Homework answers / question archive / Wake Tech PSY 150 Chapter 5 Sensation and Perception Test Bank Psychology in Your Life MULTIPLE CHOICE 1)The sense organs’ detection of external physical stimuli is called processing, organizing, and interpreting of those stimuli in the brain is called a

Wake Tech PSY 150 Chapter 5 Sensation and Perception Test Bank Psychology in Your Life MULTIPLE CHOICE 1)The sense organs’ detection of external physical stimuli is called processing, organizing, and interpreting of those stimuli in the brain is called a

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PSY 150

Chapter 5 Sensation and Perception

Test Bank Psychology in Your Life

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1)The sense organs’ detection of external physical stimuli is called

processing, organizing, and interpreting of those stimuli in the brain is called

a.            sensation; perception

b.            perception; sensation

 

 

 

, whereas further

.

 

c.             transduction; perception

d.            perception; transduction

 

 

2.            Taj wants to create a robot that has sensation but not perception. The robot should

a.            react to light but not to the stimuli for taste, smell, or touch.

b.            detect external physical energy but not interpret it.

c.             understand what things are but be unable to respond to them.

d.            construct useful information but be unable to remember it.

 

 

3.            Anna is reading her psychology textbook. The light reflects off the words on the page and falls on the sensory receptors in her retina, which results in                                . Then her brain interprets the stimuli as particular words, which is called    .

a.            sensation; transduction

b.            sensation; perception

c.             perception; sensation

d.            transduction; sensation

 

 

4.            When sensory receptors change physical stimuli into signals that the brain can process, this is called

a.            sensation.

b.            absolute threshold.

c.             sensory adaptation.

d.            transduction.

 

 

5.            After transduction, the neural signals of vision, hearing, taste, and touch all pass through the

a.            hypothalamus.

b.            hippocampus.

c.             thalamus.

d.            amygdala.

 

 

6.            Mary’s brain can't directly process sound waves to hear what her boyfriend is saying. Instead, her sensory receptors detect sound waves and change them into signals that her brain interprets as meaning “I love you,” in a process called

a.            absolute threshold.

b.            signal detection.

c.             transduction.

d.            sensory adaptation.

 

 

7.            During transduction, most sensory information is transmitted first to the              before it is sent to the   , where it is interpreted as sight, sound, smell, touch, or taste.

a.            thalamus; cortex

 

b.            cortex; thalamus

c.             cortex; amygdala

d.            amygdala; cortex

 

8.            The minimum intensity of sensory stimulation required before a sensation is detected 50 percent of the time is called

a.            absolute threshold.

b.            signal detection.

c.             difference threshold.

d.            sensory adaptation.

 

 

9.            The minimum amount of change required for a person to detect a difference between two stimuli is referred to as the

a.            transduction.

b.            signal detection.

c.             absolute threshold.

d.            difference threshold.

 

 

10.          Jasmine wants to get Uchenna’s attention in the library. She whispers to avoid disturbing other students. However, she speaks so softly that Uchenna cannot hear. Jasmine’s voice is

a.            below Uchenna’s absolute threshold.

b.            below Uchenna’s difference threshold.

c.             above Uchenna’s absolute threshold but below Uchenna’s difference threshold.

d.            below Uchenna’s absolute threshold but above Uchenna’s difference threshold.

 

 

11.          Jason is participating in a psychology experiment in which he is seated in a completely dark room. An initially undetected point of light is gradually made brighter. With each increase, he is asked if he can see the light. In this experiment, Jason’s       is being measured.

a.            difference threshold

b.            absolute threshold

c.             just-noticeable difference

d.            transduction

 

 

12.          Kendra loves spicy curry, but her husband prefers a mild curry. Starting with a mild curry, Kendra increases the spiciness every time she cooks. One day her husband complains that the curry is too spicy. After that, Kendra always makes the curry as spicy as the last time before her husband complained. With this exercise, Kendra assessed her husband’s

a.            difference threshold.

b.            absolute threshold.

c.             transduction.

d.            signal detection.

 

 

13.          Prashanth is participating in a psychology experiment in which he is asked to gradually shrink the image of a square on his computer screen until he can just barely see that it is smaller than a second square on the screen. Prashanth is trying to create a

a.            signal detection.

b.            absolute threshold.

c.             just-noticeable difference.

d.            difference threshold.

 

 

14.          Weber’s law suggests that the size of a just-noticeable difference depends on the

a.            amount of sensitivity to the stimulus.

b.            degree of sensory adaptation.

c.             size of the initial stimulus.

d.            degree of absolute threshold.

 

15.          Which of the following explains that the greater the size of a chocolate bar, the more of it you will need to slice off before a customer notices that it is smaller?

a.            absolute threshold

b.            Weber’s law

c.             signal detection theory

d.            sensory adaptation

 

 

16.          For which of the following pairs would it be easiest to detect a difference in weight?

a.            a 2-liter bottle of water and a 2.1-liter bottle of water

b.            a 5-pound free weight and a 5.5-pound free weight

c.             a 20-pound child and a 22-pound child

d.            a 1-pound bag of sugar and a 2-pound bag of sugar

 

17.          With regard to sensation, signal detection theory accounts for a person’s

a.            judgments.

b.            intellect.

c.             personality.

d.            emotions.

 

 

18.          According to signal detection theory, if Daniel incorrectly “detected” a stimulus that was not presented in a trial, he would be making a

a.            correct rejection.

b.            false alarm.

c.             hit.

d.            miss.

 

 

19.          When Petra jumps into a cold lake, she feels as though she is freezing. After a few minutes, she no longer notices the cold and feels comfortable in the water. This change is best explained by

a.            signal detection.

b.            a just-noticeable difference.

c.             sensory adaptation.

d.            difference threshold.

 

20.          The area where the optic nerve leaves the retina is referred to as the

a.            pupil.

b.            cone.

c.             fovea.

d.            blind spot.

 

 

21.                         generate action potentials that are sent to the brain by the optic nerve.

a.            Cones

b.            Rods

c.             Ganglion cells

d.            Optic nerves

 

 

22.          This is a thin inner surface behind the eyeball and it contains sensory receptors.

a.            lens

b.            retina

c.             rods

d.            cones

 

 

23.          When Jodi walks from the sunlight into a dark theater, her          causes her

                to enlarge to let in more light.

a.            iris; pupil

b.            iris; lens

c.             eye muscles; lens

d.            eye muscles; pupil

 

24.          Encharta is sitting outside, looking at her beautiful garden. As the sun goes down, the colors become dull and finally the colors become shades of gray. This change happens because the

a.            number of rods are decreasing.

b.            number of cones are increasing.

c.             cones are taking over for the rods.

d.            rods are taking over for the cones.

 

25.          Hamdi wakes up in the middle of the night and tries to see the clock in the dim light. The numbers are very faint. He will more likely be able to read the numbers if he looks at the clock with his      because it has the largest number of          .

a.            fovea; rods

 

b.            periphery; rods

c.             fovea; cones

d.            periphery; cones

 

 

26.          Colleen and LaVonne are playing darts. Colleen throws her dart into the center of the target, and LaVonne throws his dart into the outer ring. If we compare this scenario to the process of vision, Colleen would have been likely to hit a       , and LaVonne would have been likely to hit a    .

a.            rod; cone

b.            rod; rod

c.             cone; cone

d.            cone; rod

 

27.          Melody is looking up a phone number in a phone book with tiny print. She will most likely be able to read the number if she looks at the phone book with her               because it has the largest number of      .

a.            fovea; rods

b.            periphery; rods

c.             fovea; cones

d.            periphery; cones

 

28.          Which of the following is the reason why you can see different colors?

a.            lens

b.            retina

c.             rods

d.            cones

 

 

29.          Which of the following statements best describes the path of visual information in the brain?

a.            Visual information from the left eye travels to the brain’s right side.

b.            Visual information from the left eye travels to the brain’s left side.

c.             Visual information from the left half of each eye travels to the brain’s right side.

d.            Visual information from the left half of each eye travels to the brain’s left side.

 

30.          According to trichromatic color theory, there is no cone specialized to respond to yellow light.

When we see yellow, it is because the light is stimulating the

a.            S cones very little and the L and M cones equally.

b.            S cones very little, the L cones greatly, and the M cones moderately.

c.             S and M cones equally and the L cones very little.

d.            S and L cones equally and the M cones greatly.

 

31.          If you look at a square made up of alternating red and blue stripes for several minutes and then look immediately at a blank white sheet of paper, you will see a square with alternating green and yellow stripes. This effect results from pairs of          that work            .

a.            cones; together

b.            cones; in opposition

 

c.             ganglion cells; together

d.            ganglion cells; in opposition

 

 

32.          Sameer is mixing paint. He starts with a very dark green paint and then gradually adds white paint. Sameer is                of the green paint.

a.            changing the hue

b.            increasing the saturation

c.             decreasing the saturation

d.            changing the contrast

 

 

33.          How do the light waves reflected by a blue object differ from those reflected by a red object?

a.            The blue object reflects longer wavelength light.

b.            The blue object reflects shorter wavelength light.

c.             The blue object reflects higher amplitude light.

d.            The blue object reflects lower amplitude light.

 

 

34.          Maggie paints her room bright red. The room looks bright because the paint has absorbed the

                wavelengths of light and is reflecting the              wavelengths to Maggie’s eyes.

a.            long; short and medium

b.            long and short; medium

c.             short and medium; long

d.            long and medium; short

 

 

35.          This principle states that rather than perceiving a “car” as a group of distinct entities (such as metal, tires, glass, door handles, hubcaps, and fenders), we perceive the car as a whole unit.

a.            bottom-up processing

b.            bottom-down processing

c.             Gestalt

d.            transduction

 

 

36.          According to this model of conceptual processing, the recognition of patterns occurs because data are relayed from a lower level to a higher level of processing in the brain.

a.            bottom-up processing

b.            top-down processing

c.             continuity

d.            binocular disparity

 

 

37.          Reversible figures occur because

a.            Gestalt laws do not apply to them.

b.            the figures contain internally contradictory cues.

 

c.             the correct assignment of figure and ground is ambiguous.

d.            sensory information leads to different cognitive interpretations.

 

 

38.          Consider the letters XPY ZWO LRG. People tend to perceive this pattern as three groups of letters instead of a single group of letters because of the Gestalt principle known as

a.            similarity.

b.            continuity.

c.             proximity.

d.            closure.

 

39.          This set of symbols +++++///// would typically be perceived as two separate groups of characters. The Gestalt principle that explains this perception is

a.            similarity.

b.            continuity.

c.             proximity.

d.            closure.

 

 

40.          People see the figure ( ) as an oval rather than two separate curving lines. Which Gestalt principle explains this outcome?

a.            similarity

b.            continuity

c.             proximity

d.            closure

 

 

41.          The first psychologists to emphasize the organizing processes underlying perception were the

a.            opponent-process psychologists.

b.            trichromatic theorists.

c.             Gestalt psychologists.

d.            signal detection theorists.

 

 

42.          Daniel is learning how to read and guesses that the word pizza is written on the pizza box that was just delivered to his front door. Daniel is using

a.            bottom-up processing.

b.            top-down processing.

c.             grouping.

d.            binocular disparity.

                DIF:        Moderate           OBJ:       5.2d       MSC: Applying NOT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology

 

43.          Which of the following phrases would be a good description of bottom-up processing?

a.            “It is used when information is very complex.”

b.            “It requires information based on your past experiences.”

c.             “It accounts for human judgment.”

 

d.            “It’s a very basic type of processing.”

 

 

44.          Scotty makes dinner by looking at his ingredients and then combining them into a meal. Scotty is cooking in a                manner.

a.            bottom-up

b.            top-down

c.             binocular

d.            monocular

                DIF:        Moderate           OBJ:       5.2d       MSC: Applying NOT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology

 

45.          When an artist creates the illusion of depth in a painting, she does so by using

a.            depth cues from stereoscopic vision.

b.            binocular depth cues.

c.             monocular depth cues.

d.            depth cues from binocular disparity.

 

 

46.          Leonardo da Vinci identified many monocular depth cues, including        , in which a near object blocks an object that is farther away.

a.            occlusion

b.            relative size

c.             familiar size

d.            linear perspective

 

 

47.          Hearing is also called

a.            audition.

b.            olfaction.

c.             gustation.

d.            occipital.

 

 

48.          Prolonged exposure to movement in one direction         the motion detectors

responsive to that direction. When the movement stops, the baseline firing rate of detectors for the opposite direction of motion will be           than the firing rate for the detectors that responded to the prolonged movement, leading to motion aftereffects.

a.            sensitizes; higher

b.            sensitizes; lower

c.             fatigues; higher

d.            fatigues; lower

 

 

49.          Each eye sees more of the world on its own side of the visual field. A combination of the views from the two eyes provides humans with an adaptive advantage by creating a broader panorama of the scene. It also creates the depth cue of

 

a.            linear perspective.

b.            texture gradients.

c.             occlusion.

d.            binocular disparity.

 

50.          The major problem to be explained by depth perception is that

a.            the environment contains too few depth cues.

b.            there are no receptor cells that are selective for depth.

c.             there are no cells in the primary visual cortex that are selective for depth.

d.            the retina input is two-dimensional.

 

 

51.          Binocular disparity is about

a.            different views.

b.            different textures.

c.             similar views.

d.            similar sizes.

 

 

52.          Gervase is staring at the blades of his ceiling fan. When he turns off the fan, he is surprised that the blades appear to be rotating in the opposite direction. To reassure Gervase that he is not hallucinating, you could tell him about

a.            stroboscopic motion.

b.            motion aftereffects.

c.             texture gradient.

d.            binocular disparity.

 

 

53.          If you close one eye, you will still be able to use as a depth cue, but you will not be able to use   as a depth cue.

a.            linear perspective; occlusion

b.            texture gradients; binocular disparity

c.             relative size; stroboscopic motion

d.            binocular disparity; linear perspective

 

54.          If the muscles of one of your eyes becomes paralyzed, making it impossible to change the point of focus of that eye, which kind of depth cue will become unavailable to you?

a.            linear perspective

b.            binocular disparity

c.             occlusion

d.            texture gradients

 

55.          Daniel is standing on the outside platform of the train station. He looks down the tracks, hoping to see his train. As the tracks get farther from him the two sides of the tracks will appear to             , providing the depth cue of                .

a.            remain parallel; linear perspective

b.            converge; linear perspective

 

c.             remain parallel; texture gradient

d.            converge; texture gradient

 

 

56.          When you are on a cliff far from the beach, the sand looks smooth and uniform. When you sit on the beach and look closely at the sand, you can see all the bumps and colors. This difference is an example of which depth cue?

a.            occlusion

b.            figure to ground

c.             texture gradient

d.            linear perspective

 

57.          Regarding visual illusions, which of the following statements is most accurate?

a.            Illusions are largely irrelevant to understanding normal perceptual processes.

b.            Illusions help reveal normal perceptual processes.

c.             Most visual perception is actually illusory.

d.            Illusions show that perception is mostly a bottom-up process.

 

 

58.          Ayelet is trying to draw a picture of two people on opposite sides of a river. No matter how carefully she tries to draw them both the same size, the person who is supposed to be on the distant side appears much taller than the person on the closer side. You could explain that the depth cue of         size means that she will need to draw a              image of the person who is to be seen as farther away.

a.            relative; smaller

b.            relative; larger

c.             familiar; larger

d.            familiar; smaller

 

 

59.          Li-Ting is painting a picture. She paints a vase of flowers and then, right next to it, half of a book. When Bijal looks at the painting, she sees the book as being              the vase because of       .

a.            adjacent to; occlusion

b.            adjacent to; linear perspective

c.             behind; linear perspective

d.            behind; occlusion

 

 

60.          Sound waves cause the to vibrate.

a.            cochlea

b.            eardrum

c.             outer ear

d.            auditory nerve

 

 

61.          The coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear that houses the sensory receptors is called the

a.            cochlea.

b.            eardrum.

c.             oval membrane.

d.            auditory nerve.

 

 

62.          The auditory neurons extending from the            reach out with their axons to the primary auditory cortex in the         .

a.            thalamus; parietal lobe

b.            thalamus; temporal lobe

c.             parietal lobe; thalamus

d.            temporal lobe; thalamus

 

63.          The primary auditory cortex is located in which brain lobe?

a.            frontal

b.            temporal

c.             occipital

d.            parietal

 

 

64.          There are several steps involved in the process of transforming a sound into a signal that can be understood by the brain. Which of the following displays these steps in the correct order?

a.            sound wave–eardrum vibration–pressure wave in fluid

b.            eardrum vibration–pressure wave in fluid–sound wave

c.             sound wave–pressure wave in fluid–eardrum vibration

d.            eardrum vibration–sound wave–pressure wave in fluid

 

65.          Dogs can hear higher-frequency sounds than people can. This fact suggests that there is a physical difference in the

a.            ear drum.

b.            cochlea.

c.             auditory nerve.

d.            basilar membrane.

 

 

66.          If a key is pressed on a piano, the frequency of the resulting sound will determine the

                , and the amplitude will determine the  of the perceived musical note.

a.            pitch; intensity

b.            intensity; pitch

c.             loudness; pitch

d.            pitch; loudness

 

 

67.          A higher-pitched sound is one that is higher in   , which is measured in

                .

 

a.            amplitude; hertz

b.            amplitude; decibels

c.             frequency; hertz

d.            frequency; decibels

 

 

68.          The process of encoding low frequencies of sound is called

a.            temporal coding.

b.            place coding.

c.             frequency coding.

d.            hertz coding.

 

 

69.          The perception of higher-pitched sounds is called

a.            temporal coding.

b.            place coding.

c.             frequency coding.

d.            hertz coding.

 

 

70.          Being able to detect the origin of a sound is called

a.            hertz.

b.            localization.

c.             frequency.

d.            pitch.

 

 

71.          Which of the following explains how people localize sound?

a.            The sound waves hit hair cells at different angles.

b.            Cochlear hair cells fire at a rate that matches the direction of the sound.

c.             Sounds from the right ear are sent to the left hemisphere and sounds from the left ear are sent to the right hemisphere.

d.            The brain integrates the different sensory information coming from each of the two ears.

 

 

72.          What are the two cues that allow you to determine where a sound is coming from?

a.            the time when the sound arrives in each ear and the intensity of the sound wave

b.            the time when the sound arrives in each ear and the pitch of the sound wave

c.             the intensity of the sound wave and the pitch of the sound wave

d.            the frequency of the sound wave and the pitch of the sound wave

 

 

73.          This is a thin layer of tissue in the nasal cavity containing olfactory receptors.

a.            bulb

b.            cortex

c.             epithelium

 

d.            papillae

 

 

74.          The sense of taste is also called

a.            audition.

b.            olfaction.

c.             gustation.

d.            occipital.

 

75.          The sense of smell is also called

a.            audition.

b.            olfaction.

c.             gustation.

d.            occipital.

 

 

76.          Structures on the tongue that contain groupings of taste buds are called

a.            gustatory receptors.

b.            gustatory bulbs.

c.             olfactory epithelium.

d.            papillae.

 

 

77.          What is the primary purpose of cells in the olfactory bulb?

a.            to receive neural signals and pass them through the thalamus

b.            to receive neural signals and relay the signal to other brain areas

c.             to receive odorants and pass them through the thalamus

d.            to receive odorants and relay the signal to other brain areas

 

 

78.          Which of the following characteristics is NOT a basic quality of taste?

a.            sweet

b.            umami

c.             salty

d.            sharp

 

 

79.          Which of the following taste sensations was most recently discovered?

a.            sweet

b.            sour

c.             bitter

d.            umami

 

 

80.          When Margot was a child, her mother baked bread on Fridays. As an adult, whenever Margot smells bread baking she remembers her mother and feels happy. The mood and memories result from the processing of smell information in the

 

a.            thalamus.

b.            olfactory epithelium.

c.             olfactory bulb.

d.            prefrontal cortex.

 

81.          Gustation involves          taste buds, all located on the      .

a.            800 to 1,000; tongue

b.            8,000 to 10,000; tongue, throat, and mouth

c.             800 to 1,000; tongue, throat, and mouth

d. 8,000 to 10,000; tongue

 

 

82.                          has the most direct route to the brain because it is the only sense that bypasses the                      .

a.            The haptic sense; thalamus

b.            Gustation; hypothalamus

c.             The kinesthetic sense; hypothalamus

d.            Olfaction; thalamus

 

83.          Sadafa loves Indian food, but is careful about what he eats because it hurts his tongue when he eats very spicy food. Sadafa most likely is

a.            a supertaster and has few taste buds in his mouth.

b.            a supertaster with a very large number of taste buds in his mouth.

c.             not a supertaster and has a large number of pain receptors in his mouth.

d.            not a supertaster and has few pain receptors in his mouth.

 

 

84.          Callie is pregnant. She has never liked vegetables and rarely eats them. However, she does not want her baby to have the same bad eating habits. If Callie wants her baby to grow up to enjoy the taste of vegetables, the most effective thing she can do is

a.            eat vegetables while she is pregnant and nursing.

b.            give the baby strained vegetables as one of her first solid foods.

c.             avoid eating meat while she is pregnant and nursing.

d.            limit the amount of meat the baby is fed when she starts to eat solid food.

 

 

85.          Compared with dogs, a human’s sense of smell is much less developed. Our less developed sense of smell results from our ancestors’

a.            strong reliance on olfaction to determine which foods were poisonous.

b.            inability to detect pleasant odors.

c.             reliance on vision as the main way of perceiving the world.

d.            inability to transmit olfactory information to the brain.

 

 

86.          Regarding smell, which of the following statements is generally the most accurate?

a.            People are better at discriminating among odors than they are at identifying them; men generally outperform women.

 

b.            People are better at discriminating among odors than they are at identifying them; women generally outperform men.

c.             People are better at identifying odors than they are at discriminating among them; men generally outperform women.

d.            People are better at identifying odors than they are at discriminating among them; women generally outperform men.

 

 

87.          Why does a dog sniff virtually everything that it encounters?

a.            because its sense of vision is very poor

b.            because olfactory information is rarely transmitted to its brain

c.             because the main way that a dog perceives the world is through olfaction

d.            because sniffing is associated with pleasant odors

 

 

88.          Which of the following detects temperature and then sends information about temperature to the brain?

a.            warm and cold receptors

b.            fast and slow fibers

c.             cranial and spinal nerves

d.            kinesthetic and vestibular senses

 

 

89.          The sense that allows you to determine the location of your body and limbs in space is called

a.            gustation.

b.            olfactory.

c.             kinesthetic.

d.            vestibular.

 

 

90.          This sense aids balance by judging direction and intensity of head movements.

a.            gustation

b.            audition

c.             kinesthetic

d.            vestibular

 

 

91.          During sensation and perception, sensory receptors on the skin transduce information and then send this information to

a.            pain receptors.

b.            pressure receptors.

c.             the brain.

d.            the hippocampus.

 

92.          There are several steps involved in the sensation and perception of touch. Which of the following displays these steps in the correct order?

a.            sensation–tactile stimulation–perception

 

b.            sensation–transduction–tactile stimulation

c.             perception–tactile stimulation–transduction

d.            sensation–perception–transduction

 

93.          Temperature receptors that signify heat when they are activated

a.            also signify cold when they are inhibited.

b.            generally signify cold when they are inactive.

c.             oppose the activity of receptors signifying cold.

d.            may respond simultaneously with receptors signifying cold.

 

94.          Ouch! A paper cut! The sharp sting travels along               pain fibers, which are

                .

a.            slow; unmyelinated

b.            slow; myelinated

c.             fast; unmyelinated

d.            fast; myelinated

 

 

95.          Days after breaking his nose in a football game, Ben still perceives a dull pain in his nose. The throbbing ache travels along      pain fibers, which are     .

a.            slow; unmyelinated

b.            slow; myelinated

c.             fast; unmyelinated

d.            fast; myelinated

 

 

96.          Avi broke his ankle skiing. At first, he felt a sharp and intense pain. The next day, the sharp pain was gone, but his ankle throbbed almost all the time. The sharp immediate pain was due to             ; the later throbbing pain was due to   .

a.            unmyelinated axons; myelinated axons

b.            myelinated axons; unmyelinated axons

c.             pain receptors; pressure receptors

d.            pressure receptors; pain receptors

 

97.          Which of the following has been shown to help people manage pain?

a.            distraction

b.            complaining

c.             focusing on the pain

d.            crying

 

 

98.          If you have a knee injury, you are likely to experience the most pain

a.            when watching an entertaining movie.

b.            right before you fall asleep.

c.             when trying to focus on a math problem.

d.            during a lunch date with several friends.

 

 

 

99.          Which would be the worst tip for someone who is experiencing pain after a surgery?

a.            “Distract yourself by watching interesting movies.”

b.            “Invite some friends over for a good discussion.”

c.             “Keep yourself occupied.”

d.            “Focus on the pain and its sensations.”