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Homework answers / question archive / Wake Tech PSY 150 Chapter 1 Introducing the World of Psychology Test Bank Psychology in Your Life   MULTIPLE CHOICE 1)Which of the following is the best definition of psychology? a

Wake Tech PSY 150 Chapter 1 Introducing the World of Psychology Test Bank Psychology in Your Life   MULTIPLE CHOICE 1)Which of the following is the best definition of psychology? a

Psychology

Wake Tech

PSY 150

Chapter 1 Introducing the World of Psychology

Test Bank Psychology in Your Life

 

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1)Which of the following is the best definition of psychology?

a.            the study of the brain and its inner function

b.            the analysis of the mind and its unconscious thoughts

c.             the study of mental activity and behavior based on brain processes

d.            the study of thoughts, social interactions, and emotions

 

 

2.            Allanah has declared psychology as her major. Because of this, Allanah will most likely study

a.            the structure and function of the brain.

b.            mental disorders and their treatment.

c.             feelings, memory, and other inner states.

d.            mental activity, behavior, and the brain.

 

3.            Barry states that psychology is the study of mental activity. Candace remarks that psychology is the science of behavior. Which is the correct evaluation of these two statements?

a.            Barry’s definition is correct; Candace’s definition is incorrect.

b.            Neither of the statements are correct.

c.             Taken together, the statements are correct.

d.            Barry’s definition is incorrect; Candace’s definition is correct.

 

 

4.            According to the textbook, “friendly skepticism” is an important element in a type of reasoning called

a.            functionalism.

b.            introspection.

c.             structuralism.

d.            critical thinking.

 

 

5.            Critical thinking is best defined as thinking that

a.            systematically evaluates information.

b.            criticizes others’ opinions.

c.             is open-minded and creative.

d.            uses inferences but does not solve problems.

 

 

6.            “Friendly skepticism” means

a.            finding flaws in an argument or claim.

b.            being open to new ideas, while also being careful before accepting them.

c.             asking a scientist to make her findings public so that they can be better evaluated.

d.            accepting all claims, as long as they are based on the scientific method.

 

 

 

7.            Which of the following is an example of critical thinking?

a.            believing that sugar causes headaches because your head hurts after you eat a candy bar

b.            concluding that eating spinach leads to a longer life after seeing an ad for spinach on television

c.             using a personal example to explain the importance of time management

d.            concluding that exercise is beneficial after evaluating the evidence of a research study

 

 

8.            Talisa has to write a paper about critical thinking. One of her goals is to explain how critical thinking differs from everyday thinking. If Talisa is correct in her analysis, which of the following sentences will she write? “The difference between using critical thinking and everyday explanations about psychological phenomena is that

a.            critical thinking relies on evidence and scientific support for making conclusions.”

b.            everyday explanations rely on common sense, reason, and logic for making conclusions.”

c.             critical thinking relies on personal examples more than scientific evidence for making conclusions.”

d.            everyday explanations rely on personal examples for making conclusions.”

 

 

9.            You are confident that your new roommate is a critical thinker after noticing this bumper sticker on his car:

a.            “Show me the evidence!”

b.            “The only truth is no truth”

c.             “Trust your gut!”

d.            “What is the meaning of life?”

 

 

10.          You are discussing your psychology class with your aunt Annalise. She asks you “Can psychology really help people study?” You correctly answer,

a.            “Not really; psychologists generally agree that the field of education is better suited to provide people with techniques for studying.”

b.            “Yes; psychological studies have shown that cramming before an exam can improve memory.”

c.             “Yes; psychology provides us with techniques for improving memory and understanding.”

d.            “It depends; psychology can enhance students’ learning, but most people will have difficulty using psychology to help them study.”

 

11.          Which of the following statements best describes psychology?

a.            Much of psychology is just common sense.

b.            Much of psychology is about applying common sense to everyday life.

c.             Psychological principles are highly applicable to everyday life.

 

d.            Psychological principles are too scientific to apply to everyday life.

 

12.          Jeremy is studying for his final exam. Lauren has taken psychology and gives him a good tip about the best way to study. She correctly says,

a.            “Be sure to cram your studying during the night before the final exam.”

b.            “As you study, connect the information to something personal.”

c.             “Memorize bold terms by writing and rewriting the definitions.”

d.            “Study in the morning right before the exam deadline, because stress improves learning.”

 

 

13.          Dualism is the classic idea in psychology that

a.            the mind and the brain are separate entities.

b.            the mind and the brain are the same entity.

c.             the mind and the brain are opposing forces.

d.            there is no mind, just the brain.

 

14.          The philosopher who promoted dualism as an explanation of the mind/body problem was

a.            William James.

b.            Charles Darwin.

c.             René Descartes.

d.            Sigmund Freud.

 

 

15.          The belief that the mind and body are separate but intertwined describes

a.            dualism.

b.            structuralism.

c.             the nature/nurture debate.

d.            cognitive psychology.

 

 

16.          Freddy and MaryAnne are having a disagreement about the nature/nurture debate. Freddy correctly says, “Actually, the ‘nature’ portion of the debate refers to how a person thinks and acts and is a result of

a.            early education.”

b.            inborn influences.”

c.             prenatal experiences.”

d.            cultural norms.”

 

 

17.          In the nature/nurture debate, the term nature refers to the question of how    factors affect the mind, brain, and behavior.

a.            biological

b.            environmental

c.             either biological or environmental

d.            conscious or unconscious

 

 

18.          With respect to the nature/nurture debate, psychologists now believe that        is/are important in understanding the mind, brain, and behavior.

a.            nature

b.            nurture

c.             both nature and nurture

d.            neither nature nor nurture

 

19.          An early school of psychology used introspection to study the basic elements of mental experiences. This school of psychology was called

a.            functionalism.

b.            behaviorism.

c.             cognitivism.

d.            structuralism.

 

 

20.          Structuralism is a school of psychology introduced by

a.            Edward Titchener.

b.            William James.

c.             Charles Darwin.

d.            Sigmund Freud.

 

 

21.          The psychologist most closely associated with the school of functionalism is

a.            Sigmund Freud.

b.            Wilhelm Wundt.

c.             Edward Titchener.

d.            William James.

 

 

22.          Functionalism is the school of thought concerned with

a.            the structures of the mind.

b.            the adaptive purposes of the mind and behavior.

c.             how unconscious conflicts can lead to mental disorders.

d.            how the presence of others influences behavior.

 

 

23.          Charles Darwin’s On the Origin of Species had its strongest influence on the school of thought called

a.            structuralism.

b.            Gestalt theory.

c.             functionalism.

d.            psychoanalytic theory.

 

 

24.          According to the concept of “survival of the fittest,”

a.            random mutations are always adaptive.

 

b.            only the biggest animals will survive.

c.             organisms that are most adaptive to their environment are most likely to survive.

d.            organisms that have mutated genes based on the environment are most likely to survive.

 

 

25.          Psychoanalysis is a type of psychological treatment to resolve unconscious conflicts that cause mental disorders. This treatment was developed by

a.            Wilhelm Wundt.

b.            Sigmund Freud.

c.             William James.

d.            Edward Titchener.

 

 

26.          The person who established the first psychology laboratory, which marked the beginning of experimental psychology, was

a.            Wilhelm Wundt.

b.            Sigmund Freud.

c.             William James.

d.            Edward Titchener.

 

 

27.          The person who is most closely associated with the study of the unconscious is

a.            Sigmund Freud.

b.            William James.

c.             Wilhelm Wundt.

d.            B. F. Skinner.

 

 

28.          The unconscious mind influences human behavior, according to

a.            structuralism.

b.            psychoanalytic theory.

c.             functionalism.

d.            behaviorism.

 

 

29.          Structuralists used a procedure to investigate the conscious parts of the mind. In this procedure an observer described the simple elements of a mental experience in as much detail as possible. This procedure was called

a.            introspection.

b.            inner perception.

c.             psychoanalysis.

d.            individual analysis.

 

30.          According to structuralism, the goal of psychology is to

a.            uncover the unconscious determinants of behavior.

 

b.            focus on observable behavior itself.

c.             explore the structures of the mind.

d.            identify the purposes of our behavior and mental processes.

 

 

31.          If you were asked to list all the thoughts and experiences you have while answering a test question, the technique used would be

a.            critical thinking.

b.            psychoanalysis.

c.             skepticism.

d.            introspection.

 

 

32.          Dr. Leleux asserts that psychologists should attempt to identify the basic elements of mental experience. Dr. Leleux’s beliefs are most closely matched with the school of thought called

a.            functionalism.

b.            behaviorism.

c.             structuralism.

d.            Gestalt theory.

 

 

33.          The theories of Sigmund Freud and his followers

a.            state that behavior can be altered by the application of reinforcement and punishment.

b.            emphasize the functions or adaptive purposes of the mind.

c.             emphasize the concept that the whole is different from the sum of its parts.

d.            state that much of human behavior is determined by the unconscious.

 

34.          Noreen believes that our behavior often reflects unconscious motives and conflicts. This viewpoint is most consistent with the         approach in psychology.

a.            psychoanalytic

b.            structuralist

c.             cognitive

d.            behaviorist

 

 

35.          The psychological approach that emphasizes the role of the environment in influencing behavior is

a.            psychoanalytic.

b.            cognitive.

c.             behaviorism.

d.            Gestalt theory.

 

 

36.          The psychologist who would be mostly likely to focus on mental functions, such as problem solving and decision making, would be a

 

a.            behaviorist.

b.            cognitive psychologist.

c.             psychoanalyst.

d.            social psychologist.

 

37.          The cognitive revolution was launched by

a.            George Miller.

b.            Sigmund Freud.

c.             B. F. Skinner.

d.            William James.

 

 

38.          Gestalt theory is based on the idea that

a.            the whole is different from the sum of its parts.

b.            the environment affects behavior.

c.             social situations influence behavior.

d.            science should be used to understand therapy.

 

 

39.          Which of the following questions do behaviorists attempt to answer?

a.            Is behavior influenced by mental processes?

b.            Which is more important, the parts or the unified whole?

c.             Can unconscious conflicts be fully resolved?

d.            How does the environment influence behavior?

 

40.          Gestalt psychology was developed based on the idea that a person’s experiences are more than just the collection of various “parts” or “elements” of consciousness. This idea is in direct contrast with the          approach.

a.            functionalist

b.            psychoanalytic

c.             cognitive psychology

d.            structuralist

 

 

41.          Your uncle John always argued, “Stop studying mental events that cannot be directly observed!” Which school of thought would most likely agree with your uncle John?

a.            cognitive

b.            behaviorism

c.             Gestalt

d.            psychoanalytic

 

 

42.          Four early psychologists suddenly appear in your psychology department. Who would be most discouraged to hear that modern psychology places a lot of emphasis on the study of mental processes?

a.            Sigmund Freud

 

b.            Wilhelm Wundt

c.             Edward Titchener

d.            John Watson

 

 

43.          Which statement best captures historical trends in cognitive psychology?

a.            Before the 1980s, cognitive psychology emphasized the mind; today, it focuses mostly on behavior.

b.            Before the 1980s, cognitive psychology emphasized the mind; today, it focuses mainly on the brain.

c.             Before the 1980s, cognitive psychology emphasized the brain; today, it focuses on the mind along with the brain.

d.            Before the 1980s, cognitive psychology emphasized the mind; today, it focuses on both the mind and the brain.

 

 

44.          Which of the following questions would be best suited for a social psychologist?

a.            How can I strengthen my personal relationships?

b.            Are my social skills determined by nature or nurture?

c.             Can my personality change over time?

d.            Why do I work much better when I study with a group of friends?

 

 

45.          The shared beliefs, values, rules, and customs that exist within a group make up a person’s

a.            society.

b.            culture.

c.             civilization.

d.            community.

 

 

46.          The subfield of cognitive psychology focuses on

a.            groups, relationships, and workplace interactions.

b.            personality, gender, and self-concept.

c.             norm, beliefs, and values.

d.            thinking, memory, and attention.

 

 

47.          Which of the following is NOT an example of an interpersonal behavior?

a.            having a fight with your partner

b.            persuading your boss to give you a day off

c.             deciding that you should go out more often

d.            speaking up at a team meeting

 

 

48.          Psychological science occurs at which level(s) of analysis?

a.            biological

 

b.            social

c.             individual

d.            all of the above

 

 

49.          In psychology, the cultural level of analysis emphasizes the study of

a.            genes and behavior.

b.            norms and values.

c.             perception and self-concept.

d.            individual differences.

 

 

50.          The type of psychologists who study, assess, and treat individuals with psychological disorders are called                psychologists.

a.            school

b.            personality

c.             clinical

d.            cognitive

 

51.          Sean is studying psychology. He decides to use the biological level of analysis to interpret his findings. Sean is most likely examining

a.            how depression results in chemical changes in the brain.

b.            whether a person’s personality is stable or changing across the life span.

c.             how being in a group changes whether a person will engage in illegal behavior.

d.            how different cultures define mental illness.

 

 

52.          Daniel is highly interested in workplace training and job placement. He would probably be most interested in speaking to a(n)               psychologist.

a.            counseling

b.            clinical

c.             industrial/organizational

d.            developmental

 

 

53.          You catch your 12-year-old sister smoking. She says that she likes to smoke because her friends think it looks “cool.” Which level of psychological analysis is she using?

a.            biological

b.            individual

c.             social

d.            cultural

 

 

54.          The type of psychologist who studies how people are affected by the presence of others is called a                psychologist.

a.            developmental

 

b.            cultural

c.             social

d.            clinical

 

 

55.          If you find yourself becoming a bit depressed, you should most likely seek help from a

                psychologist.

a.            personality

b.            social

c.             developmental

d.            counseling

 

 

56.          Your nephew is fascinated with human memory and the strategies that help people remember large amounts of information. If he were to become a psychologist, you suspect that he would be best suited for a career in

a.            industrial/organizational psychology.

b.            cognitive psychology or neuroscience.

c.             developmental psychology.

d.            clinical psychology.

 

 

57.          Dr. Ebrahim examines how children’s friendships change through the elementary and middle school years. Dr. Ebrahim is a(n)           psychologist.

a.            developmental

b.            personality

c.             cognitive

d.            organizational

 

 

58.          Dr. Alvarez studies how the degeneration of nerve cells in the brain might contribute to the development of multiple sclerosis. Dr. Alvarez’s work best exemplifies the             subfield of psychology.

a.            cognitive

b.            experimental

c.             developmental

d.            biological

 

 

59.          Dr. Growe is reading an article discussing the effect of group size on the conformity of group members. Dr. Growe is most likely reading the Journal of          Psychology.

a.            Developmental

b.            Social

c.             Cultural

d.            Personality

 

 

60.          Before psychologists can begin a research project, they must receive approval from the

a.            American Psychological Association.

b.            Association of Psychological Science.

c.             National Science Foundation.

d.            Institutional Review Board.

 

 

61.          Should people have access to data collected in an experiment? The latter question is associated with the ethical issue of

a.            deception.

b.            informed consent.

c.             anonymity.

d.            confidentiality.

 

 

62.          If a researcher publicly discussed a participant’s responses and named the participant, that researcher would be guilty of violating the ethical principle of

a.            confidentiality.

b.            anonymity.

c.             privacy.

d.            deception.

 

 

63.          Informed consent means that

a.            participants’ information must be kept strictly confidential.

b.            participants must be told about a research study and allowed to choose whether or not they would like to participate.

c.             a research study has been reviewed and approved by a group of reviewers based on ethical standards.

d.            a researcher is not permitted to observe people in public places without their knowledge.

 

 

64.          If a researcher was denied permission to conduct a study because participants might suffer harm, that decision would have been made by the

a.            American Psychological Association.

b.            Institutional Review Board.

c.             National Science Foundation.

d.            Association of Psychological Science.

 

 

65.          An explanation of how an observable phenomenon works is provided by a(n)

a.            theory.

b.            hypothesis.

c.             experiment

d.            correlation.

 

 

 

66.          Which of the following involves a specific, testable prediction?

a.            a theory

b.            a hypothesis

c.             descriptive methods

d.            introspection

 

 

67.          In the scientific method, a set of interconnected ideas or concepts is called a(n)

a.            theory.

b.            hypothesis.

c.             experiment.

d.            descriptive method.

 

 

68.          Susannah observes and measures people’s traits to gain new knowledge about personality.

Susannah’s work is

a.            biased.

b.            theoretical.

c.             subjective.

d.            empirical.

 

69.          If Mike wants to use the scientific method, he would use all of the following elements EXCEPT

a.            focusing on a theory.

b.            stating a hypothesis.

c.             using a research method.

d.            his personal experiences.

 

 

70.          George is looking for a research project. To get started, he could make use of an existing theory because

a.            theories are shown to be true, so subsequent research is successful.

b.            one of the benefits of theories is that they lead to testable hypotheses.

c.             a theory can be successfully replicated by researchers.

d.            theories lead to successful research.

 

 

71.          A researcher believes that presenting possible suspects in a lineup one at a time instead of in a group would lead to more accurate identification of the true suspect. This belief represents a(n)

a.            hypothesis.

b.            independent variable.

c.             correlation.

d.            theory.

 

 

 

72.          An extensive study of a single person or a few people is characteristic of

a.            a self-report.

b.            case studies.

c.             the scientific method.

d.            an experiment.

 

 

73.          In correlational studies, there is ambiguity as to which variable is the cause and which is the effect. This phenomenon is known as

a.            the third variable problem.

b.            random error.

c.             selection bias.

d.            the directionality problem.

 

 

74.          When a researcher manipulates a variable to see what effect the manipulation has on another variable, the research design is a(n)

a.            correlational study.

b.            experiment.

c.             naturalistic observation.

d.            case study.

 

 

75.          The variable that a researcher measures in an experiment is called the

a.            independent variable.

b.            dependent variable.

c.             experimental group.

d.            control group.

 

 

76.          The variable that a researcher manipulates in an experiment is called the

a.            independent variable.

b.            dependent variable.

c.             third variable.

d.            stimulus.

 

 

77.          If a researcher wants to be able to generalize about a population using data pulled from a sample, it is best to use

a.            a convenience sample.

b.            experience sampling.

c.             a descriptive study.

d.            a random sample.

 

 

78.          Jane Goodall systematically watched and recorded the behavior of chimpanzees in their natural environment. She was conducting

a.            observational studies.

b.            case studies.

c.             experiments.

d.            correlations.

 

 

 

79.          Which of the following sampling techniques gives each member of the population an equal chance of being selected to participate?

a.            random sampling

b.            convenience sampling

c.             random assignment

d.            a case study

 

 

80.          The precise way a researcher measures and defines a variable is known as the

a.            operational definition.

b.            theory.

c.             hypothesis.

d.            independent variable.

 

 

81.          The Hawthorne effect refers to changes in behavior associated with

a.            reactivity.

b.            observer bias.

c.             deception.

d.            informed consent.

 

 

82.          In an experiment, the independent variable is the variable that

a.            is hidden or unknown.

b.            changes over time.

c.             is measured by the researcher.

d.            is deliberately manipulated by the researcher.

 

 

83.          Investigators who are interested in studying attitudes and would like to gain a lot of information very quickly are likely to use

a.            a case study.

b.            an experiment.

c.             observation.

d.            self-reports.

 

 

84.          Wilhelm randomly assigns participants to two groups and compares the group that receives a treatment with the group that receives no treatment. The group that gets the treatment is the

                group.

a.            variable

b.            confound

c.             experimental

d.            control

 

 

 

85.          Paloma randomly assigns participants to two groups and compares the group that receives a treatment with the group that receives no treatment. The group that gets no treatment is the

                group.

a.            variable

b.            confound

c.             experimental

d.            control

 

86.          In order to maximize the likelihood that experimental and control groups are similar before any treatment has begun, researchers typically use

a.            naturalistic observation.

b.            random assignment.

c.             sampling.

d.            observational studies.

 

 

 

87.          A psychologist wants to create two groups that are as similar as possible at the beginning of an experiment. To do this, she should use

a.            random sampling.

b.            random assignment.

c.             self-report methods.

d.            participant observation.

 

 

 

88.          If a researcher created two groups by assigning the first 30 people to the experimental group and the last 30 to the control group, the process would violate the principle of

a.            the directionality problem.

b.            confounds.

c.             random assignment.

d.            descriptive research.

 

89.          Bai is conducting a study on learning. When she manipulates an independent variable, it is possible that some other factor, such as noise in the hall, can affect learning in one of the groups but not in the other. This possibility reflects the presence of

 

a.            a confound.

b.            a dependent variable.

c.             selection bias.

d.            random assignment.

 

90.          If a psychologist’s goal is to describe behavior or mental processes, he might conduct a(n)

                study.

a.            experimental

b.            descriptive

c.             independent

d.            dependent

 

91.          If a researcher defined happiness based on the number of times a person smiled in a 15-minute period, the number of smiles would be

a.            a hypothesis.

b.            the operational definition of happiness.

c.             a measure of reaction time.

d.            the independent variable.

 

 

 

92.          Because Lucy becomes aware that all of the adults are watching her as she plays, she starts to act silly and make funny noises. Her behavior is called

a.            the directionality problem.

b.            causality.

c.             random sampling.

d.            reactivity.

 

93.          Johnny wants to show that watering his crop more in the spring causes a larger harvest in the fall. Which type of study should Johnny use?

a.            descriptive study

b.            correlational study

c.             experiment

d.            case study

 

 

94.          Janice wants to use a descriptive research method to study the behavior of children following the birth of a new brother or sister. She could use any of the following EXCEPT a(n)

a.            case study.

b.            observational study.

c.             experiment.

d.            survey.

 

 

95.          Dr. Stanley would like to find out whether her study guide helps students perform better on exams. She randomly assigns students to one of two groups: Group 1 receives her study guide and Group 2 receives no study guide. Then, after 3 weeks, the performance of each student is measured on an exam. What is the dependent variable in this study?

a.            the study guide

b.            the group that did not receive the study guide

c.             students’ performance on the exam

d.            there is no dependent variable in this study

 

96.          Dr. Redbull conducts a study to determine whether her new energy drink helps children perform better on spelling tests. She randomly assigns children to one of two groups: Group 1 receives her energy drink and Group 2 receives water. She then gives both groups a spelling test and compares the results. Which of the following is true about this study?

a.            Group 1 is the dependent variable and Group 2 is the independent variable.

b.            The independent variable is the type of drink the children receive.

c.             Group 2 is the experimental group.

d.            This is a correlational study.

 

97.          Because psychologists generally use college students as research participants, the research does NOT involve

a.            random sampling.

b.            convenience sampling.

c.             confounds.

d.            random assignment.

 

 

 

98.          In correlational studies, it is always possible that an unmeasured factor is responsible for the relationship observed. This complication is known as

a.            observer bias.

b.            researcher bias.

c.             the directionality problem.

d.            the third variable problem.

 

 

99.          The more time Annie devoted to studying, the better her scores on exams. This fact illustrates a(n)

a.            correlation.

b.            case study.

c.             experiment.

d.            survey.

 

100.        You notice that you are always in a good mood whenever wearing your lucky shirt. What conclusion should you draw from this observation?

a.            Your lucky shirt makes you feel good.

b.            Your good mood makes you want to wear your lucky shirt.

c.             There is a correlation between your mood and your lucky shirt.

 

d.            There is no correlation between your mood and your lucky shirt.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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