York University - KINE 4020

1)How does the concept of surface area most relate to the absorption of nutrients?

1. 1. The presence of fibre in a meal expands the intestinal lumen and thereby the surface area for nutrient absorption.
   2. The surface area of nutrient molecules if the main determinant of the process of absorp- tion.
   3. Large numbers of villi and microvilli in the small intestine increase the surface area for nutrient absorption.
   4. The surface area of pancreatic enzymes is a key factor in their digestive capacity.

2. Which of the following is a significant property of dietary fibre?
   1. inhibition of protease activity
   2. promotion of water retention of stools
   3. inhibition of large intestinal contractions
   4. promotion of vitamin excretion in stools

3. To assist the process of digestion and absorption, it is usually best to do which of the following?
   1. Eat several snacks per day so the system is not overwhelmed.
   2. Combine different food types to enhance the absorption process.
   3. Avoid eating meat and fruit at the same meal to prevent competition.
   4. Take enzyme pills or powder periodically so the system can rest and rejuvenate.

4. When nutrients are transported from intestinal epithelial cells to the vascular system, what organ is first to receive them?
   1. liver
   2. heart
   3. lungs
   4. kidneys

5. Which of the following products of digestion is released directly into the bloodstream?
   1. chylomicrons
   2. minerals
   3. polypeptides
   4. soluble fibre

6. Exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste materials takes place across the walls of which of the fol- lowing small vessels?
   1. ducts
   2. venules
   3. arterioles
   4. capillaries

7. What vessel carries blood from the liver to the heart?
   1. aorta
   2. hepatic vein
   3. thoracic duct
   4. hepatic portal vein

8. The hepatic portal vein empties into which organ?
   1. liver
   2. heart
   3. pancreas
   4. lung

9. When alcohol and barbiturates are ingested, they are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and trans- ported first to which of the following organs?
   1. liver
   2. heart
   3. spleen
   4. kidneys

10. Which of the following conducts lymph into the vascular system?
    1. villi
    2. mesentery
    3. subclavian vein
    4. common bile duct

11. What are lacteals?
    1. gastric secretory cells
    2. products of milk digestion
    3. intestinal lymphatic vessels
    4. products of colonic fermentation

12. Which distinguishes the lymphatic system from the vascular system?
    1. The lymphatic system carries fats from the intestines to the liver before they can enter the vasculature.
    2. The lymphatic system circulates via a one-way pump at the junction to the subclavian vein.
    3. The lymphatic system takes fats from the intestines to the bloodstream, initially bypassing the liver.
    4. The lymphatic system transports fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins to the vascular system via the thoracic duct.

13. Which of these is the first major organ to receive nutrients that are absorbed into the lymph?
    1. liver
    2. heart
    3. spleen
    4. pancreas

14. Immediately after absorption, what circulatory system carries the fat-soluble vitamins and large fats?
    1. vascular system
    2. mesenteric system

1. 3. lymphatic system
   4. enterohepatic system

15. The living bacteria found in yogurt are known as what microorganisms?
    1. probiotics
    2. prebiotics
    3. postbiotics
    4. zymobiotics

16. Microorganisms in food that are viable when consumed and that are beneficial to health are known by which of the following terms?
    1. probiotics
    2. prebiotics
    3. postbiotics
    4. zymobiotics

17. When consumed on a regular basis, which of the following foods promotes healthful changes of the microflora of the GI tract?
    1. fish
    2. yogurt
    3. poultry
    4. iron-rich foods

18. The intestinal flora are comprised primarily of which of the following?
    1. parasites
    2. bacteria
    3. fibre
    4. probiotics

19. What is the primary role of the normal, thriving, intestinal, bacterial population?
    1. help degrade meat and dairy proteins
    2. help prevent infectious bacteria from attacking the system
    3. synthesize vitamin D, which can be absorbed into the body
    4. synthesize several amino acids which can be absorbed into the body

20. Which of the following is known to be produced by small intestinal bacteria?
    1. mucus
    2. chyme

1. 3. glucose
   4. vitamins

21. The maintenance of the body’s constant internal conditions is guided by which principle?
    1. homeostasis
    2. regularity
    3. bioregulation
    4. metabolic balance

22. Which 2 systems coordinate all digestive/absorptive processes?
    1. enzyme and thoracic systems
    2. portal and lymphatic systems
    3. nervous and endocrine systems
    4. transport and circulatory systems

23. What is the normal pH of stomach juice? a.      0.25–0.50

b.   1.5–1.7

c.   7.0–7.5

d. 9.5–9.75

24. Which of the following hormones regulates the pH of the stomach?
    1. gastrin
    2. insulin
    3. secretin
    4. cholecystokinin

25. Which of the following substances functions to control the release of hydrochloric acid to prevent ex- cessive acidity?
    1. fibre
    2. gastrin
    3. secretin
    4. bicarbonate

26. Which of the following substances stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate-rich juice?
    1. gastrin
    2. secretin
    3. glucagon

1. 4. gastric-inhibitory peptide

27. Which of the following plays the largest role in regulating the release of pancreatic digestive enzymes?
    1. the hormone gastrin.
    2. the pancreatic sphincter.
    3. the amount of fat, protein or carbohydrate in chyme
    4. the release of digestive enzymes by the pancreas remains constant and is not affected by external or internal factors.

28. Which of the following are all enterogastrone hormones?
    1. gastric inhibitory peptide, secretin and bicarbonate
    2. gastric inhibitory peptide, secretin and cholecystokinin
    3. gastric inhibitory peptide, bicarbonate and gastrin
    4. gastric inhibitory peptide, cholecystokinin and zymogen

29. What is the first vessel to receive absorbed water-soluble vitamins?
    1. hepatic vein
    2. mesenteric vein
    3. mesenteric artery
    4. hepatic portal vein

30. What is/are the primary target organ(s) for the action of cholecystokinin?
    1. pancreas only
    2. pancreas and stomach
    3. pancreas and duodenum
    4. pancreas and gallbladder

31. Which of the following is a chief function of cholecystokinin (CCK)?
    1. CCK triggers the release of bile.
    2. CCK increases the rate of GI tract motility.
    3. CCK triggers release of gastrin.
    4. CCK triggers release of HCl from the stomach.

32. Which of these is the usual consequence of removing a diseased gallbladder?
    1. inability to digest fats
    2. some damage to the pancreas
    3. inability to digest carbohydrates
    4. delivery of bile directly to the duodenum

33. Jenny has just has undergone a cholecystectomy. After recovery, what ability will Jenny have lost?
    1. to manufacture bile
    2. to store bile
    3. to digest carbohydrates
    4. to insulin neutralize acidic gastric juices

34. Which of the following hormones is released by the intestinal wall in response to the presence of fat?
    1. insulin
    2. gastrin
    3. secretin
    4. cholecystokinin

35. Nancy is having difficulty releasing bile from her gallbladder. What hormone might be functioning im- properly?
    1. CCK
    2. gastrin
    3. secretin
    4. gastrin

36. What substance controls the release of bile into the small intestines?
    1. gastrin
    2. secretin
    3. prozymogen
    4. cholecystokinin

37. What is a zymogen?
    1. an intestinal hormone
    2. an inactive enzyme precursor
    3. a defective pancreatic enzyme
    4. an inflamed small intestinal out-pocketing

38. Which of the following results is associated with the presence of fat in the GI tract?
    1. inhibition of mucosal enzyme activities
    2. slowing of the process of digestion and absorption
    3. inhibition of thiamine, riboflavin, and niacin absorption
    4. stimulation and hastening of digestion and absorption

39. The chief purpose of the gallbladder is to store a substance that is required for the assimilation of which of the following ingested nutrients?
    1. fats only
    2. carbohydrates only
    3. fats and carbohydrates
    4. proteins, fats, and carbohydrates

40. Which of the following nutrients requires the greatest time for digestion?
    1. fats
    2. water
    3. minerals
    4. carbohydrates

41. A decrease in the flow of blood to the intestines is known by which of the following terms?
    1. gut stasis
    2. gut dysmotility
    3. intestinal stroke
    4. intestinal ischemia

42. Choking occurs when a piece of food becomes firmly lodged in which structure?
    1. larynx
    2. trachea
    3. epiglottis
    4. esophagus

43. The Heimlich manoeuvre may be helpful in conditions associated with which of these signs?
    1. choking
    2. vomiting
    3. heartburn
    4. constipation

44. Which of the following results from reverse peristalsis?
    1. gas
    2. choking
    3. vomiting
    4. diarrhea

45. What is the very first thing you should do if you suspect someone is choking on food?
    1. perform the Heimlich manoeuvre
    2. strike the person sharply on the back
    3. attempt to dislodge the food with your fingers
    4. ask the person to make sounds from the throat

46. A person with chronic diarrhea is at risk for which of the following?
    1. dehydration
    2. constipation
    3. peptic ulcers
    4. Heimlich’s disease

47. Inflammation of the large intestine is known as which of the following conditions?
    1. colitis
    2. indigestion
    3. hemorrhoiditis
    4. acid dysregulation

48. Which of these organs is affected by colitis?
    1. stomach
    2. pancreas
    3. gall bladder
    4. large intestine

49. Susan has irritable bowel syndrome. Which treatment is most likely to be recommended?
    1. complete avoidance of fibre
    2. probiotics
    3. complete avoidance of wheat, rye, oats and barley
    4. clear fluids during relapses

50. A person on a low-fibre diet is at increased risk for experiencing elevated rectal vein pressure leading to formation of which of the following signs?
    1. reflux
    2. hiccups
    3. hemorrhoids
    4. peptic ulcers

51. What is one of the signs of constipation?
    1. increased thirst
    2. inability to digest fats
    3. fewer than one bowel movement per day
    4. fewer than 3 bowel movements per week

52. People are said to be constipated when they experience which of the following events?
    1. painful or difficult bowel movements
    2. reflux more than 3 times a month
    3. more than a day without a bowel movement
    4. soft or watery bowel movements with little notice

53. Which of the following would all be recommended to treat constipation?
    1. increasing water intake, decreasing fibre intake, increasing physical activity
    2. increasing water intake, decreasing fibre intake, including prune juice
    3. increasing vegetables and fruits, increasing physical activity, increasing water intake
    4. increasing whole grains, restricting fluids, increasing physical activity

54. Which of the following signs is most likely to result from insufficient intake of fibre?
    1. diarrhea
    2. bloating
    3. constipation
    4. pancreatitis

55. Which of the following is a common cause of constipation?
    1. high-fat diet
    2. high-carbohydrate diet
    3. low fibre diet
    4. high milk diet

56. Which of the following dietary measures is recommended to relieve constipation?
    1. eating less fibre
    2. drinking prune juice
    3. eating less fat
    4. drinking less water

57. Which of these is the primary cause for belching?

1. 1. swallowing air
   2. viral infections
   3. eating spicy foods
   4. drinking alcoholic beverages

58. Colonic irrigation is a popular practice for treatment of which of the following?
    1. belching
    2. constipation
    3. rapid peristalsis
    4. explosive diarrhea

59. Holding the breath for as long as possible is considered an effective treatment for which of the follow- ing problems?
    1. colitis
    2. hiccups
    3. belching
    4. gastroesophageal reflux

60. Which of the following nutrients is most likely to cause intestinal gas?
    1. protein
    2. carbohydrate
    3. fats.
    4. sulphur

61. Which of the following nutrients is most associated with increased production of intestinal gas?
    1. iron
    2. fats
    3. proteins
    4. carbohydrates

62. Which of the following has been associated with heartburn?
    1. eating too slowly
    2. drinking too little
    3. overeating
    4. eating acidic foods, such as oranges

63. Jim went for his annual medical check-up and was diagnosed with heartburn. Which of the following actions is most likely causing Jim’s condition?

1. 1. inhibition of peristalsis
   2. overactive cardiac sphincter activity
   3. overactive pyloric sphincter activity
   4. defective lower esophageal sphincter activity

64. People who have frequent, regular bouts of heartburn and indigestion have a medical condition known as which of the following?
    1. colitis
    2. watery stools
    3. lymphatic malabsorption
    4. gastroesophageal reflux

65. Antacids were originally developed to treat which of the following conditions?
    1. excessive gas
    2. acid indigestion
    3. excessive belching
    4. active ulcers in the stomach

66. Untreated gastroesophageal reflux increases the risk for the more serious condition known as which of the following?
    1. Graves’ disease
    2. Sinclair’s gastrum
    3. Barrett’s esophagus
    4. Zollinger-Ellison cancer

ANS: C

67. Peptic ulcers commonly reside in which organ(s)?
    1. stomach only
    2. esophagus only
    3. stomach or duodenum only
    4. esophagus or duodenum only

68. A person with chronic GI bleeding is at risk for deficiency of which of the following substances?
    1. HCl
    2. iron
    3. bile
    4. protein

69. Which of the following food components are poorly tolerated by those with stomach ulcers?

1. 1. fibre
   2. caffeine.
   3. simple sugars
   4. protein

70. The primary treatment for ulcer caused by the presence of H. pylori is which of the following?
    1. fibre
    2. surgery
    3. antacids
    4. antibiotics

71. Which of the following is NOT recommended for the management of existing ulcers?
    1. Alcohol intake should be curtailed.
    2. Antibiotics should be administered.
    3. Aspirin should be administered.
    4. Anti-inflammatory drug use should be curtaile

72. All of the following are causes of ulcers, which one is the most common cause?
    1. H. pylori infection
    2. regular use of aspirin
    3. regular use of ibuprofen
    4. disorders that cause high gastric acid output

73. All of the following is least likely to cause ulcers?
    1. bacterial infection
    2. excessive use of antacids
    3. excessive gastric acid secretion
    4. use of certain anti-inflammatory medicines

74. Which of the following foods is least likely to aggravate an existing ulcer?
    1. beer
    2. raw carrots
    3. regular coffee
    4. decaffeinated coffee

75. The organism H. pylorus has been identified as one of the major causes of which of the following dis- orders?
    1. hiccups

1. 2. hemorrhoids
   3. diverticulosis
   4. gastric ulcers

76. What is the most common cause for the development of ulcers?
    1. infection from H. pylori
    2. excessive consumption of spicy foods
    3. failure to adapt to a high-stress lifestyle
    4. prolonged excessive consumption of hot beverages

77. In general, which of the following remedies is associated with the fewest adverse effects from the treatment of constipation in adults?
    1. taking an enema
    2. taking a laxative
    3. ingestion of prunes
    4. ingestion of mineral oil

MATCHING

1. Liver
2. Villus
3. Goblet
4. Pylorus
5. Enzyme
6. Gastrin
7. Secretin
8. Capillary
1. Appendix
10. Diffusion
11. Epiglottis
50. Gallbladder
1000. Carbohydrase
14. Hepatic portal vein
15. Hepatic vein
16. Ileocecal valve
17. Cholecystokinin
18. Active transport
19. Hydrochloric acid
20. Lymphatic system

1. Prevents food from entering the windpipe when swallowing
2. Organ that stores lymph cells
3. Controls the entry of chyme into the duodenum
4. Controls the entry of chyme into the colon