Florida International University

BIO PCB 4023

Chapter 6

1)A secondary endocrine organ is one that

1. 1. secretes hormones, but is better known for another function.
   2. secretes tropic hormones.
   3. secretes at least two hormones.
   4. is the target of tropic hormones.
   5. receives communication from at least two hormones.
2. Which of the following endocrine organs essentially secretes hormones from neurons?
   1. gonads
   2. adrenal cortex
   3. thymus
   4. hypothalamus
   5. pancreas
3. What is another name for the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
   1. adenohypophysis
   2. melanocyte
   3. neurohypophysis
   4. paraventricular nucleus
   5. pineal gland
4. What hormone, released by the posterior pituitary, functions in uterine contraction and milk letdown in the breast?
   1. somatomedin
   2. antidiuretic hormone
   3. vasopressin
   4. oxytocin
   5. prolactin
5. Secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary is stimulated by                                 released from the                                                                                                       .
   1. tropic hormones : hypothalamus
   2. stimulating hormones : posterior pituitary
   3. oxytocin : hypothalamus
   4. neurotransmitters : hypothalamus
   5. releasing hormones : thalamus

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6. What ensures that blood levels of a specific releasing hormone are locally high in order to stimulate the pituitary?
   1. pulsatility of tropic hormone release
   2. hepatic portal system
   3. affinity of the tropic hormones
   4. degradation rates of tropic hormones
   5. hypothalamic-pituitary portal system
7. Which of the following is NOT a hormone released from the anterior pituitary?
   1. adrenocorticotropic hormone
   2. follicle stimulating hormone
   3. luteinizing hormone
   4. growth hormone
   5. prolactin inhibiting hormone
8. Which tropic hormone is responsible for controlling the release of follicle stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary?

8. 1. gonadotropin releasing hormone
   2. growth hormone releasing hormone
   3. corticotropin releasing hormone
   4. follicle stimulating releasing hormone
   5. follicle releasing hormone
9. Which of the following correctly describes a pathway for secretion of a hormone under the control of tropic hormones?
   1. TRH stimulates TSH release, which stimulates thymosin release.
   2. GnRH stimulates PH release, which stimulates prolactin release.
   3. PRH stimulates PH release, which stimulates prolactin release.
   4. CRH stimulates ACTH release, which stimulates somatomedin release.
   5. GHRH stimulates GH release, which stimulates insulin-like growth factor release.
10. Which of the following tropic hormones is also known as the catecholamine, dopamine?
    1. growth hormone
    2. luteinizing hormone
    3. prolactin releasing hormone
    4. growth hormone inhibiting hormone
    5. prolactin inhibiting hormone
11. Which of the following is a CORRECT example of long-loop negative feedback?
    1. FSH inhibits the release of GnRH.
    2. TSH stimulates the release of TRH.
    3. Glucocorticoids inhibit the release of CRH.
    4. TSH inhibits the release of TRH.
    5. GH stimulates the release of GHIH.

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12. Which of the following is a CORRECT example of short-loop negative feedback?
    1. TSH inhibits the release of TRH.
    2. Thyroid hormones inhibit the release of TSH.
    3. Thyroid hormones inhibit the release of TRH.
    4. TRH inhibits the release of TSH.
    5. TRH stimulates the release of thyroid hormones.
13. The release of           from the pineal gland is important for establishing         .
    1. prolactin : breast milk production
    2. melatonin : thirst
    3. prolactin : circadian rhythm
    4. melatonin : circadian rhythm
    5. melanin : thirst
14. The thyroid gland secretes what hormone(s)?
    1. thyroid hormones only
    2. thymosin only
    3. calcitonin only
    4. both thyroid hormones and thymosin
    5. both thyroid hormones and calcitonin
15. What is triiodothyronine?
    1. a thyroid hormone, also known as T3, secreted from the thyroid gland
    2. a catecholamine released from the adrenal medulla
    3. the hormone secreted from the pineal gland
    4. a catecholamine released from the adrenal cortex
    5. the hormone secreted from the thymus

16. Which of the following hormones is NOT released from the adrenal gland?
    1. adrenocorticotropic hormone
    2. androgens
    3. cortisol
    4. aldosterone
    5. epinephrine
17. Which of the following hormones is NOT secreted by the endocrine region of the pancreas?
    1. insulin
    2. pancreatic polypeptide
    3. cholecystokinin
    4. glucagon
    5. somatostatin

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18. What hormone is secreted by the zona glomerulosa layer of the adrenal gland?
    1. aldosterone
    2. androgens
    3. cortisol
    4. progesterone
    5. epinephrine
19. What layer of the adrenal cortex secretes androgens?
    1. zona reticularis only
    2. zona fasciculata only
    3. zona glomerulosa only
    4. both zonae reticularis and fasciculata
    5. both zonae reticularis and glomerulosa
20. A person with a pheochromocytoma (a functioning adenoma) is experiencing symptoms created by its hypersecretion of epinephrine, including high blood pressure, elevated heart rate, excessive sweating, anxiety, and weight loss. Where would this neuroendocrine tumor be located?
    1. adenohypophysis of pituitary gland
    2. adrenal cortex
    3. adrenal medulla
    4. hypothalamus
    5. neurohypophysis of pituitary gland
21. What cells secrete epinephrine from the adrenal gland?
    1. B cells
    2. zona reticularis cells
    3. chromaffin cells
    4. D cells
    5. A cells
22. All of the following paired hormones have antagonistic effects EXCEPT
    1. insulin and glucagon.
    2. ANP and aldosterone.
    3. PRH and dopamine.
    4. epinephrine and norepinephrine.
    5. calcitonin and PTH.
23. Which of the following hormones is NOT secreted by gonads?
    1. testosterone
    2. progesterone

23. 3. androstenedione
    4. oxytocin
    5. estradiol  4
24. What anterior pituitary hormone is NOT a tropic hormone?
    1. prolactin
    2. luteinizing hormone
    3. growth hormone
    4. adrenocorticotropic hormone
    5. follicle stimulating hormone
25. Which of the following hormones regulates plasma calcium levels?
    1. calcitonin only
    2. calcitrol only
    3. parathyroid hormone only
    4. both calcitonin, and oxytocin
    5. calcitonin, calcitrol, and parathyroid hormone
26. What hormone is secreted by the heart?
    1. thymosin
    2. epinephrine
    3. erythropoietin
    4. somatostatin
    5. atrial natriuretic peptide
27. Where does the neural input for circadian rhythmicity of the pineal gland and hypothalamic tropic hormones originate?
    1. lateral geniculus
    2. paraventricular nucleus
    3. suprachiasmatic nucleus
    4. cerebrum
    5. supraoptic nucleus
28. Abnormal hormone secretions from an endocrine gland due to altered tropic hormone release are called
    1. secondary secretion disorders.
    2. primary secretion disorders.
    3. hyposecretions.
    4. hypersecretions.
    5. tertiary secretion disorders.
29. Which of the following changes in plasma levels would be observed in a primary hyposecretion of cortisol?
    1. decreased CRH, decreased ACTH, and decreased cortisol
    2. increased CRH, decreased ACTH, and decreased cortisol
    3. increased CRH, increased ACTH, and increased cortisol
    4. decreased CRH, decreased ACTH, and increased cortisol
    5. increased CRH, increased ACTH, and decreased cortisol

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30. A 10-year-old with precocious puberty is found to have a space-occupying tumor in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, leading to excessive prolactin release. Which of the following correctly describes changes in plasma levels of hormones?
    1. increased PRH, decreased PIH, and decreased prolactin
    2. decreased PRH, decreased PIH, and decreased prolactin
    3. decreased PRH, increased PIH, and increased prolactin
    4. decreased PRH, decreased PIH, and increased prolactin

30. 5. increased PRH, increased PIH, and increased prolactin
31. A person with Cushing's disease is found to have a functioning adenoma in the anterior pituitary causing an increase in ACTH secretion. Which of the following CORRECTLY describes changes in plasma levels of hormones?
    1. increased CRH, decreased ACTH, and decreased cortisol
    2. decreased CRH, increased ACTH, and increased cortisol
    3. decreased CRH, decreased ACTH, and decreased cortisol
    4. decreased CRH, decreased ACTH, and increased cortisol
    5. increased CRH, increased ACTH, and decreased cortisol
32. The mechanism of insulin catabolism in target cells is best described as degradation by
    1. lysosomes following receptor-mediated endocytosis.
    2. mitochondrial enzymes following receptor-mediated endocytosis.
    3. insulin-degrading enzyme following receptor-mediated endocytosis.
    4. proteases in the extracellular fluid.
    5. peroxisomal enzymes.
33. The concentration of free hormone in the blood depends on all of the following EXCEPT the
    1. rate at which the hormone is metabolized.
    2. amount of hormone temporarily stored in adipose tissue.
    3. amount of hormone transported bound to carrier proteins.
    4. rate of receptor downregulation.
    5. rate of hormone secretion.
34. When the response to two hormones is greater than the sum of the individual responses, the response is described as
    1. permissive.
    2. agonistic.
    3. antagonized.
    4. synergistic.
    5. additive.  6
35. All of the following hormones are produced in the adrenal cortex EXCEPT
    1. aldosterone.
    2. androgens.
    3. epinephrine.
    4. cortisol.
    5. both male and female sex hormone precursors.
36. Which of the following produces the hormone calcitonin?
    1. pancreas
    2. adrenal medulla
    3. posterior pituitary
    4. adrenal cortex
    5. thyroid gland
37. The hormones somatostatin, insulin, and glucagon are all produced by what mixed endocrine/exocrine gland?
    1. posterior pituitary
    2. adrenal cortex
    3. thyroid gland
    4. pancreas
    5. adrenal medulla

38. Vasopressin works on the kidney to decrease urine output, as does aldosterone, but has an effect on blood vessels that is similar to yet another hormone, which is
    1. epinephrine.
    2. cortisol.
    3. ACTH.
    4. atrial natriuretic peptide.
    5. rennin.

39. Oxytocin is produced by neurons of the supraoptic nucleus in the hypothalamus, but is released into the bloodstream where?
    1. neurohypophysis
    2. anterior pituitary
    3. hypothalamic-pituitary portal system
    4. capillary beds of the median eminence
    5. uterus and breast tissue
40. Which hormone's release is governed by GnRH?
    1. insulin-like growth factors
    2. glucagon
    3. cortisol
    4. thyroid hormone
    5. sex hormones

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41. Which hormone's release is ultimately affected by CRH?
    1. sex hormones
    2. thyroid hormone
    3. glucagon
    4. cortisol
    5. insulin-like growth factors
42. Which hormone's release is ultimately affected by GHRH?
    1. sex hormones
    2. glucagon
    3. insulin-like growth factors
    4. cortisol
    5. thyroid hormone
43. Which hormone's release is ultimately affected by TRH?
    1. insulin-like growth factors
    2. thyroid hormone
    3. cortisol
    4. glucagon
    5. sex hormones
44. Which pancreatic cell type secretes somatostatin?
    1. alpha cells
    2. gamma cells
    3. beta cells
    4. F cells
    5. delta cells
45. Which pancreatic cell type secretes insulin?
    1. delta cells
    2. beta cells
    3. F cells

45. 4. alpha cells
    5. gamma cells
46. Which pancreatic cell type secretes glucagon?
    1. gamma cells
    2. alpha cells
    3. beta cells
    4. F cells
    5. delta cells

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47. Which pancreatic cell type secretes pancreatic polypeptide?
    1. delta cells
    2. beta cells
    3. alpha cells
    4. F cells
    5. gamma cells
48. What is the name of the stalk that connects the hypothalamus and pituitary gland?
    1. sella turcica
    2. neurohypophysis
    3. infundibulum
    4. median eminence
    5. adenohypophysis
49. What are hormones that regulate the release of other hormones?
    1. primary hormones
    2. secondary hormones
    3. release regulating hormones
    4. tropic hormones
    5. stimulatory hormones
50. What is the hormone whose release is stimulated by follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in men?
    1. calcitonin
    2. inhibin
    3. LH
    4. GnRH
    5. testosterone
51. What are the two hormones released in females in response to LH?
    1. androgens and estrogens
    2. GnRH and GHRH
    3. ANP and EPO
    4. prolactin and oxytocin
    5. estrogens and progesterones
52. Inhibition of TRH release by the thyroid hormones is an example of
    1. long loop negative feedback.
    2. short loop negative feedback.
    3. positive neuroendocrine reflex.
    4. positive feedback.
    5. negative inhibition.

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53. What hormone, released from the thyroid gland, regulates blood calcium?
    1. calmodulin B) calcitrol C) calciferol D) calcitonin E) PTH