a.

39%

b.

49%

c.

59%

d.

69%

e.

79%

a.

The amount of fat in the body is substantially determined by the size of the fat cells.

b.

More and larger fat cells are found in obese people compared with healthy-weight persons.

c.

Fat cell number increases most readily during early adulthood, when energy expenditure

declines.

d.

Fat cells may enlarge but not increase in number upon reaching the age of 50 in males and

reaching menopause in women.

e.

When energy out exceeds energy in, fat cell size and number both decrease.

a.

Fat cell number increases dramatically after puberty.

b.

Fat cell number in an adult can decrease only by fasting.

c.

Fat cell number increases most readily in late childhood and early puberty.

d.

Weight gain from overeating in adults takes place primarily by increasing the number of

fat cells.

e.

Weight loss in adolescents and adults occurs when fat cells are lysed and their numbers decrease.

a.

Glucagon

b.

Lipoprotein lipase

c.

Cellulite synthetase

d.

Lipoprotein synthetase

e.

Adipose lipase

a.

assist bile in the digestion of dietary lipids.

b.

remove triglycerides from blood for storage.

c.

trigger adipokine release from adipose tissue.

d.

release triglycerides from storage within adipocytes.

e.

stimulate the release of gherlin and leptin.

a.

blood insulin levels.

b.

the activity of lipoprotein lipase.

c.

circulating lipid transport proteins.

d.

the activity of lipoprotein synthetase.

e.

women have different patterns of physical activity than men.

a.

Its activity decreases after weight loss but then rebounds quickly after resuming normal

food intake.

b.

Its activity can always increase but cannot decrease and is, in part, controlled by the

ratchet effect of metabolism.

c.

Its activities in men and women are sex-related and explain the differences in major fat

storage regions of the body.

d.

Its low activity in obese people explains, in part, the inability to mobilize storage fat for

energy when following an energy-restricted diet.

e.

The release of upper-body fat that it triggers is more active in women than in men,

whereas the release of lower-body fat is similar.

a.

hyperplastic obesity.

b.

hypertrophic obesity.

c.

idiopenthic leptinemia.

d.

anaplastic hypometabolism.

e.

multiplicative obesity.

a.

Minimum weight of a person

b.

Maximum weight of a person

c.

Point at which a person's weight plateaus before dropping again quickly

d.

Point above which the body tends to lose weight and below which it tends to gain weight

e.

Point at which the physical discomforts of severe obesity overcome the desire to eat

a.

It is lower in obese people.

b.

It is independent of LPL activity.

c.

It is higher in females than males.

d.

It is independent of the body's set point.

e.

It is consistent throughout the lifespan.

a.

Altered receptor activity for leptin

b.

A genetic disorder resulting in obesity

c.

Fat accumulation in the liver of gastric bypass patients

d.

A failure to adapt to alternating periods of excess and inadequate energy intake

e.

A genetic disorder triggered by environmental toxins that results in obesity

a.

Obese people can change their genome but not their epigenome.

b.

Exercise has little, if any, effect on the genetic influence on weight gain.

c.

Identical twins are half as likely to weigh the same compared with fraternal twins.

d.

Adopted children tend to have body weights more like their biological parents than their

adoptive parents.

e.

There is very little evidence that genetic factors contribute to obesity, except in the

presence of certain rare syndromes.

a.

Pancreas

b.

Intestines

c.

Adipocytes

d.

Hypothalamus

e.

Hippocampus

a.

Leptin and ghrelin both increase

b.

Leptin and ghrelin both decrease

c.

Leptin decreases while ghrelin increases

d.

Leptin increases while ghrelin decreases

e.

Sleep deprivation only affects leptin and gherlin in very elderly or unhealthy individuals.

a.

Fat cell sensitivity to leptin is higher in obese people.

b.

A deficiency of leptin is characteristic of all obese people.

c.

Blood levels of leptin usually correlate directly with body fat.

d.

Major functions of leptin include an increase in hunger and a decrease in metabolic rate.

e.

Blood levels of leptin only correlate with body fat at extremely high and low body masses.

a.

Ghrelin levels are relatively low.

b.

Adiponectin levels are relatively high.

c.

PYY release from the hypothalamus is suppressed.

d.

Leptin release from subcutaneous fat stores is enhanced.

e.

Leptin levels suppress the appetite.

a.

Increased loss of energy as heat

b.

Reduction of fat cell number

c.

Lowering of basal metabolism

d.

Proliferation of fat cell number

e.

Increased fat storage

a.

Black

b.

White

c.

Brown

d.

Yellow

e.

Red

a.

Very little brown fat is found in adults, whereas more is seen in infants.

b.

White adipose is especially important in infants as a moderator of temperature extremes.

c.

The uncoupled reactions in brown and white adipose are the result of LPL-induced

hydrolysis of ATP.

d.

Among the three types of adipose, namely, white, yellow, and brown, the white adipocytes

account for the greatest amount of heat expenditure.

e.

White fat in adults is stored mostly around the neck and clavicles.

a.

The rate of obesity has been rising while the gene pool has remained relatively constant.

b.

The recognition that identical twins reared apart have body weights similar to their

biological parents.

c.

The development of precise body composition methodologies that define adipose storage sites based on gender.

d.

The discovery of uncoupling proteins that explain the variations in energy metabolism

among lean and overweight people.

e.

Adoption studies show that adopted individuals have body mass more similar to their adoptive parents than their birth parents.

a.

They correlate strongly with current and past energy intakes.

b.

Their accuracy correlates strongly with an obesogenic environment.

c.

Only overweight and obese people report inaccurate energy intakes.

d.

Both normal and obese people commonly misreport actual energy intakes.

e.

Although people try to be honest, their self-reports are poorly correlated with their actual

energy intake.

a.

thermogenesis potential.

b.

thermic effect of food.

c.

physical activity level.

d.

metabolic response to exercise.

e.

responsiveness to environmental stimuli about eating.

a.

There is a strong genetic component to reduced physical activity of overweight people.

b.

Differences in the time obese and lean people spend lying, sitting, standing, and moving

account for about 350 kcalories per day.

c.

Although watching television correlates with weight gain, playing video games does not, presumably due to the heightened excitement engendered by action games.

d.

Extraordinarily inactive people who lower their food intakes below that of their lean

counterparts activate brown adipose tissue uncoupling proteins that stimulate hyperthermic

weight loss.

e.

Although extremely low levels of activity do increase risk of obesity, they do not affect

the risk of metabolic syndrome.

a.

hypotension

b.

low LDL

c.

high HDL

d.

age over 45 years

e.

family history of heart disease.

a.

5

b.

10

c.

20

d.

35

e.

45

a.

The costs are prohibitive.

b.

The products were found to be ineffective for weight loss.

c.

The products were implicated in several cases of heart attacks and seizures.

d.

The products were found to contain contaminants that were believed to be responsible for

inducing liver failure.

e.

They were contaminated with substances that induced a Parkinson-like syndrome.

a.

morbid obesity.

b.

metabolic syndrome.

c.

leptin-resistant obesity.

d.

psychological-resistant syndrome.

e.

Prader-Willi syndrome

a.

Most drugs may be safely prescribed even in otherwise healthy obese people.

b.

Most experts believe that drugs should not be used because obesity is not a disease.

c.

Most currently available drugs are highly effective in both the short and long term.

d.

The use of "off-label" drugs is common to take advantage of their modest weight loss

effects.

e.

Although initially effective, most eventually raise the risk of cardiovascular disease to

unacceptable levels.

a.

blood insulin.

b.

norepinephrine.

c.

hormone-sensitive lipase.

d.

adipocyte lipoprotein lipase.

e.

gherlin and leptin.

a.

Olestra

b.

Orlistat

c.

Serotonin

d.

Phentermine

e.

Belviq

a.

It reduces taste sensation.

b.

It inhibits lipoprotein lipase.

c.

It inhibits pancreatic lipase.

d.

It alters circulating leptin concentrations.

e.

It enhances the release of epinephrine.

a.

It is almost never followed by weight regain.

b.

It is always an irreversible medical procedure.

c.

It is less effective than traditional liposuction.

d.

It diminishes the amount of food that can be eaten without GI distress.

e.

It has dramatic effects on physical and psychological health.

a.

It often improves blood pressure and insulin sensitivity.

b.

It results in a typical loss of body weight of 25 to 50 lbs.

c.

It results in a return of body fat within a year, primarily to the abdomen.

d.

It is considered a valid but slightly less effective alternative to gastric bypass.

e.

It is effective for weight loss in older but not younger people.

a.

1 in 600

b.

1 in 100

c.

1 in 60

d.

1 in 10

e.

1 in 6

a.

6 weeks.

b.

3 months.

c.

6 months.

d.

9 months.

e.

1 year.

a.

0.5-2 lbs/week

b.

3-4 lbs/week

c.

5% body weight/month

d.

7.5% body weight/month

e.

10% body weight/month

a.

5-10

b.

10-15

c.

15-20

d.

20-25

e.

25-30

a.

500

b.

800

c.

1200

d.

1600

e.

1800

a.

500

b.

800

c.

1200

d.

1600

e.

1800

a.

Breakfast skippers have higher BMRs up until their first meal of the day.

b.

Eating breakfast once per week conveys the same benefits as 5 times per week.

c.

People who eat breakfast frequently have a lower BMI than breakfast skippers.

d.

People who skip breakfast have lower 24-hour energy intakes than breakfast eaters.

e.

Younger people who skip breakfast have a lower BMI than those who eat it.

a.

Drink 8 ounces of water prior to each meal.

b.

Select less energy-dense foods

c.

Restrict fiber intake as a means to reduce excess water retention

d.

Consume a small high-fat snack before each meal to reduce appetite

e.

Consume an alcoholic beverage with lunch and dinner.

a.

calometrics.

b.

minimetrics.

c.

densification.

d.

volumetrics.

e.

substitution.

a.

Taking large bites helps to reduce food intake.

b.

Faster eating correlates with higher body weight.

c.

Total kcal intake in higher when meals are eaten more slowly.

d.

Satiety hormones are blunted when meals are eaten more slowly.

e.

Eating on a smaller plate increases food intake.

a.

Avoid foods containing carbohydrates.

b.

Eliminate all fats from the diet and decrease water intake.

c.

Greatly increase protein intake to prevent body protein loss.

d.

Reduce daily energy intake and increase energy expenditure.

e.

Fast at least two consecutive days each week.

a.

decrease water intake.

b.

increase physical activity.

c.

speed up thyroid activity with metabolic enhancers.

d.

develop ketosis by keeping carbohydrate intake as low as possible.

e.

use herbal supplements to speed up metabolism.

a.

The number of kcalories spent in an activity depends on body weight, intensity, and

duration.

b.

Walking a mile uses about half as much energy as running a mile

c.

Exercising the leg muscles is effective at burning away fat primarily around the thighs and

hips

d.

Exercising the abdominal muscles is effective at burning away fat primarily around the

abdomen

e.

If intensity and duration are the same, heavier individuals will expend less energy running

than will lighter individuals.

a.

They may lead to weight gain in some people.

b.

They automatically lower a person's daily energy intake.

c.

They delay gastric emptying time, leading to enhanced satiety.

d.

They trigger epinephrine secretion, which suppresses appetite.

e.

They increase release of endogenous opiates.

a.

After an intense and vigorous workout, metabolism remains elevated for several hours.

b.

Lower body fat is more readily lost from vigorous exercises that work primarily the hip

and leg muscles.

c.

Blood glucose and fatty acid levels are low immediately after working out, but thereafter recover on their own.

d.

After an intense workout, most people immediately feel the urge to eat a large

carbohydrate meal to replace glycogen stores.

e.

After intense exercise, gherlin secretion is typically elevated and remains so for several hours.

a.

10 kcalories.

b.

20 kcalories.

c.

30 kcalories.

d.

40 kcalories.

e.

50 kcalories.

a.

The feeling of thirst overpowers the desire for food.

b.

The elevated blood lactate level antagonizes ghrelin.

c.

Glucose and fatty acids are still abundant in the blood.

d.

The senses of smell and taste are suppressed for at least one hour.

e.

Leptin secretion is markedly increased.

a.

The cost is lower.

b.

Boredom is reduced.

c.

Compliance is better.

d.

Monitoring time is diminished.

e.

The overall results are more dramatic.

a.

No exercise can target fat removal from any specific area of the body.

b.

Upper body fat is mostly unaffected by exercising lower body muscles.

c.

Lower body fat in women is depleted at a faster rate than abdominal fat.

d.

Abdominal fat in men is released more readily with anaerobic exercise.

e.

Spot reducing works on cellulite but not on other fat.

a.

engage in 30 minutes of physical exercise daily.

b.

weigh themselves no more often than once a month.

c.

eat a diet with high energy density.

d.

eat a diet with low nutrient density.

e.

limit television to less than 10 hours per week.

a.

2500

b.

3500

c.

4500

d.

5500

e.

6500

a.

Strongly believing that weight can be lost

b.

Viewing the body realistically as being fat rather than thin

c.

Refraining from expressing overconfidence in ability to lose weight

d.

Accepting that little or no exercise is a part of the lifestyle of most overweight people

e.

Keep weight loss plans a private matter and not share goals or progress with others

a.

feel guilty after you overeat.

b.

keep a record of your eating habits.

c.

always clean your plate when you eat.

d.

have someone watch you to prevent overeating.

e.

cook your own meals.

a.

Smokers on average weigh about 5 lbs more than nonsmokers.

b.

Smoking a cigarette increases the appetite for energy-dense foods.

c.

People who give up smoking gain an average of 10 lbs in the first year.

d.

Psychotherapy is effective at reducing either smoking or body weight but not both at the same time.

e.

Trying to stop smoking at the same time as trying to lose weight effectively guarantees

neither effort will succeed.

a.

Their basal metabolic rates are higher after weight loss than during the obese state.

b.

Energy expenditure is the same as in people who were never obese.

c.

Energy requirements are lower than expected for their current body weight.

d.

Energy expenditure is the same per kg body weight as compared with the obese state.

e.

Their basal metabolic rate is effectively reset to a normal range by weight loss.

a.

200

b.

300

c.

400

d.

500

e.

600

a.

0.8

b.

1.6

c.

2.4

d.

2.8

e.

3.2

a.

fasting.

b.

medicines.

c.

prevention.

d.

genetic counseling.

e.

holistic.

a.

0.2

b.

2

c.

5

d.

10

e.

15

a.

14.

b.

18.5.

c.

20.

d.

22.5.

e.

25.5

a.

A high-kcalorie diet plus regular exercise

b.

A high-kcalorie diet and minimal exercise

c.

A high-protein diet plus regular exercise

d.

Total elimination of alcohol and exercise

e.

High-protein, high-kcalorie diet and minimal exercise

a.

Behavior modification training

b.

Punishment of any weight losses

c.

Forced awakening during the night for supplemental meals and snacks

d.

Tube feeding during the night

e.

Increased alcohol consumption

a.

Eat only one large meal per day, just before bed.

b.

Eat meaty appetizers rather than salads.

c.

Refrain from between-meal snacking, especially energy drinks.

d.

Decrease the amount of food consumed within the first 20 minutes of a meal.

e.

Eat the same amount as before, but spread it out over the entire day.

a.

Eat energy-dense foods.

b.

Drink alcohol regularly.

c.

Eat a large number of small meals.

d.

Refrain from regular physical exercise.

e.

Refrain from between-meal snacking.

a.

dictate the correct distribution of energy among the macronutrients.

b.

prevent rapid spikes and declines in one's blood glucose level.

c.

don't require people to count kcal, and are thus easier to stick to.

d.

are designed to limit energy intake to around 1200 kcal/day.

e.

are so enthusiastically followed by individuals on them.

a.

They produce long-lasting results just like healthy diets.

b.

They limit food choices, thereby reducing energy intake.

c.

They are balanced and therefore do not require a dietary supplement.

d.

Their success depends on the ratios of macronutrients more so than the total energy value.

e.

They are typically as healthy as more traditional weight-loss diets.

a.

"On this plan, you can lose up to 2 pounds per week!"

b.

"Once you complete this 6-month plan, you'll never have to diet again."

c.

"Keep fresh fruit or carrot sticks in the fridge at work so you won't be tempted to raid the

vending machine for a snack."

d.

"Starting an aerobic exercise plan may seem daunting, but you can start out with shorter,

easier sessions and then build up to 3 or more hours a week."

e.

“Loss of even 5 to 10 pounds can improve your health.”

a.

1

k.

Set point

b.

2

l.

White fat

c.

10

m.

Cinch!

d.

40

n.

Brown fat

e.

69

o.

Ephedrine

f.

200-300

p.

Liposuction

g.

Leptin

q.

Bypass

h.

Orlistat

r.

Lipoprotein lipase

i.

Ghrelin

s.

Cognitive restructuring

j.

The Dukan Diet

t.

Obesogenic