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Homework answers / question archive / Florida International University BIO PCB 4023 Chapter 21 1)What organ requires a steady supply of glucose, which is why blood glucose concentration must be maintained between meals? heart kidneys skeletal muscles liver brain Which of the following best describes acetyl CoA? Acetyl CoA is a breakdown product of lipid catabolism and is produced in the cytosol by glycolysis

Florida International University BIO PCB 4023 Chapter 21 1)What organ requires a steady supply of glucose, which is why blood glucose concentration must be maintained between meals? heart kidneys skeletal muscles liver brain Which of the following best describes acetyl CoA? Acetyl CoA is a breakdown product of lipid catabolism and is produced in the cytosol by glycolysis

Biology

Florida International University

BIO PCB 4023

Chapter 21

1)What organ requires a steady supply of glucose, which is why blood glucose concentration must be maintained between meals?

    1. heart
    2. kidneys
    3. skeletal muscles
    4. liver
    5. brain
  1. Which of the following best describes acetyl CoA?
    1. Acetyl CoA is a breakdown product of lipid catabolism and is produced in the cytosol by glycolysis.
    2. Acetyl CoA is produced from catabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, and it directly provides electrons to the electron transport chain.
    3. Acetyl CoA is produced from catabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, and it is a substrate for the Krebs cycle and for lipid synthesis.
    4. Acetyl CoA is a breakdown product of lipid catabolism and a substrate for carbohydrate synthesis.
    5. Acetyl CoA provides electrons to the electron transport chain and is a substrate for fatty acid synthesis.

 

  1. Which of the following best illustrates the form in which carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids, respectively, are transported in the bloodstream?
    1. glucose, amino acids, and lipoproteins
    2. disaccharides, amino acids, and lipoproteins
    3. glycogen, tripeptides, and fatty acids
    4. glucose, dipeptides, and fatty acids
    5. glycogen, amino acids, and triglycerides
  2. When carbohydrates are consumed, they can be used to produce                              or converted to    for storage.
    1. energy : fat
    2. carbon dioxide : glycogen
    3. carbon dioxide : fat
    4. energy : glycogen
    5. energy: cellulose
  3. When amino acids are used for energy, they must be deaminated. In the process,       is produced, and eventually eliminated from the body in the form of                                    .
    1. nitrogen : nitrous oxide and water
    2. carbonic acid : carbon dioxide and water
    3. ammonia : nitrous oxide
    4. ammonia : urea
    5. nitrogen : bilirubin

1

  1.               provide an energy storage that is used primarily in times of starvation and are not metabolized by nervous tissue.
    1. Fats
    2. Carbohydrates
    3. Ketones
    4. Proteins
    5. Nucleic acid
  2. Under which of the following conditions is the basal metabolic rate measured?
    1. lying down, awake, and having fasted for 12 hours
    2. lying down, sleeping, and having fasted for 12 hours

 

    1. standing, awake, and having fasted for 12 hours
    2. sitting, awake, and having fasted for 24 hours
    3. lying down, sleeping, and having fasted for 24 hours
  1. In order to maintain a positive energy balance, the body must
    1. expend more energy than it consumes.
    2. reduce the amount of heat produced by the body.
    3. increase activity.
    4. limit caloric intake.
    5. consume more energy than it expends.
  2. In order to lose weight, a person must
    1. be less active.
    2. produce more heat to increase energy consumption.
    3. be in a state of negative energy balance.
    4. consume more calories than are expended.
    5. be in a state of positive energy balance.
  3. Which metabolic pathway would be utilized for sprinting?
    1. Krebs cycle
    2. formation of acetyl CoA
    3. lipolysis
    4. electron transport chain
    5. glycolysis
  4. Which statement BEST describes what type of exercise one would use if they want to burn a lot of fat?
    1. intense weight training over a long period
    2. light-to-moderate exercise over a long duration
    3. intense cardiovascular exercise over a short period
    4. light weight training over a short period
    5. intense exercising until completely fatigued

2

  1. Which of the following is TRUE of the absorptive state?
    1. Energy input is less than output and thus is released from breakdown of macromolecules.
    2. Energy input exceeds output and thus is released from breakdown of macromolecules.
    3. Energy input is less than output and thus is stored in macromolecules.
    4. Energy input exceeds output and thus is stored in macromolecules.
    5. Energy input is equal to energy output and thus, the body is in energy balance.
  2. What happens to glucose during the postabsorptive state?
    1. Glucose is converted to fat for storage.
    2. Glucose is synthesized by gluconeogenesis and glycolysis and is the primary energy source for all body cells.
    3. Glucose is stored as glycogen and spared for use by the nervous system.
    4. Glucose is synthesized by gluconeogenesis and glycolysis and is spared for use by the nervous system.
    5. Glucose is stored as glycogen and is the primary energy source for all body cells.
  3. Which statement best describes why proteins are not synthesized into storage molecules?
    1. Proteins primarily have a structural function in connective tissues and play many functional roles such as enzymes and hormones.
    2. The body has no enzymes that can break down proteins.
    3. Proteins cannot be stored because their peptide bonds cannot be broken.
    4. Proteins denature too easily.
    5. Proteins cannot be stored because they produce toxic waste products.

 

  1. During the absorptive state, the primary energy source for most of the body cells is
    1. fatty acids recently absorbed into the bloodstream.
    2. amino acids supplied from proteins.
    3. glucose supplied from glycogen.
    4. fatty acids supplied from triglycerides.
    5. glucose recently absorbed into the bloodstream.
  2. Which cell type stores the majority of the body's glycogen?
    1. nervous tissue
    2. liver
    3. skeletal muscle
    4. adipocyte
    5. kidney
  3. What is the fate of any excess glucose in the liver that is not required for energy and not stored as glycogen?
    1. It is immediately released back into the bloodstream.
    2. It is converted into amino acids.
    3. It accumulates within the cell until released.
    4. It is attached to very-low-density lipoprotein in its native form.
    5. It is converted into fatty acids.

3

  1. What is the fate of most of the amino acids that enter the liver?
    1. They are converted directly into energy.
    2. They are stored in very-low-density lipoproteins in their native form.
    3. They are converted to glycogen.
    4. They are converted to keto acids that become fatty acids.
    5. They are synthesized into proteins.
  2. Which tissue/organ packages triglycerides into very low density lipoproteins (VLDLs)?
    1. liver
    2. pancreas
    3. intestinal tract
    4. adipose tissue
    5. skeletal muscle
  3. Most energy stores for the body are in the form of                                    and are stored in    .
    1. triglycerides : adipose tissue
    2. glycogen : the liver
    3. glycogen : skeletal muscle
    4. triglycerides : the liver
    5. glycogen : adipose tissue
  4. Nutrients that are absorbed in excess of the body's needs are
    1. stored in skeletal and smooth muscle.
    2. stored as glycogen.
    3. stored as fat.
    4. stored in the skeletal muscles.
    5. excreted as waste products.
  5. Which of the following statements about the liver is TRUE?
    1. The liver contains most of the glycogen stores in the body.
    2. The liver synthesizes triglycerides and packages them into lipoproteins during the absorptive state.
    3. Ketones are produced in the liver during the absorptive state.
    4. Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver during the absorptive state.
    5. The liver contains most of the triglyceride stores in the body.

 

 

  1. In the postabsorptive state, what do most cells use for energy?
    1. cellulose
    2. glycogen
    3. glucose
    4. amino acids
    5. lipids  4
  2. What is glucose sparing?
    1. an increase in glycogenolysis to mobilize glycogen stores
    2. cells utilize fatty acids for energy instead of glucose
    3. cells utilize glucose for energy instead of fatty acids
    4. an increase in glycogenesis to increase glycogen stores
    5. an increase in gluconeogenesis to conserve glycogen stores
  3. The glycogen that is stored in skeletal muscle cells
    1. is more hygroscopic than liver glycogen.
    2. can be used by any skeletal muscle cell.
    3. can only be used by that skeletal muscle cell.
    4. is rarely used for energy.
    5. is released into the blood to maintain blood glucose.
  4. Glucose molecules derived from glycogen must be in order to exit a cell.
    1. converted to a metabolic intermediate
    2. converted to a fatty acid
    3. deaminated
    4. dephosphorylated
    5. phosphorylated
  5. Breakdown of glycogen stores in what organ is required for the maintenance of blood glucose?
    1. liver
    2. pancreas
    3. skin
    4. adipose tissue
    5. skeletal muscle
  6. During prolonged periods of fasting the CNS acquires the ability to use           for energy, thereby freeing it from some of its dependence on glucose.
    1. proteins
    2. fatty acids
    3. phosphates
    4. ketones
    5. amino acids
  7. The metabolic adjustments that occur in the body during the switch from postabsorptive to absorptive state are largely triggered by increases in what hormone?
    1. epinephrine
    2. insulin
    3. glucagon
    4. thyroid hormone
    5. cortisol  5
  8. Which of the following stimuli does NOT stimulate insulin secretion?
    1. increased blood glucose

 

    1. increased blood amino acids
    2. increased parasympathetic nervous activity
    3. increased glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide
    4. increased epinephrine
  1. Insulin is secreted by the        cells of the pancreas and stimulates   .
    1. beta : anabolism
    2. alpha : anabolism
    3. delta : anabolism
    4. alpha : catabolism
    5. beta : catabolism
  2. Which of the following is NOT an action of insulin?
    1. inhibit the breakdown of proteins
    2. inhibit the breakdown of glycogen
    3. inhibit the breakdown of fats
    4. inhibit gluconeogenesis
    5. inhibit glycogenesis
  3. How does insulin increase cellular uptake of glucose?
    1. activating the Na+/K+ pump
    2. increasing the activity of the sodium-linked glucose transporter
    3. causing GLUT1 to be incorporated into the membrane of cells
    4. causing the sodium-linked glucose transporter to be incorporated into the membrane of cells
    5. causing GLUT4 to be incorporated into the plasma membrane of some cells
  4. Which statement best describes why exercise can increase the ability of the body to utilize insulin more effectively?
    1. Exercise increases your heart rate and therefore your blood flow getting insulin to the cells faster.
    2. Exercise stimulates the beta cells of the pancreas to produce more insulin.
    3. Exercise increases your metabolic activity rate.
    4. Exercise triggers the formation of GLUT4 receptors on the plasma membrane of skeletal muscle cells and adipocytes.
    5. Exercise increases the secretion of glucagon.
  5. The metabolic adjustments that occur in the body during the switch from absorptive to postabsorptive state are largely triggered by increases in what hormone?
    1. epinephrine
    2. cortisol
    3. insulin
    4. glucagon
    5. thyroid hormone

6

  1. Glucagon is secreted from       cells of the pancreas and stimulates   .
    1. beta : catabolism
    2. delta : anabolism
    3. beta : anabolism
    4. alpha : anabolism
    5. alpha : catabolism
  2. Insulin and glucagon are known as      hormones.
    1. antagonistic
    2. synergistic
    3. permissive
    4. activated

 

    1. agonist
  1. During the postabsorptive state, what happens to the blood levels of insulin and glucagon?
    1. Insulin decreases, whereas blood levels of glucagon increase.
    2. Insulin and glucagon both decrease.
    3. Insulin increases, whereas blood levels of glucagon decrease.
    4. Insulin and glucagon both increase.
    5. Glucagon increases, whereas insulin levels do not change.
  2. Which of the following increases the release of glucagon?
    1. increased blood glucose, increased sympathetic activity, and increased blood amino acids
    2. decreased blood glucose, increased sympathetic activity, and increased blood amino acids
    3. increased blood glucose, increased sympathetic activity, and decreased blood amino acids
    4. increased blood glucose, decreased sympathetic activity, and increased blood amino acids
    5. decreased blood glucose, decreased sympathetic activity, and decreased blood amino acids
  3. Which of the following is NOT an action of the hormone glucagon?
    1. increased ketone synthesis
    2. increased triglyceride synthesis
    3. increased protein degradation
    4. increased gluconeogenesis
    5. increased glycogenolysis
  4. Which of the following increases blood glucose levels?
    1. increases in insulin only
    2. increases in glucagon only
    3. increases in epinephrine only
    4. increases in both insulin and epinephrine
    5. increases in both glucagon and epinephrine

7

  1. What is the normal fasting range for blood glucose? A) 50 -100 mg/dL

B) 90-180 mg/dL

C) 70-110 mg/dL

D) 10-60 mg/dL

E) 150-300 mg/dL

 

  1. A patient would be considered to be hyperglycemic when his or her fasting blood glucose level is
    1. 140 mg/dL.
    2. 60 mg/dL.
    3. 130 mg/dL.
    4. 90 mg/dL.
    5. 110 mg/dL.

 

  1. A patient would be considered to be hypoglycemic when his or her fasting blood glucose level is
    1. 200 mg/dL.
    2. 140 mg/dL.
    3. 300 mg/dL.
    4. 110 mg/dL.
    5. 60 mg/dL.

 

  1. Insulin decreases plasma glucose concentration in what three ways?
    1. through glycogenolysis, lipolysis, and gluconeogenesis
    2. uptake of glucose into the cells, converting free glucose in cells to glycogen, and suppressing gluconeogenesis

 

    1. storing it as glycogen in the liver, muscles, and pancreas
    2. turning it into ATP, protein, and fats
    3. uptake of glucose into the cells, converting it to glycogen, and increasing gluconeogenesis
  1. Glucagon increases plasma glucose concentration by promoting                and           in the liver.
    1. lipolysis : glycogenolysis
    2. glycogenolysis : triglyceride synthesis
    3. ketone synthesis : triglyceride synthesis
    4. glycogen synthesis : triglyceride synthesis
    5. gluconeogenesis : glycogenolysis

8

  1. Which statement best describes what will happen following a meal rich in proteins but low in carbohydrates?
    1. The body would become toxic due to the breakdown of proteins into urea.
    2. The body would produce very little energy because proteins do not provide energy.
    3. Glucose levels would drop slightly due to the secretion of insulin from both the carbohydrates and proteins in the digestive tract.
    4. Glucose levels would rise only slightly because rising levels of amino acids would stimulate both insulin and glucagon secretion.
    5. Glucose levels would increase dramatically due to gluconeogenesis.
  2. The release of glucagon during the absorptive state by certain amino acids in a high-protein meal would facilitate the
    1. maintenance of blood glucose in a low-carbohydrate meal.
    2. synthesis of triglycerides.
    3. growth of muscle.
    4. uptake of amino acids.
    5. synthesis of proteins.
  3. The decrease in blood glucose activates glucose receptors in the brain, which leads directly to a(n)
    1. decrease in parasympathetic activity.
    2. increase in sympathetic activity.
    3. increase in parasympathetic activity.
    4. decrease in the release of insulin.
    5. increase in the release of insulin.
  4. Diabetes mellitus is a disease that involves insulin and how it affects the body. Which of the following statements correctly describes the differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus?
    1. There are fewer people in the population with type 2 diabetes mellitus than there are people with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
    2. People with type 2 diabetes are most often diagnosed during adulthood while type 1 diabetics are diagnosed early in life.
    3. Type 1 diabetes mellitus is often associated with lifestyle habits while type 2 diabetes mellitus is almost always genetic.
    4. The cells of people with type 1 diabetes mellitus are less sensitive to insulin than the cells of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
    5. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is usually the result of a person's auto-immunity to the cells in the pancreas that secrete insulin.

 

  1. Glucagon secretion          in diabetes mellitus because      .
    1. increases : the alpha cells in the pancreas are signaling for more glucose
    2. decreases : there is often an increase in sympathetic system activity in diabetes mellitus
    3. increases : it will enhance the secondary active transport of glucose into the cells
    4. decreases : the beta cells in the pancreas are responding to the hyperglycemia
    5. increases : the plasma glucose levels are unstable and glucagon prevents hypoglycemia

 

 9

  1. Which term best describes excess sugar in the urine?
    1. glucosuria
    2. hyperlipidemia
    3. hypoglycemia
    4. hyperglycemia
    5. ketosis
  2. Prolonged exposure to a cold environment can cause
    1. hypothermia.
    2. ectothermia.
    3. normothermia.
    4. hyperthermia.
    5. poikilothermia.
  3. What condition occurs when heat production exceeds heat loss?
    1. normothermia
    2. hypothermia
    3. hyperthermia
    4. poikilothermia
    5. ectothermia
  4. What is the process whereby energy is transferred to and from the body through electromagnetic waves called?
    1. sweating
    2. convection
    3. evaporation
    4. radiation
    5. conduction
  5. What is the process whereby energy is transferred to and from the body through direct contact with a solid body called?
    1. radiation
    2. conduction
    3. evaporation
    4. sweating
    5. convection
  6. When a person sits on a metal chair on a cold day, they feel the cold of the metal. This is an example of
    1. conduction.
    2. convection.
    3. radiation.
    4. cold feet.
    5. evaporation.

10

  1. Which statement best describes the "wind chill factor"?
    1. Wind chill will occur regardless of air temperature.
    2. Wind chill is to the result of conduction transferring your body heat via the movement of air.
    3. Wind chill is the result of convection transferring heat away from your body due to the movement of air.
    4. Wind chill occurs when the air in the environment is colder than your body temperature.
    5. Wind chill is to the result of evaporation of sweat from your skin.
  2. What do peripheral thermoreceptors detect?

 

    1. skin temperature
    2. temperature in the heart
    3. blood temperature
    4. temperature in the hypothalamus
    5. core body temperature
  1. The primary mechanism for regulating body temperature is to
    1. release epinephrine.
    2. produce pyrogens.
    3. sweat.
    4. shiver.
    5. vary the amount of blood flowing to the skin.
  2. The primary mechanism by which our bodies can increase heat production in a cold environment is to
    1. produce pyrogens.
    2. release epinephrine.
    3. sweat.
    4. vary the amount of blood flowing to the skin.
    5. shiver.
  3. The primary reason for body odor is
    1. from the sodium and chloride in sweat.
    2. because as sweat evaporates the bonds between sodium and chloride are broken which emits an odor.
    3. the bacterial breakdown of fatty acids and proteins in sweat which generates a waste product.
    4. that sweat is acidic and while at rest it degrades skin cells which creates an odor.
    5. that sweat is basic and most bases give off an odor when exposed to the environment.
  4. What is the ultimate cause of the increase in body temperature associated with an infection (fever)?
    1. change in the thermoregulatory integrator from one area of the brain to another
    2. increased rate of sweating
    3. decrease in skin blood flow
    4. increased error signal
    5. pyrogen-induced upward movement of the set point

11

  1. The increase in the set point of body temperature that occurs during a fever is caused by the release of substances from   that affect the hypothalamic temperature set point.
    1. bacteria
    2. white blood cells
    3. red blood cells
    4. erythrocytes
    5. nerve cells
  2. Often a person with a fever will feel cold, have chills, and may actually start shivering. Which statement explains this phenomenon?
    1. Fever stimulates the release of acetylcholine which causes contraction in muscle.
    2. Pathogens that are causing the fever absorb heat and decrease the core temperature.
    3. Pyrogens released by white blood cells decrease core temperature leading to hypothermia.
    4. The body temperature falls below room temperature so the person suddenly feels cold.
    5. The thermoregulatory center increases the set point for core temperature.
  3. Insulin-like growth factors function as     in promoting growth.
    1. a hormone only
    2. a paracrine only
    3. a neurotransmitter only
    4. a hormone and a paracrine

 

    1. a hormone and a neurotransmitter
  1. What organ secretes insulin-like growth factors into the bloodstream?
    1. skeletal muscle
    2. pancreas
    3. liver
    4. all organs
    5. adipose tissue
  2. The growth-promoting functions of growth hormone rely partially on the activity of
    1. epinephrine.
    2. insulin-like growth factors.
    3. epidermal growth factors.
    4. nerve growth factors.
    5. somatostatins.
  3. Somatostatin is also known as
    1. epinephrine.
    2. growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH).
    3. growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH).
    4. growth hormone (GH).
    5. insulin-like growth factor (IGF).

12

  1. The secretion of growth hormone releasing hormone is stimulated by which of the following?
    1. increase in glycogenolysis in the liver
    2. decrease in insulin-like growth factor release from the liver
    3. decrease in plasma glucose concentration
    4. increase in gluconeogenesis in the kidneys
    5. decrease in plasma amino acid concentration
  2. Which of the following does NOT enhance the release of growth hormone?
    1. exercise
    2. stress
    3. sleep
    4. increased plasma amino acids
    5. increased plasma glucose
  3. Crystals called           give bone a mineral component that is able to withstand compressive forces.
    1. hydroxyapatite
    2. calcium bisphosphate
    3. calcium chloride
    4. sodium chloride
    5. osteoids
  4. An organic compound called       gives bone its ability to withstand tensile forces.
    1. elastin
    2. hydroxyapatite
    3. collagen
    4. calcium chloride
    5. osteoid
  5. What cell type resorbs bone during remodeling?
    1. osteocytes
    2. osteoids
    3. osteoblasts

 

    1. osteoclasts
    2. chondrocytes
  1. What cell type deposits bone during remodeling?
    1. osteoclasts
    2. osteoblasts
    3. osteoids
    4. chondrocytes
    5. osteocytes  13
  2. Which of the following is a function of osteoblasts?
    1. dissolving of calcium phosphate crystals
    2. release of enzymes that digest osteoid
    3. release of a chemical that triggers the conversion of cartilage cells to bone cells
    4. production of osteoid
    5. production of cartilage
  3. What cell type is surrounded by calcified bone and secretes matrix to support bone?
    1. osteocyte
    2. osteoclast
    3. osteoid
    4. chondrocytes
    5. osteoblast
  4. What is the function of gap junctions in bone?
    1. for action potential transmission that initiates bone resorption by osteoclasts
    2. for action potential transmission that initiates bone deposition by osteoclasts
    3. for action potential transmission that initiates bone resorption by osteoblasts
    4. to provide nutrients to cells embedded within the rigid bone matrix
    5. for action potential transmission that initiates bone deposition by osteoblasts
  5. Which of the following is a function of osteoclasts?
    1. breakdown of cartilage
    2. calcification of bone
    3. secretion of osteoid
    4. release of enzymes that degrade the osteoid
    5. formation of cartilage
  6. In the young, the epiphyseal plate is composed of                                                                 , which plays an important role in the                                        

during growth.

    1. bone marrow : elongation of bone
    2. bone : thickening of bone
    3. cartilage : elongation of bone
    4. bone marrow : thickening of bone
    5. cartilage : thickening of bone

14

  1. The increase in bone thickness stimulated by growth hormone involves which of the following?
    1. increased chondrocyte activity on the inner surface of bone and increased osteoclast activity on the outer surface of the bone
    2. increased osteoclast activity on the outer surface of the bone and increased osteoblast activity on the inner surface of bone
    3. increased osteoblast activity on the outer surface of the bone and increased osteoclast activity on the inner surface of bone
    4. increased osteoblast and chondrocyte activity at the epiphyseal plate

 

    1. increased osteoclast and chondrocyte activity at the epiphyseal plate
  1. What type of cells form cartilage?
    1. osteoclasts
    2. osteocytes
    3. osteoblasts
    4. chondrocytes
    5. chondroblasts
  2. Epiphyseal plate closure is triggered by
    1. osteoclasts.
    2. somatomedins.
    3. osteocytes.
    4. sex hormones.
    5. osteoblasts.
  3. Which of the following conditions occurring in childhood would NOT result in the condition of dwarfism?
    1. insufficient production of insulin-like growth factors
    2. increased responsiveness of tissues to insulin-like growth factors
    3. decreased stimulation of growth hormone secretion
    4. defective growth hormone receptors
    5. decrease responsiveness of tissues to growth hormone
  4. The hormone insulin is         for the regulation of growth due to its stimulation of      .
    1. required : bone growth
    2. permissive : growth hormone secretion
    3. required : muscle growth
    4. permissive : insulin-like growth factor secretion
    5. required : nervous system development
  5. Which of the following hormones inhibits growth?
    1. insulin-like growth factors
    2. somatomedins
    3. growth hormone
    4. glucocorticoids
    5. thyroid hormones

15

  1. What is the precursor compound located within colloid that is converted into thyroid hormone?
    1. iodotyrosine
    2. proiodotyrosine
    3. thyroglobulin
    4. preiodotyrosine
    5. calcitonin
  2. Thyroid stimulating hormone activates what signal transduction mechanism within the follicle cell that will result in the release of thyroid hormone?
    1. opening of ligand-gated calcium channels
    2. inositol triphosphate
    3. cGMP
    4. cAMP
    5. diacylglycerol
  3. The release of T3 and T4 occurs through   , and they can bind to         to be transported in the bloodstream.
    1. diffusion : albumin

 

    1. endocytosis : transthyretin
    2. endocytosis : albumin
    3. exocytosis : transthyretin
    4. exocytosis : thyroxine-binding globulin
  1. The most abundant form of thyroid hormone secreted into the blood is   ; the most active form at the target cell is          ; and the form that provides long-loop negative feedback is                .

A) T3 : T3 : T4 B) T3 : T4 : T3 C) T3 : T4 : T4 D) T4 : T3 : T4 E) T4 : T4 : T3

 

  1. What does an increase in cAMP levels in thyroid follicular cells cause?
    1. decrease in secretion of calcitonin
    2. decrease in secretion of thyroid hormones
    3. increase in secretion of thyroid hormones
    4. increase in secretion of calcitonin
    5. increase in secretion of parathyroid hormone
  2. Where are receptors for thyroid hormones located?
    1. on the plasma membrane of all cells in the body
    2. on the plasma membrane of target cells
    3. in the nucleus of target cells
    4. in the cytosol of all cells in the body
    5. in the cytosol of target cells

16

  1. The primary function of thyroid hormone is to
    1. regulate temperature in the body.
    2. maintain calcium homeostasis.
    3. raise the basal metabolic rate (BMR).
    4. maintain potassium homeostasis.
    5. lower the basal metabolic rate (BMR).
  2. To what class of hormones does cortisol belong?
    1. androgens
    2. mineralocorticoids
    3. growth factors
    4. metabotropins
    5. glucocorticoids
  3. What is the primary hormone mediating the stress response (or general adaptation syndrome)?
    1. thyroid hormone
    2. growth hormone
    3. insulin
    4. glucagon
    5. cortisol
  4. What is the hypothalamic tropic hormone that regulates cortisol secretion?
    1. corticotropin releasing hormone
    2. growth hormone releasing hormone
    3. thyrotropin releasing hormone
    4. adrenocorticotropic hormone
    5. oxytocin
  5. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Cushing's syndrome?
    1. deposition of fat in the face
    2. protein depletion (wasting)
    3. hypoglycemia

 

    1. bruising easily
    2. deposition of fat in the abdomen
  1. Addison's disease is associated with what endocrine malfunction?
    1. increase in growth hormone in adults
    2. decrease in thyroid hormones
    3. decrease in cortisol
    4. increase in epinephrine
    5. decrease in growth hormone in children

17

  1. In what state would plasma insulin levels increase?
    1. absorptive state only
    2. postabsorptive state only
    3. both the absorptive and postabsorptive states
    4. neither the absorptive nor postabsorptive state
    5. conversion state
  2. In what state would plasma glucagon levels increase?
  1. absorptive state only
  2. postabsorptive state only
  3. both the absorptive and postabsorptive states
  4. neither the absorptive nor postabsorptive state
  5. conversion state
  1. In what state is glucose stored as glycogen in liver and skeletal muscle?
  1. absorptive state only
  2. postabsorptive state only
  3. both the absorptive and postabsorptive states
  4. neither the absorptive nor postabsorptive state
  5. conversion state
  1. In what state does the liver convert amino acids into fatty acids?
  1. absorptive state only
  2. postabsorptive state only
  3. both the absorptive and postabsorptive states
  4. neither the absorptive nor postabsorptive state
  5. conversion state
  1. In what state do most body cells use glucose for energy?
  1. absorptive state only
  2. postabsorptive state only
  3. both the absorptive and postabsorptive states
  4. neither the absorptive nor postabsorptive state
  5. conversion state
  1. Glucose is "spared" for use by the central nervous system in what state?
  1. absorptive state only
  2. postabsorptive state only
  3. both the absorptive and postabsorptive states
  4. neither the absorptive nor postabsorptive state
  5. conversion state

18

  1. In what state does the liver package lipids into very low density lipoproteins to transport lipids to adipose tissue?

 

  1. absorptive state only
  2. postabsorptive state only
  3. both the absorptive and postabsorptive states
  4. neither the absorptive nor postabsorptive state
  5. conversion state
  1. In what state is glycerol converted by the liver to glucose?
  1. absorptive state only
  2. postabsorptive state only
  3. both the absorptive and postabsorptive states
  4. neither the absorptive nor postabsorptive state
  5. conversion state
  1. In what state does the liver convert fatty acids to ketones?
  1. absorptive state only
  2. postabsorptive state only
  3. both the absorptive and postabsorptive states
  4. neither the absorptive nor postabsorptive state
  5. conversion state
  1. In what state does glucose transport into most body cells increase?
  1. absorptive state only
  2. postabsorptive state only
  3. both the absorptive and postabsorptive states
  4. neither the absorptive nor postabsorptive state
  5. conversion state
  1. In which state does the brain utilize glucose for energy?
  1. absorptive state only
  2. postabsorptive state only
  3. both the absorptive and postabsorptive states
  4. neither the absorptive nor postabsorptive state
  5. conversion state
  1. In what state are carbohydrates converted to fat?
  1. absorptive state only
  2. postabsorptive state only
  3. both the absorptive and postabsorptive states
  4. neither the absorptive nor postabsorptive state
  5. conversion state

19

  1. Which of the following is an example of the exchange of heat by direct contact with an object?
  1. conduction
  2. convection
  3. evaporation
  4. radiation
  5. thermogenesis
  1. Which of the following is an example of the exchange of heat in the form of electromagnetic waves?
  1. conduction
  2. convection
  3. evaporation
  4. radiation
  5. thermogenesis

 

  1. Which of the following is an example of the loss of heat by conversion of a liquid to a vapor?
  1. conduction
  2. convection
  3. evaporation
  4. radiation
  5. thermogenesis
  1. Which of the following is an example of the movement of heat by the movement of a gas or liquid carrying the heat?
  1. conduction
  2. convection
  3. evaporation
  4. radiation
  5. thermogenesis
  1. The enzyme located on capillary endothelial cells that breaks down triglycerides is called
  1. pancreatic lipase.
  2. lipoprotein lipase.
  3. gastric lipase.
  4. amylase.
  5. pepsin.
  1. Describe the use and storage of energy from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
  2. Describe energy balance in the body.
  3. Describe metabolism that occurs during the absorptive state, including what occurs in the relevant cell types.
  4. Describe the metabolism that occurs during the postabsorptive state, including the mechanisms responsible for regulating metabolism in adipocytes, skeletal muscle, and the liver.
  5. Describe the function of insulin, including the mechanisms regulating the release of insulin and its actions in target tissues.
  6. In the postabsorptive state, the hormones released within the body maintain a catabolic state where the body releases energy. Describe the role of glucagon in the postabsorptive state, including the regulation of its

release and its actions in target tissues. Include in this answer the role of sympathetic nervous activity on metabolism.

  1. Describe the physical mechanisms whereby heat is transferred between objects. What role does the protective layer play in that process?
  2. Outline how the body responds in the event that the hypothalamic thermoreceptors detect an increase in core temperature.
  3. Describe the condition whereby the set point temperature of the body is increased in response to an infection.
  4. Growth involves the contribution of many hormones and modifiers in its regulation. However, the primary regulator of growth is growth hormone. Describe the role of growth hormone in the regulation of growth.
  5. The growth of bone is one of the important processes that results in an increase in height. Describe the process of bone growth, including the cells and processes involved in that growth.
  6. Thyroid hormone plays a role in a number of processes from metabolism to growth. Describe the regulation of thyroid hormone, how it is synthesized, and its actions.
  7. Glucocorticoids can have an influence on metabolic processes. Describe the regulation of glucocorticoids, how they are synthesized, released, and their action.

 

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