Heart Lake Secondary School

PSY MISC

1)Brain imaging studies show that people who hoard show impairments in brain regions associated with

1. emotional regulation, and reward
2. memory, and spatial relations.
3. perceptual awareness, and pleasure.
4. judgment, and emotional regulation.

2. Behavioural theorists argue that anxiety disorders are maintained through the process of

1. negative reinforcement.
2. positive punishment.
3. positive reinforcement.
4. negative punishment.

3. The behavioural perspective views anxiety as

1. a learned reaction.
2. a danger signal that repressed conflicts are threatening to surface.
3. the result of illogical, irrational thought processes.
4. linked to an imbalance in several neurotransmitters in the nervous system.

4. Brian is the bassist and vocalist for a band. Recently, he has begun to experience more and more intense anxiety as he sings in front of crowds. As a result, he has begun to ask his bandmates to sing the songs for him. Brian's anxiety lessens when the focus of the crowd is not on him, demonstrating that Brian's avoidance of singing is being

1. positively reinforced.
2. positively punished.
3. negatively punished.
4. negatively reinforced.

5. Sandy has the tendency to make everything seem so much worse than it actually is. A cognitive therapist might say that Sandy has a tendency to engage in

1. catastrophizing.
2. minimizing.
3. all-or-nothing thinking.
4. overgeneralizing.

6. Which of the following is an example of the catastrophizing that sometimes accompanies anxiety disorders?

1. "If I make a mistake during our routine, no one else in the band will ever speak with me again."
2. "If she doesn't want to go to the dance with me, I'll just ask someone else."
3. "I sure hope that this storm isn't strong enough for there to be a tornado."
4. "I've never had to work so hard in my life just to make a C in a class."

7. Individuals with anxiety disorders also may display high levels of                                        and tend to interpret ambiguous situations in a negative light or as dangerous.

1. depression
2. anxiety sensitivity
3. delusions
4. schizophrenia

8. Research using                                     has demonstrated that anxiety leads us to interpret ambiguous stimuli negatively.

1. homophones
2. inkblots
3. earworms
4. negative reinforcement

9. High levels of                                    tend to be associated with excessive worry, generalized anxiety disorder, and depression, suggesting a shared genetic pathway for these disorders.

1. neuroticism
2. anxiety sensitivity
3. introversion
4. self-monitoring

10. Research has shown that persons who suffer from obsessive-compulsive disorder have more active

                     lobes than persons without the disorder.

1. frontal
2. temporal
3. occipital
4. parietal

11. According to the biological perspective, anxiety disorders are

1. learned reactions.
2. danger signals that repressed conflicts are threatening to surface.
3. the result of illogical, irrational thought processes.
4. genetic and neurochemical in origin.

12. Children are at an increased risk of developing OCD or Tourette's disorder after which of the following?

1. witnessing trauma
2. reaching puberty
3. contracting a streptococcal infection
4. being bullied

13. Which of the following disorders is theorized to share biological roots with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, because the two disorders are often comorbid and may share a common environmental trigger?

1. Autism
2. Tourette's syndrome
3. Narcissistic personality disorder
4. Bipolar I disorder

14. Family studies have demonstrated that people with obsessive-compulsive disorder are more likely to inherit a specific overactive gene that is related to the transport of which neurotransmitter?

1. Dopamine
2. Serotonin
3. Acetylcholine
4. Norepinephrine

15. Major changes in sleep patterns, interest in activities, and feelings about one's self-worth characterize

1. major depressive disorder.
2. social anxiety.
3. schizophrenia.
4. agoraphobia.

16. Which disorder has variants that are associated with the seasons, or with reproductive hormone fluctuations?

1. Posttraumatic stress disorder
2. Bipolar disorder
3. Obsessive compulsive disroder
4. Depression

17.                                  is associated with moods that alternate between numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and numerous periods of depressive symptoms, but no full depressive or manic episodes.

1. Bipolar disorder
2. Dysthymic disorder
3. Seasonal affective disorder
4. Cyclothymic disorder

18. What is the difference between Bipolar disorder and Cyclothymic disorder?

1. age of onset
2. effect of seasonal changes
3. severity
4. recognition by the DSM-5

19. Which mood disorder is characterized by manic episodes?

1. Bipolar disorder I
2. Bipolar disorder II
3. Major depressive disorder
4. Cyclothymia

20.                         is a mood disorder that is caused by the body's reaction to low levels of light present in the winter months.

1. Bipolar disorder
2. Seasonal affective disorder

3. Major depressive disorder
4. Cyclothymia

21. For some people, their depression lasts only from December to February but returns at the same time each year. This is what psychologists call

1. bipolar disorder.
2. seasonal affective disorder.
3. major depressive disorder.
4. cyclothymia.

22. Which disorder is characterized by low-level depression of at least two years' duration; feelings of inadequacy, sadness, low energy, poor appetite, decreased pleasure and productivity, and hopelessness?

1. Bipolar disorder II
2. Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)
3. Cyclothymic disorder
4. Seasonal affective disorder

23. Which other mood disorder is associated with an increased risk of later development of bipolar disorder?

1. major depressive disorder
2. dysthymic disorder
3. cyclothymic disorder
4. seasonal affective disorder

24. Excessive spending, reckless driving, and unprotected sex are all characteristics of which of the following?

1. Manic episode
2. Hypomanic episode
3. Cyclothymic disorder
4. Major depressive disorder

25. Mohammed is a 12-year-old boy displaying persistent irritability and frequent episodes of extreme, out of control behaviour that cannot be explained by life events. Considering his age, Mohammed should be assessed for what type of mood disorder?

1. Hypomanic episode
2. Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
3. Cyclothymic disorder
4. Bipolar disorder I

26. Research into demographic differences in the rates of major depressive disorder suggests that

1. there are no age, gender, or racial differences in the prevalence of the disorder in North America.
2. men are more likely than women to be diagnosed with the disorder in North America.
3. men are less likely than women to be diagnosed with the disorder in North America.
4. adults are less likely than children to be diagnosed with the disorder in North America.

27. Which of the following represents the gender differences associated with diagnosis of mood disorders?

1. Gender differences in depression are common, but not universal.
2. Women are more likely than men to be diagnosed with bipolar disorder.
3. Men are more likely than women to be diagnosed with depression.
4. Gender differences in depression are found throughout all cultures.

28. Which disorder is often triggered by the loss, or anticipated loss, of a loved one, loss of financial security, or loss of self-esteem?

1. post-traumatic stress disorder
2. bipolar disorder I
3. social anxiety disorder
4. major depressive disorder

29. According to the                                       model of depression, when people become depressed they seek excessive reassurance, which, in turn, leads others to dislike and reject them, which can maintain or worsen their depression.

1. behavioural
2. cognitive
3. interpersonal
4. learned helplessness

30. Kevan used to study diligently for exams in all of his high school classes and begin working on writing projects immediately after they were assigned. However, no matter what he did, he could never score higher than C or C+. What prediction would the behavioural model make about Kevan's behaviour today as a college student?

1. Kevan may begin to give up working so hard because of the lack of a payoff for his efforts.
2. Kevan will be motivated to overcompensate, in order to change his grades.
3. Kevan will continue to study diligently and work hard in his classes.
4. Kevan's behaviour cannot be adequately predicted from his past experiences.

31. According to the behavioural model, what is a cause of depression?

1. irrational thoughts
2. pushing others away, socially
3. insufficient reinforcement for behaviour
4. loss of loved ones

32. According to Aaron Beck, depression is often caused by

1. poor interpersonal skills.
2. negative beliefs and expectations.
3. a lack of positive reinforcement for one's behaviour.
4. biological or genetic influences.

33. Which of the following is part of Beck's cognitive triad of depressed thinking?

1. Negative views of the past
2. Negative views of others
3. Negative views of rejection
4. Negative views of the future

34. According to Beck's cognitive model of depression, which of the following is associated with depressed mood?

1. history of trauma
2. hormone changes
3. loss of reinforcement for behaviour
4. negative schemas

35. Trish just got a very positive performance review from her boss, with lots of detail about her competence and skill. There was also a suggestion that she work on her time management because she has frequently been a few minutes late to work. Trish feels that the review was quite negative, because she fixated on this small criticism. According to Beck's model of depression, what does Trish's thinking represent?

1. cognitive distortion
2. loss of reinforcement
3. illusory control
4. depressive realism

36. Russell has had bouts of mild depression for years, yet tends to display an accurate view of his circumstances. He recognizes that he has poor prospects for employment and that he isn't very good at making friends, which lead to his depressive episodes. Russell's thoughts represent a phenomenon called

1. illusory control.
2. overgeneralization.
3. learned helplessness.
4. depressive realism.

37. Which of the following is an example of the cognitive distortion of selective abstraction?

1. Nicholette believes that she will be more likely to win a gamble if she tosses the dice than if someone else does
2. Manuel believes that it is better to be overly modest than to brag
3. Ruth is convinced that her professor thinks she is stupid, because she gave a wrong answer in class
4. Rick who believes that if his girlfriend breaks up with him, there is nothing he will be able to do to make himself feel better

38. According to the cognitive model of depression, one's negative beliefs develop as the result of

1. experience with failure and rejection.
2. deficient levels of certain neurotransmitters in the brain.
3. excessive levels of certain neurotransmitters in the brain.
4. the loss of positive reinforcement.

39. A counterintuitive research finding involving depression is that depressed people have                                  

compared to nondepressed people.

1. more feelings of control over events
2. a more accurate view of their circumstances
3. better life circumstances
4. higher levels of dopamine

40. Compared to depressed people, which of the following cognitive errors is more common in people without depression?

1. Depressive realism
2. Hindsight bias
3. Illusory control
4. Selective abstraction

41. According to Seligman's model of learned helplessness, people with depression are prone to making attributions about failure that are

1. internal, specific, and unstable.
2. internal, global, and unstable.
3. internal, global, and stable.
4. external, specific, and unstable.

42. Mr. Evans feels that no matter what he does, he will be unable to convince his boss that he deserves a promotion. He also feels that it doesn't matter who his boss is, he still would not receive a promotion. These feelings represent what Martin Seligman called

1. learned helplessness.
2. depressive realism.
3. illusory control.

4. overgeneralization.

43. In class, a psychology professor states that learned helplessness causes persons to make attributions that are internally focused, global in nature, and stable. A student who demonstrates critical thinking would raise a hand and remind the professor that

1. such a claim is unfalsifiable.
2. the research needs to still be replicated.
3. correlation does not equal causation.
4. extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence.

44. According to Seligman's model, people who are depressed tend to attribute negative events to                              

causes and positive events to                         causes.

1. interpersonal; behavioural
2. internal; external
3. behavioural; interpersonal
4. external; internal

45. Seligman's learned helplessness model suggests that our attributions about events are associated with our risk of depression. For someone who is prone to depression, which of the following is a likely attribution about a bad grade on a test?

1. The teacher hates me.
2. I should study more next time.
3. I'll never understand this stuff.
4. The test was totally unfair.

46. Seligman's learned helplessness model suggests that our attributions about events are associated with our risk of depression. For someone who is prone to depression, which of the following is a likely attribution about a good grade on a test?

1. The teacher likes me.
2. My studying paid off.
3. The test was fair.
4. I got lucky this time.

47. The results of studies investigating the role of biological factors suggest that depression is associated with

1. decreased levels of norepinephrine.
2. increased levels of dopamine.
3. overactive neurogenesis.
4. increased hippocampal volume.

48. Depression has been associated with low levels of which two neurotransmitters?

1. Serotonin and dopamine
2. Norepinephrine and acetylcholine
3. Dopamine and norepinephrine
4. Acetylcholine and serotonin

49. Kayla has experienced a decrease in the need for sleep for the past three nights, is extremely talkative and creative, and has engaged in some very risky behaviour during this time. Kayla is in the midst of which type of mood episode?

1. dissociative episode.
2. manic episode.
3. major depressive episode.
4. compulsive episode.

50. A person who suffers from bipolar disorder alternates between                         .

1. mania and schizophrenia
2. depression and manic episodes
3. anxiety and mania
4. depression and schizophrenia

51. When a patient arrives in the emergency room, he is restless and irritable with unlimited energy and a rapid rate of speech. The attending psychiatrist believes the patient has taken cocaine or amphetamines and admits him for observation. The next day the symptoms are the same, which suggests that the symptoms are not caused by drugs. Which of the following episodes did the patient likely experience?

1. Dissociative episode
2. Manic episode
3. Major depressive episode
4. Hypomanic episode

52. What specific psychological disorder is marked by cycles of extreme activity and inactivity?

1. Catatonic schizophrenia
2. Obsessive-compulsive disorder
3. Bipolar disorder
4. Major depressive disorder

53. Which of the following statements accurately reflects the relationship between bipolar disorder and gender?

1. Bipolar disorder is much more prevalent in women relative to men.
2. Women are more likely to experience recurrent manic episodes relative to men.
3. Men are more likely to be diagnosed with bipolar disorder relative to women.
4. Bipolar disorder is equally common in men and women.

54. Which mood disorder is associated with dramatically elevated moods and risky or irresponsible behaviour?

1. bipolar disorder
2. dysthymia
3. disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
4. seasonal affective disorder

55. Which of the following psychological disorders has the strongest evidence for a genetic link?

1. Major depressive disorder
2. Antisocial personality disorder
3. Bipolar disorder
4. Postraumatic stress disorder

56. Which area of the brain seems to have higher activity levels in people with bipolar disorder?

1. hippocampus
2. temporal lobes
3. amygdala
4. prefrontal cortex

57. Which area of the brain seems to have lower activity levels in people with bipolar disorder?

1. hippocampus
2. temporal lobes
3. amygdala

4. prefrontal cortex

58. Genetic research suggests that individuals are at an increased risk of developing bipolar disorder if they have genes that increase the sensitivity of                                      receptors and decrease the sensitivity of

                                 receptors.

1. dopamine; serotonin
2. serotonin; norepinephrine
3. norepinephrine; dopamine
4. serotonin; dopamine

59. Unlike many other psychological disorders, manic episodes may be triggered by

1. neurochemical changes.
2. thought patterns.
3. negative life events.
4. positive life events.

60. Research suggests that the suicide rate of people with bipolar disorder is about                            times higher than that of the general population.

1. 3
2. 5
3. 10
4. 15

61. The suicide rate of people with bipolar disorder is about                                               than that of the general population.

1. 15 times lower
2. 10 times lower
3. 10 times higher
4. 15 times higher

62. Which of the following is associated with a lower risk of a completed suicide?

1. being between the ages of 35 and 55
2. starting to feel better at the end of a depressive episode
3. talking about suicidal thoughts
4. being female

63. Which of the following is an accurate statement about risk factors or warning signs of suicide?

1. People who talk about committing suicide are just looking for attention.
2. One must be careful when talking with a depressed person about suicide because you might make them more likely to take their own life.
3. As depression lifts, the risk of suicide may increase rather than decrease.
4. There is seldom any warning given by those who commit suicide.

64. According to the data, the single best predictor of suicide is

1. a previous attempt.
2. loss of a loved one.
3. recent discharge from the hospital.
4. unemployment.

65. Which of the following statements is true regarding risk factors for suicide attempts?

1. More women than men attempt suicide.
2. Age is the single best predictor of suicide attempts.
3. Suicide is essentially unpredictable, except in hospital settings.
4. More men than women attempt suicide.

66. What category of psychological disorders is characterized by inflexible and maladaptive behavioural patterns?

1. Personality disorders
2. Schizophrenia
3. Dissociative disorders
4. Anxiety disorders

67. Which category of disorders has the lowest reliability in diagnosis?

1. mood disorders
2. anxiety disorders
3. personality disorders
4. schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders

68. A person who has been diagnosed with borderline personality disorder is most likely to exhibit

1. intense discomfort in most social situations and odd thinking and behaviour patterns.
2. impulsivity and unpredictability in his or her interactions with others.
3. a strong need to be the centre of attention in all social situations.
4. a charming, self-centred, and manipulative interpersonal style.

69. Marty is moody, manipulative, and unstable, and he lacks a clear sense of identity, and often clings to others. He wants to have close relationships but is unable to do so because he is untrusting of others. Marty has symptoms consistent with                   personality disorder.

1. antisocial
2. borderline
3. bipolar
4. dependent

70. According to the sociobiological model, individuals with borderline personality disorder

1. are likely to have experienced childhood sexual abuse and have poor coping skills.
2. inherit a tendency to overreact to stress and experience difficulty with emotional regulation.
3. have low levels of serotonin that increase responsivity to emotional stimuli resulting in oversensitivity.
4. were lacking in key childhood experiences involved in developing a sense of self and emotionally bonding to others.

71. Kernberg's psychoanalytic model of borderline personality disorder suggests that individuals with this disorder

1. are likely to have experienced childhood sexual abuse and have poor coping skills.
2. inherit a tendency to overreact to stress and experience difficulty with emotional regulation.
3. engage in intense rumination about negative events or emotional experiences that result in uncontrolled emotionality.
4. were lacking in key childhood experiences involved in developing a sense of self and emotionally bonding to others.

72. According to the emotional cascades model, individuals with borderline personality disorder

1. are likely to have experienced childhood sexual abuse and have poor coping skills.
2. inherit a tendency to overreact to stress and experience difficulty with emotional regulation.

3. engage in intense rumination about negative events or emotional experiences that result in uncontrolled emotionality.
4. were lacking in key childhood experiences involved in developing a sense of self and emotionally bonding to others.

73. Randy has a grandiose sense of self, lacks empathy for others, and is dishonest, manipulative, and callous. Which of the following is consistent with Randy's behaviour?

1. Psychopathic personality
2. Bipolar disorder
3. Borderline personality
4. Depersonalization disorder

74. Serial killers Paul Bernardo, Ted Bundy, and Aileen Wuornos each are prototypical examples of

1. histrionic personality.
2. schizotypal personality.
3. psychopathic personality.
4. borderline personality.

75. Individuals with a psychopathic personality may have a history of what childhood disorder?

1. Autism
2. Conduct disorder
3. ADHD
4. Bipolar disorder

76. Which of the following is associated with the psychopathic personality?

1. low levels of arousal
2. sensitivity to stress or fear
3. elevated mood
4. vulnerability to depression

77. What general category of psychological disorders is characterized by a disruption in one's unified sense of identity, perception, memory, or consciousness?

1. Anxiety disorders
2. Dissociative disorders
3. Schizophrenia
4. Personality disorders

78. Disorders in which there is a break in conscious awareness, memory, the sense of identity, or some combination are called

1. anxiety disorders.
2. dissociative disorders.
3. schizophrenia.
4. personality disorders.

79. Which category of psychological disorders is marked by disruptions in one's sense of consciousness and/or memory?

1. Schizophrenia
2. Dissociative disorders
3. Anxiety disorders
4. Personality disorders

80. Which disorder involves frequent experiences where you feel detached from yourself, as though you are living in a movie or a dream, or observing your body from the perspective of an outsider?

1. Dissociative amnesia
2. Depersonalization
3. Dissociative fugue
4. Dissociative identity disorder

81. Ned seeks therapy after having recurrent episodes of feeling "detached from himself" for several months, but he has not lost his self-awareness or memory. He notes that he feels like a robot, disconnected from his movements and actions. He is most likely suffering from

1. dissociative fugue.
2. dissociative amnesia.
3. depersonalization disorder.
4. dissociative identity disorder.

82. A dissociative disorder characterized by a partial or complete loss of memory for personal information, usually associated with a stressful or emotionally traumatic experience, is known as

1. dissociative fugue.
2. dissociative amnesia.
3. schizophrenia.
4. dissociative identity disorder.

83. The police find a man who is disheveled and in a daze wandering through the downtown area When the police ask him for his name, he seems bewildered. A search of missing persons photographs reveals that this man was reported missing three months ago in a town more than 1000 kilometres away. If this man is diagnosed with a dissociative disorder, which one is most likely?

1. dissociative fugue.
2. dissociative amnesia.

3. depersonalization.
4. dissociative identity disorder.

84. A dissociative disorder that involves sudden travel from home, taking on a new identity, and amnesia regarding the trip and one's actual personal information is called

1. antisocial personality disorder.
2. dissociative amnesia.
3. depersonalization disorder
4. dissociative fugue.

85. After being passed up for a promotion and then getting into a heated argument with his son, a man disappears. He shows up two weeks later in another town with no memory of who he is or how he got there. He appears to be suffering from

1. antisocial personality disorder.
2. conversion disorder.
3. schizophrenia.
4. a dissociative fugue.

86. Which of the following disorders is associated with the presence of multiple distinct personality states that take control of a person's behaviour?

1. antisocial personality disorder
2. dissociative identity disorder
3. autism
4. dissociative fugue

87. The presence of at least two distinct personality states within the same person is characteristic of

1. antisocial personality disorder.
2. dissociative amnesia.
3. schizophrenia.
4. dissociative identity disorder.

88. What is the major distinction between dissociative amnesia and dissociative fugue?

1. age of onset
2. experience of stress or trauma
3. psychotic features
4. travel

89. Eve seeks treatment to learn how to relax. When her therapist hypnotizes her, her voice changes and someone claiming her name is "Joan" begins to speak. During therapy, 23 separate entities, each with its own name, personal style, and memories emerge. Eve appears to be suffering from

1. antisocial personality disorder.
2. dissociative amnesia.
3. schizophrenia.
4. dissociative identity disorder.

90. The preponderance of the available data suggests that dissociative identity disorder is caused by

1. one's expectancies and beliefs rather.
2. coping with early childhood sexual abuse experiences.
3. unconscious and unresolved motivational conflicts from adolescence.
4. an attempt to malinger symptoms to avoid imprisonment for one's crimes.

91. Kat is giving a report on the sociocognitive model of dissociative identity disorder (DID) in her psychopathology seminar. A main conclusion that you would expect to hear from her talk is that

1. most clinical psychologists agree that DID is a valid psychological disorder.
2. most claims of sexual abuse as a precursor to DID have been proven with corroborating evidence.
3. DID is created by questionable therapeutic practices rather than being a true disorder.
4. the diagnosis of DID has dropped nearly a hundredfold since 1979.

92. Dissociative identity disorder is caused by a history of severe abuse according to the                               model, and by expectancies and beliefs about the therapeutic process according to the               model.

1. posttraumatic; sociocognitive
2. behavioural; humanistic
3. psychoanalytic; behavioural
4. humanistic; behavioural

93. The reported prevalence of DID diagnoses has increased along with popular media coverage of the disorder. This fact supports the                              model of dissociative identity disorder.

1. posttraumatic
2. sociocognitive
3. psychoanalytic
4. sociocultural

94. Which of the following disorders is always associated with some form of loss of contact with reality?

1. depression.
2. borderline personality disorder.
3. schizophrenia.
4. conduct disorder.

95. A person who is suffering from disordered thinking, bizarre behaviour, and hallucinations and who is unable to distinguish between fantasy and reality is likely suffering from

1. depression.
2. dissociative identity disorder.
3. schizophrenia.
4. borderline personality disorder.

96. A patient in a psychiatric hospital exhibits disordered thinking, bizarre behaviour, and hallucinations. This person is probably suffering from

1. depression.
2. dissociative identity disorder.
3. schizophrenia.
4. a manic episode.

97. Schizophrenia is most often confused with which other psychological disorder, mainly because the term schizophrenia literally means "split mind"?

1. Dementia
2. Bipolar disorder
3. Dissociative identity disorder
4. Borderline personality disorder

98. The idea of "split mind" contributed to the popular myth that the symptoms of                                     stemmed from a split-personality.

1. schizophrenia
2. borderline personality disorder