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Homework answers / question archive / Pennsylvania State University - NUTR 251 NUTR 251 Exam 3 Study Questions Energy Balance and Body Composition (Chapter 8) 1)Define energy balance

Pennsylvania State University - NUTR 251 NUTR 251 Exam 3 Study Questions Energy Balance and Body Composition (Chapter 8) 1)Define energy balance

Health Science

Pennsylvania State University - NUTR 251

NUTR 251 Exam 3 Study Questions

Energy Balance and Body Composition (Chapter 8)

1)Define energy balance. What would be the result of positive energy balance? Negative energy balance? What does the body use for energy during a state of negative energy balance?

 

 

 

  1. What does a bomb calorimeter measure?

 

 

 

  1. The heat generated in a bomb calorimeter for protein is 5.6 kcal/g, yet on a food label it tells me that protein is 4 kcal/gram. Why are these values different?

 

 

  1. List the physiological fuel values for carbohydrate, protein, fat, and alcohol?

 

 

  1. You just ate 2 slices of a medium pizza for lunch. Here is the nutrient analysis: 21 g of protein, 75 g of carbohydrates, 18 g of fat, and 4 g of fiber. How many kcals is in this meal? Calculate the percent kcals coming from fat.

 

 

 

  1. Briefly, what is the difference between hunger, satiation, satiety, and appetite? Does the phrase “feeling fuller for longer” refer to satiety or satiation?

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. Comment on the effects of nutrient composition of a meal on satiation and satiety. Define low energy density. Explain the difference between dietary fat having a low satiation in the stomach, verses fat producing satiety signals when in the small intestine (hint: think about CCK)

 

 

 

 

  1. There are many chemicals and hormones that affect the brain and levels of hunger and satiety. Describe the action of neuropeptide Y and cholecystokinin (CCK).

 

 

 

  1. You expend energy (ie. Body uses food for fuel) in three categories. List these categories and define them. For the average semi-sedentary American, what category is responsible for the most calorie expenditure? What percentage does BMR account for?

 

 

  1. What factors or characteristics can raise basal metabolic rate (BMR) and what factors can lower basal metabolic rate?

 

 

  1. What variables are accounted for in the DRI equation for calculating Total Energy Expenditure (this is called Estimated Energy Requirement in the text)?

 

 

  1. Sarah’s BMI is 21.2 and Sonia’s BMI is 28.9. Would they be considered underweight, healthy weight, overweight or obese? List these cutoffs.

 

 

  1. What are two other criteria (besides BMI) which should be used to determine healthy body status in an individual? Why is BMI not a perfect indicator of health risks? Some people need more body fat; explain.

 

 

  1. Is your body an apple or a pear? So what, why is this important? What are the cut-offs in terms of adult waist circumferences and risk for increased chronic diseases?

 

 

 

Weight Management (Chapter 9)

 

  1. Explain the physiology of fat cell development.

 

 

  1. Describe the role of LPL in fat deposition and distribution. What are the differences in LPL distribution between females and males?

 

 

  1. What are the effects of leptin and ghrelin as hormones that regulate hunger and satiety?

 

 

 

  1. What are adipokines? List the function of adiponectin, resistin, TNF-alpha and IL-6. How are levels of these hormones different in the body in lean vs overweight/obese people?

 

 

 

  1. Define Metabolic syndrome and list all factors that, if present, would present risk for metabolic syndrome.

 

 

 

 

  1. Describe the Set-Point Theory. Does this mean that no one can ever lose weight and keep it off?

 

 

 

  1. What weight would health experts set as a safe and reasonable goal for a weight loss diet?

 

 

  1. How many kcals do you have to remove from your diet (and/or expend by exercise) to lose about 1 pound of body weight per week?

 

 

  1. Describe three components of a healthy weight maintenance or weight loss program.

 

 

  1. List dietary strategies for weight loss discussed in class.

 

 

  1. Define energy density.

 

 

  1. List the components of behavior modification strategies that can be used to assist sustained behavior change in order to lose weight or maintain a healthy body weight.

 

 

 

 

  1. List the benefits of physical activity for managing body weight.

 

 

  1. List the behaviors of “successful losers”; those who have lost weight and kept it off for the long-term.

 

 

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