PART 2) LONG (FREE-FORMAT) ANSWERS

PART 2) LONG (FREE-FORMAT) ANSWERS. Give your name, then answer ANY TWO of the following: Make sure to answer ALL PARTS OF EACH QUESTION YOU CHOOSE. (20 points each) 
1. (A) What is energy-stability-area (ESA) theory? (B) What does it attempt to explain? (C) How does it do so (mention at least two ways). 2. How has the atmosphere changed over time? (A) Describe at least 3 different stages in the composition of Earth's atmosphere (approx. percentages help), and (B) explain what brought about the changes from one stage to another. 3. (A) Explain what human activities threatened the ozone layer, (B) how these threats came about, and (C) what has happened to these threats since they were discovered. 4. Sulfur occurs in many copper and zinc ores and also as an impurity in certain types of coal. (A) Explain what problems can result from this, and (B) why there are often political impediments to solving these problems. 5. Explain Integrated Pest Management, including (A) What is it? (B) Why is it used? (C) What are its major costs and benefits? 6. (A) Explain how the use of fossil fuels causes global warming. Then (B) give at least three independent lines of evidence to show that these changes are happening and (C) explain how this affects marine biodiversity. 7. (A) What kind of disease is Kaposi's sarcoma? (B) How did this disease help scientists discover the cause of AIDS? (C) How was it determined that AIDS was transmitted by a virus? 8. Explain why the extinction of orangutans would threaten the diversity of many other animal and plant species. 9. (A) Explain how Stanley Miller tested Oparin's theory. In particular, (B) explain his findings and (C) explain what control he used to show that his results did not come from contamination. 10. Explain: (1) why plants need nitrogen; (2) how most plants get their nitrogen; (3) what it means to say that nitrogen is a "limiting nutrient" to a particular crop; (4) at least one unusual adaptation that some plants have evolved to get their nitrogen; and (5) how crop rotation can help supply nitrogen to crops. 11. Select two infectious diseases whose frequency increased in the last 50 years. Tell what you know about their causes, the factors that promote their spread, and the remedies that are being used to contain the spread. 12. (A) Explain the difference between a primary host, a dead-end host, and a vector species. (B) Describe a disease that illustrates these concepts. 13. Explain why vascular plants can grow in many habitats in which nonvascular plants cannot survive.