Florida International University

SOP 4731

Chapter 9

1)Which one does not belong: a human, a giraffe, and a car?

1. 1. analytic thinker: human; holistic thinker: car
   2. analytic thinker: giraffe; holistic thinker: human
   3. analytic thinker: car; holistic thinker: giraffe
   4. analytic thinker: car; holistic thinker: car
   5. analytic thinker: giraffe; holistic thinker: giraffe
2. Analytic thinking is best characterized by
   1. taxonomic categorization.
   2. thematic categorization.
   3. multiple­level categorization.
   4. any form of categorization.
   5. synthetically integrating theses and antitheses.
3. During a professional ice hockey game, fans from around the world saw Tony Bertram, a professional hockey player, punch an unsuspecting player in the face and throw him onto the ice. According to analytic versus holistic thinking styles, which of the following do you think is most likely to happen?
   1. East Asians and Westerners will equally blame Tony’s family problems.
   2. East Asians will blame Tony’s family problems, and Westerners will blame Tony’s nasty personality.
   3. East Asians will blame Tony’s nasty personality, and Westerners will blame Tony’s family problems.
   4. East Asians and Westerners will equally blame Tony’s nasty personality.
   5. East Asians will blame Tony’s family problems, and Westerners will blame Tony’s teammates.
4. An American student, Ronald, and his Chinese friend, Rui, are looking up at the clear blue sky, where just a few clouds are visible. Coincidentally, the clouds are all grouped into one cluster just above Ronald and Rui. The two start naming shapes that they see in the clouds. According to cultural differences in attentional style, which of the following is most likely to happen in this scenario?
   1. Rui will give more responses that are diagnostic of psychological disorders than Ronald.
   2. Rui will give more visual descriptions than Ronald, who will give fewer descriptions in general.
   3. Rui will give answers that are based more on the cluster of clouds than Ronald, who will base his answers more on a single cloud.
   4. Rui will give more creative answers than Ronald, who will give more mundane answers.
   5. Rui will give more colorful descriptions than Ronald, whose descriptions will be more black and white.
5. Which of the following most accurately portrays field dependence?
   1. someone who is better at the relative­line task than the absolute­line task
   2. someone who is better at the absolute­line task than the relative­line task
   3. someone who is good at both the relative­line and the absolute­line tasks
   4. someone who cannot do well on either the relative­line task or the absolute­line task

5. 5. someone who performs inconsistently on the relative­line and absolute­line tasks across trials
6. People who are especially field dependent tend to be
   1. introverted.
   2. from Western cultures.
   3. hunters or herders.
   4. from large, industrialized cities.
   5. holistic thinkers.
7. A Chinese art critic, Weiwei, and his American counterpart, William, are both looking at a painting of a group of people standing behind a vase in the middle foreground. If you were to compare the eye gazes of Weiwei and William, what would you find?
   1. Their gazes initially start out in different places on the painting, but become more similar over time attending to an object.
   2. William shifts his attention around more than Weiwei.
   3. Weiwei and William describe the painting differently, but they are actually looking at the objects quite similarly.
   4. William spends more time gazing at the vase than does Weiwei.
   5. The people standing in the background appear blurrier to William than they do to Weiwei.
8. Two families are claiming to be the family of a lost mystery child. You are a judge who uses holistic reasoning, and must determine which family is the correct one. This is before the days of DNA analysis, so you must use family resemblance as your guide. Based on research about reasoning styles, what do you do to establish a familial relationship?
   1. ask the child which group of people look the most familiar, to activate the child’s implicit memory
   2. focus on one feature that is shared between one family and the child
   3. consider what is best for the child and choose the family that looks wealthier
   4. look at which family has approximately the same combination of features as the child
   5. decide that the case cannot be determined because the two conflicting claims make them equally convincing
9. You are walking with your friend when both of you see a person on the street trip and fall. You think that the person is a clumsy person, but your friend thinks the person was distracted by something across the street. In this situation, which of the following more accurately captures what you are engaging in?
   1. an argument
   2. dispositional attribution
   3. inferential judgment
   4. conclusion making
   5. field dependence
10. Analytic thinking is argued to be associated with
    1. field dependence.
    2. family resemblance reasoning.
    3. dispositional attributions.
    4. high horizons in drawings.
    5. None of these answers is correct.
11. Contrasting the attributions made by Indians and Americans in research by Joan Miller reveals all of the following EXCEPT
    1. Indians become increasingly likely to make situational attributions as they get older.
    2. cultural differences in attributions are evident in young children as well as in adults.
    3. Indian adults show evidence for a reverse fundamental attribution error.
    4. Americans do not become increasingly likely to make situational attributions as they get older.
    5. All of these statements are true.
12. Brittany is arguing with Michael about his article in the school newspaper, in which Michael advocates raising student tuition. Michael claims that Brittany is committing the fundamental attribution error. This means that Brittany did which of the following?
    1. assumed that Michael was not really pro tuition increase, and agreed that Michael only wrote the article because the editor asked him to write the article
    2. thought that Michael wrote the article equally because he is pro tuition increase and because he is personally pro tuition
    3. thought that Michael’s perspective on tuition increase depended on the perspectives of people around him
    4. ignored the fact that Michael was asked by the editor to write the article, and asserted that Michael wrote it only because he is personally pro tuition increase
    5. thought that Michael’s perspective on tuition increase was due to both situational and dispositional attributions, in equal amounts

13. Mandia met a friend called Martina in university. Martina’s boyfriend likes to go to bars to drink, and makes Martina go to bars with him. Mandia knows that Martina’s boyfriend makes her go to bars, but still thinks that Martina goes because she likes to go to bars. The term that best describes Mandia’s thoughts is
    1. situational attributions.
    2. naïve dialecticism.
    3. dispositional attributions.
    4. articulatory suppression.
    5. fundamental attribution error.
14. When it comes to analytic reasoning tasks, East Asians
    1. choose family­resemblance responses if there is a conflict between rule and similarity­based judgments.
    2. on average, have much difficulty with them relative to Westerners.
    3. typically provide holistic answers.
    4. are usually unable to solve them.
    5. tend to be poorer at using analytical skills than Westerners.
15. Research on cultural differences in reasoning reveals that
    1. East Asians use analytic reasoning strategies in most math and science problems.
    2. Westerners are less likely to use analytic reasoning strategies than East Asians when there is a conflict between analytic and holistic solutions.
    3. East Asians are more likely than Westerners to reason on the basis of abstract rules.
    4. when there is a conflict between analytic and holistic solutions, Westerners are likely to make judgments based on similarity.
    5. East Asians are unable to engage in analytic reasoning strategies.
16. Jade, a European­Canadian real estate agent, and Jing, a Chinese real estate agent, are trying to figure out what to tell their clients about the market’s outlook. Compared to Jade, Jing will
    1. have predictions that are consistently more pessimistic.
    2. have predictions that are consistently more optimistic.
    3. have predictions that follow smoothly more from past patterns.
    4. have predictions that are less linear given past patterns.
    5. not be able to have predictions because multiple alternatives could be possible for East Asians.
17. Horatio and Gil are debating the legalization of marijuana. Horatio has a strong argument for legalization, while Gil has a weak argument against it. Zhang, a Chinese student, is watching the debate. Compared to how Zhang would perceive the arguments if he were to encounter just one argument, how will he perceive the arguments if they are both presented to him?
    1. Zhang would be less confident that either argument is true.
    2. Zhang would become more convinced that each argument is true.
    3. Zhang would become less convinced that Horatio’s argument is true, but become more convinced that Gil’s argument is true.
    4. Zhang would become more committed to his initial position, whatever it may be.
    5. Zhang would become more convinced that Horatio’s argument is true, but become less convinced that Gil’s argument is true.
18. Ayumi is a Japanese student, and Alice is a European­Canadian student. They are both participating in a study in which they are asked to provide some self­descriptions. Which of the following is the likeliest outcome of this study?
    1. Ayumi is likelier than Alice to say that she is an introverted person across different situations.
    2. Ayumi is likelier than Alice to say that she is both considerate and selfish.
    3. Ayumi is likelier than Alice to focus on her individual characteristics, such as intelligence.
    4. Ayumi is likelier than Alice to be optimistic over the long term.
    5. Ayumi is likelier than Alice to reference her physiological states.
19. Jeremy and Jason took a test to see how high their individualism and collectivism scores are. Jeremy’s individualism score is 9 out of 18, and his collectivism score is 11 out of 18. Jason’s individualism score is 12 out of 18, and his collectivism score is 8 out of 18. Which of the following statements is true?
    1. Jeremy is likelier than Jason to engage in analytic reasoning.
    2. Jason is likelier than Jeremy to engage in field dependence.
    3. Jason is likelier than Jeremy to create novel inventions.
    4. Both are equally likely to engage in naïve dialecticism.
    5. Both are equally likely to engage in anthropocentrism.
20. You are leading a group of researchers from Japan and the United States to come up with a new invention based on current designs for the car, so that your company can submit a patent. Based on cultural differences in creative thinking, which of the following is the most likely to happen?

20. 1. Japanese researchers’ preference for the status quo will lead them to think that current car designs are sufficient; American researchers will focus on making only slight adjustments to make cars more functional.
    2. Japanese and American researchers will both focus on making revolutionizing changes to current car designs.
    3. Japanese researchers will focus on making revolutionizing changes to current car designs; American researchers will want the status quo and keep current car designs.
    4. Japanese and American researchers will both focus on making minor adjustments to current car designs to make cars more functional.
    5. Japanese researchers will focus on making minor adjustments to cars to make them more functional; American researchers will focus on making revolutionizing changes to them.
21. Yasmin is an executive at a company, and she wants to hire the most creative applicant for a new position. She decides to hire someone from an individualistic culture because she feels that individualists are more creative than collectivists. You

                              with her statement because                             .

21. 1. agree; the higher need for uniqueness among individualists makes them generally more creative than collectivists
    2. disagree; being more concerned about improving the lives of others makes collectivists generally more creative than individualists
    3. agree; the higher level of analytic thinking among individualists makes them generally more creative than collectivists
    4. disagree; individualists and collectivists are better at different types of creative thinking
    5. agree; having less naïve dialecticism makes individualists generally more creative than collectivists
22. The Department of Chemistry is trying to understand how people solve problems in organic chemistry classes. Students are given a series of complex organic chemistry problems to solve. Which of the following will characterize the students’ performance?
    1. East Asian students will perform worse on the problems if they are asked to verbally articulate their thinking process, but their performance will be relatively unaffected if they recite their own names repeatedly.
    2. Western students will perform worse on the problems if they are asked to verbally articulate their thinking process, or if they recite their own names repeatedly.
    3. Verbally articulating their thought processes enhances the performance of East Asian students on the problems.
    4. Reciting their names repeatedly enhances the performance of Western students on the problems.
    5. Any student who verbally expresses anything unrelated to the problems will do poorly on them.
23. Comparisons of Asian Americans and Euro­Americans in their performance on Raven’s progressive matrices reveals that
    1. Asian Americans tend to outperform Euro­Americans.
    2. Euro­Americans do worse on the task if they are reciting the alphabet.
    3. Euro­Americans consistently do better on the task if they are saying something than if they are silent.
    4. Asian Americans do better on the task if they are reciting the alphabet than if they are silent.
    5. thinking and talking are largely unrelated for Euro­Americans.
24. With which of the following is a low context culture most closely associated?
    1. implicit communication
    2. explicit communication
    3. incremental theory of the world
    4. entity theory of the self
    5. incremental theory of self
25. Your roommate is from a high context culture. As a result, which of the following is most likely to be an exchange between the two of you?
    1. You ask your roommate if you can use her hairdryer. She does not want you to, but she says, “I guess so,” with a very subtle disapproving expression.
    2. Your roommate asks you if she can use your yoga mat, and you reply, “I will think about it,” because you are unsure.
    3. Your roommate does not want you to practice dancing in the living room, so she leaves you a note on your door to let you know.
    4. You ask your roommate why she seems upset with you, and she responds by telling you exactly what she is thinking, providing the whole context for you to understand.
    5. Your roommate does not plan on coming home for dinner and calls ahead of time to tell you.
26. Which of the following examples most accurately portrays research on cultural differences in communication style?
    1. Hamada and Matsumoto, who are both Japanese, communicate with each other only by complimenting each other and do not criticize each other.
    2. Endo, who is Japanese, cannot reach his friend, Tanaka, because Tanaka’s cell phone is off, but Endo has great difficulty leaving messages on Tanaka’s voice mail.
    3. Yamazaki, who is Japanese, much prefers to communicate with his friends by writing, more so than his American friend,