsive and disruptive behaviour which in many cases will require the need for control by the parent. In such circumstances the attention from the parent that these behaviours demand may be:
15. There are two main subtypes of conduct disorder based on the age of onset. Childhood-onset type is defined by the onset of at least one criterion characteristic of conduct disorder prior to what age?
16. A related category of disruptive behaviour disorders in DSM-5 is known as Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). ODD is a diagnosis usually reserved for those children who do not meet the full criteria for conduct disorder, but who:
a. Have regular temper tantrums
b. Refuse to comply with requests or instructions
c. Appear to deliberately indulge in behaviours that annoy others
d. All of the above
17. ODD is found more often in families in which at least one parent has a history of:
18. According to Lahey, Loeber, Burke & Applegate (2005), studies suggest that childhood conduct disorder (but not childhood ADHD) predicts antisocial personality disorder in adulthood, but only in:
19. According to Liu & Raine (2006), recent studies also suggest that externalising behaviours are associated with prenatal malnutrition, especially deficits in:
a. Proteins
b. Iron
c. Zinc
d. All of the above
20. Separation anxiety is often a normal feature of early development, but it can be triggered and exaggerated by specific life stressors such as:
a. Death of a pet
b. An illness
c. A change of schools
d. All of the above
21. What is the 12-month prevalence rate of diagnosable separation anxiety disorder in adolescents?
22. According to Swedo, Rapoport, Leonard, Lenane et al. (1989), the mean age of onset of childhood Obsessive Compulsive Disorder is likely to be around?
23. According to Geller, Biederman, Griffin, Jones et al. (1996), childhood Obsessive Compulsive Disorder is regularly found to be comorbid with which of the following?
a. Tic disorders
b. Tourette’s syndrome
c. Eating disorders
d. All of the above
24. Epidemiological studies have differed in their estimates of GAD in childhood populations with an American study reporting what percentage of 6-11 year-olds meeting the criteria for ‘overanxious disorder’?
25. According to Lichtenstein & Annas (2000), the prevalence for specific phobias in 8-9 year-olds is estimated to be around what percentage for boys?
26. Field et al. (2006) found that fears about an animal increased only if the children had been given negative information about the animal and given it by a:
27. In childhood disorders there are different types of problems such as Symptom-Based Disorders. One such disorder is known as enuresis, which means:
28. In childhood disorders there are different types of problems such as Symptom-Based Disorders. One such disorder is known as encopresis, which means:
29. In childhood disorders there are different types of problems such as Symptom-Based Disorders. One such disorder is known as somnambulism, which means:
30. Which of the following is an area of psychology that is concerned with mapping how early childhood experiences may act as risk factors for later diagnosable psychological disorders, and attempts to describe the pathways by which early experiences may generate adult psychological problems?
31. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a childhood disorder known as:
32. Which of the following are risk factors for childhood psychiatric disorders?
a. Parental psychopathology
b. Repeated early separation from parents
c. Harsh or inadequate parents
d. All of the above
33. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of the brains of individuals with ADHD have revealed a number of significant differences between ADHD sufferers and nonsufferers (e.g. Krain & Castellanos, 2006; Seidman, Valera & Makris, 2005). Evidence suggests that the brains of children with ADHD are smaller than those of healthy comparison children, with overall brain volume being smaller by an average of?
34. Children with ADHD are known to have deficits in which of the following brain areas?
35. Children with ADHD are known to have deficits in executive functioning, and specifically have difficulty inhibiting responses. Which of the following brain areas normally controls these types of functions?
36. Which of the following is an area of the brain that regularly exhibits abnormalities in association with ADHD symptoms?
37. The term Theory of mind refers to which of the following abilities?
38. Which of the following characteristics are present in conduct disorder?
a. Violent or aggressive behavior
b. Deliberate cruelty towards people or animals
c. Vandalism or damage to property
d. All of the above
39. Another disruptive behaviour disorder outlined in DSM-IV-TR is known as Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). ODD is a diagnosis usually reserved for those children who do not meet the full criteria for conduct disorder, but display which of the following?
a. Regular temper tantrums
b. Refuse to comply with requests or instructions
c. Appear to deliberately indulge in behaviours that annoy others
d. All of the above
40. Aggressive children also exhibit what is called a "hostile attributional bias" (Naseby, Hayden & DePaulo, 1979), where they will interpret ambiguous cues as signalling hostility, but also many cues which are generated by benign intentions. Once a hostile attribution is made, studies also suggest that the probability of an aggressive response is at what percent?
41. When children are exposed to uncertainty and stress early in their lives they may experience a range of emotions, including rejection, fear, confusion, anger, hatred, and misery. Consequently the individual may become withdrawn and inward-looking. This is known as:
42. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is now recognised as a relatively common anxiety disorder found in childhood, with the main features of the disorder in children manifesting as intrusive, repetitive thoughts, obsessions and compulsions. In children, the most common obsession themes in children are:
a. Contamination
b. Aggression
c. Symmetry and exactness
d. All of the above
43. According to Tracey, Chorpita, Douban & Barlow (1997), childhood Generalised Anxiety Disorder is differentiated from other forms of childhood anxiety due to being associated with significantly increased levels of:
44. Epidemiological studies have differed in their estimates of GAD in childhood populations. A UK study estimated the occurrence of Generalised Anxiety Disorder in less than what percentage of 5-10 year olds?
45. Lichtenstein & Annas (2000) estimated the prevalence for specific phobias in 8-9 year-olds to be around what percentage for boys?
46. In early childhood, depression will manifest as clingy behavior, school refusal and exaggerated fears. It is also associated with an increased frequency of somatic complaints, such as stomach aches and headaches. Which of the following percentage of adolescents up to 19 years of age will have experienced a diagnosable episode of depression?
47. DSM-IV-TR defines enuresis as the repeated, usually involuntary voiding of urine during the day or at night into either bed or clothes. To qualify for a diagnosis, the voiding of urine must occur at least twice a week for at least 3 months, and the child must be at least 5-years of age. Enuresis can be divided into primary and secondary. Which of the following describes secondary enuresis?
48. According to von Gontard, Hollman, Eiberg, Benden et al. (1997), secondary nocturnal enuresis is frequently associated with a higher incidence of which of the following factors?
49. Which is the most common form of stimulant medication for ADHD?
50. Which of the following is a widely-used classical conditioning method for treating nocturnal enuresis?
51. Which of the following is behaviour technique that has been successfully adapted to treat anxiety-based problems in children?
52. According to Fabiano, Pelham, Manos, Gnagy et al. (2004), an effective means of reducing disruptive behaviours including aggressiveness, destruction of property, and non-compliance in the classroom is?
53. According to Kazdin & Weisz (2003), teaching parents to identify and reward positive behaviour also helps to prevent parents from focussing on the negative and disruptive behaviours exhibited by children with both ADHD and conduct disorder. This can be achieved through:
54. Which of the following interventions is based on the view that childhood problems result from inappropriate family structure and organisation?
55. Which of the following teaches parents a range of techniques for controlling and managing their children's symptoms, especially with children diagnosed with conduct disorder?
56. Which of the following is a technique that can be used with younger children who are less able to communicate and express their feelings verbally?
