Louisiana State University - HIST 2055

Chapter 35 Rebellion and Reaction in the 1960s and 1970s

TRUE/FALSE

1)In 1968, students managed to shut down Columbia University.

2. The New Left came together in opposition to Richard Nixon’s policies.

3. Chicano was originally a term for any immigrant in Chicago.

4. Cesar Chavez became the first Hispanic mayor of a major city when he was elected in Los Angeles.

5. In 1960, unemployment among Native Americans was 10 times the national average, their life expect- ancy was 20 years lower, and their suicide rate was 100 times greater.

6. When North Vietnam invaded South Vietnam in 1975, U.S. troops were sent back into the region.

7. President Nixon strongly supported court efforts to complete school desegregation.

8. New Federalism was one of the names of Richard Nixon’s domestic program.

9. In 1971, Nixon imposed wage and price controls in an effort to curb inflation.

10. Richard Nixon was impeached for Watergate-related offenses.

11. For pardoning Nixon, President Ford suffered a huge decline in his popularity.

12. President Ford vetoed more bills than any previous president.

13. President Carter suffered a major defeat when the Senate blocked his effort to return the Canal Zone to Panama.

14. The Camp David Accords were agreements between Iran and Iraq.

15. Economic problems during Carter’s administration included high unemployment and high inflation.

16. The American hostages in Iran were held for over a year.

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. By 1960–1961, a number of students had become inspired to become social reform activists by:
   1. the fear of getting drafted and sent to Vietnam
   2. the example of the civil rights movement
   3. the boredom and restrictions of campus life
   4. musicians and protest singers with political agendas
   5. the need to rebel against their conservative parents

2. The Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) in the early 1960s:
   1. was dominated by the Weathermen
   2. was a leading proponent of the sexual revolution
   3. was the youth wing of the Democratic party
   4. looked to the Socialists and Communists of the Depression era for inspiration
   5. challenged established authority in favor of “participatory democracy”

ANS: E                    

3. In 1964, the University of California at Berkeley:
   1. was the site of a free-speech movement
   2. remained racially segregated
   3. was shut down by antiwar protestors
   4. became the birthplace of the counterculture
   5. was the scene of a bloody confrontation between students and the National Guard

4. Young men were able to evade service in Vietnam by all of the following methods EXCEPT:
   1. joining VISTA or the Peace Corps
   2. fleeing to Canada or Sweden
   3. obtaining conscientious objector status
   4. going to prison
   5. failing the physical examination on purpose

5. At Columbia University in 1968:
   1. anti-war students disrupted a speech by President Johnson
   2. the Yippies held their founding convention
   3. students successfully fought for free tuition
   4. a student strike shut down the campus
   5. the presence of military recruiters sparked a riot

6. In their role at the 1968 Democratic Convention in Chicago, the Yippies could best be described as:
   1. political philosophers
   2. terrorists
   3. political activists
   4. artists
   5. pranksters

ANS: E                    

7. By 1971, the New Left:
   1. was working within the system for moderate reform
   2. remained committed to nonviolent movement
   3. had split into factions and largely self-destructed
   4. was stronger than ever due to Nixon’s policies
   5. was focusing on personal liberation rather than political change

8. The youths of the counterculture:
   1. came primarily from poor or working-class families
   2. congregated in the Watts district of Los Angeles
   3. were the direct descendants of the Beats of the 1950s
   4. believed that electoral politics would solve society’s problems
   5. preferred urban surroundings to a rural life in contact with nature

9. At the Altamont concert in 1969:
   1. Hells Angels killed a man in front of the stage
   2. the Beatles gave their last performance
   3. the violence of the hippies was fully displayed
   4. a huge crowd enjoyed three days of “peace and music”
   5. the Rolling Stones recorded live their most classic psychedelic album

10. The hippie movement ultimately:
    1. disappeared once the draft was ended
    2. won over much of Middle America to its perspective
    3. was limited to San Francisco
    4. succumbed to commercialism
    5. got involved in civil rights activism and the war on poverty

11. Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique:
    1. celebrated the cult of female domesticity
    2. explained the unhappiness of so many middle-class women
    3. told women how to better please their husbands
    4. painted an ideal portrait of suburban living
    5. argued that women should be paid high wages for housework

12. The feminist movement suffered a setback with the:
    1. National Organization for Women’s inability to agree on a political agenda
    2. Supreme Court’s refusal to recognize abortion rights
    3. decreasing number of jobs for women
    4. failure of the states to ratify the equal-rights amendment
    5. refusal of Ivy League universities to admit women

13. The most important factor behind the sexual revolution of the 1960s was the:
    1. Supreme Court’s legalization of abortion
    2. development of birth-control pills
    3. free love philosophy of the hippie movement
    4. increasing number of women in college
    5. permissive messages and images in Hollywood films

14. Use of the term Chicano indicated:
    1. increasing opposition of Hispanic Americans to the Vietnam War
    2. Mexican American opposition to illegal immigration
    3. efforts of Hispanic Americans to make Spanish the national language
    4. growing political assertiveness among Mexican Americans
    5. the New Left’s major influence upon young Hispanics

15. All of the following are true of Cesar Chavez EXCEPT that he:
    1. used boycotts to pressure grape growers
    2. was founder and leader of the United Farm Workers
    3. as a young man, worked as a migrant laborer in farm fields
    4. was committed to nonviolent tactics
    5. failed to secure collective bargaining rights for farmworkers

ANS: E                    

16. By 2006, Hispanics:

still rarely voted

1. 1. had become the country’s largest minority
   2. had attained equality with whites in average income levels
   3. launched their own political party
   4. no longer desired to speak Spanish

17. One major impetus behind the rise of a Native American rights movement was the:
    1. effective work of the Bureau of Indian Affairs
    2. interest of many Americans in Indian history
    3. realization of Indians that their votes could swing elections in several states
    4. fact that Indians were still not recognized as citizens
    5. terrible levels of poverty that persisted in the Indian population

ANS: E                    

18. Indian activists ultimately discovered that their most effective tactic for bringing about change was:
    1. voting
    2. occupying places like Alcatraz and Wounded Knee
    3. taking legal action to force the government to adhere to old treaties
    4. opening casinos on their reservations
    5. imitating the civil rights movement in organizing massive protest marches

19. In its earliest years, the gay rights movement especially emphasized:
    1. the importance of gays “coming out”
    2. the need for more funding for AIDS research
    3. the passage of hate-crimes legislation
    4. the push to legalize gay marriage
    5. getting recognition of gay contributions to American history

20. The “silent majority”:
    1. quietly approved of the social and cultural changes of the 1960s
    2. was anti–Vietnam War, though not involved in open protest
    3. was growing weaker by the early 1970s
    4. were not fans of TV’s Archie Bunker
    5. supported politicians like Richard Nixon and George Wallace

ANS: E                    

21. In regard to Vietnam policy, Nixon:
    1. insisted that he would pursue “peace with honor”
    2. was indifferent to an eventual Communist takeover
    3. was determined to end the American involvement quickly
    4. still believed that the war could be won
    5. refused to sit and negotiate with the enemy

22. Nixon’s policy of “Vietnamization” involved:
    1. increasing the number of young men being drafted
    2. launching a U.S. invasion of North Vietnam
    3. establishing diplomatic and trade relations with North Vietnam
    4. gradually reducing the number of American troops in Vietnam
    5. working toward the reunification of North and South Vietnam

23. In April 1970, Nixon extended the war when he sent troops into:

24. Shocking events at Kent State University involved:
    1. a fight between anti-war students and construction workers
    2. the killing of four students by the National Guard
    3. violence when police broke up a student strike
    4. several deaths when students exploded a bomb in the ROTC building
    5. student attacks upon conservative, pro-war professors

25. The Pentagon Papers:
    1. revealed shocking waste in military spending
    2. were successively suppressed from publication by the government
    3. put President Johnson’s war policy in a more favorable light
    4. were the actual diary entries of Defense Secretary Robert McNamara
    5. revealed that the Johnson administration had deceived the public in regard to war policy

ANS: E                    

26. The Vietnam settlement signed on January 27, 1973:
    1. insured the survival of South Vietnam
    2. brought lasting peace to Vietnam
    3. was followed by massive bombings of North Vietnam a few months later
    4. left 150,000 Communist troops in South Vietnam
    5. got Nixon reelected

27. All of the following were consequences of the Vietnam War EXCEPT:
    1. 58,000 Americans died
    2. Saigon fell to the Communists and became Ho Chi Minh City
    3. many young Americans questioned the value of military service
    4. Americans were more determined than ever to spread democracy
    5. deep divisions over foreign policy continued

28. The figure who most influenced Nixon’s foreign policy was:
    1. General Alexander Haig
    2. Robert McNamara
    3. Henry Kissinger
    4. William Rogers
    5. Bob Haldeman

29. Nixon’s “southern strategy” involved winning southern support by:
    1. slowing down progress on civil rights
    2. stepping up the military effort in Vietnam

1. 3. expressing sympathy toward fundamentalist Christians
   4. making southerners dominant in his cabinet
   5. increasing federal support of the South’s economy

30. In the early 1970s, angry protests began to erupt in cities outside the South over:
    1. integration of swimming pools and public parks
    2. interracial dating
    3. racial profiling by police
    4. busing
    5. rising rates of crime in the inner cities

31. Economists coined the term stagflation in the early 1970s to describe:
    1. unemployment and inflation rising simultaneously
    2. continuing declines in stock prices
    3. high oil prices along with declining profits for the petroleum industry
    4. the return of economic conditions similar to the Depression
    5. continuing economic growth along with a growing budgetary deficit

32. To punish the United States for supporting Israel during the Yom Kippur War, the Organization of Pet- roleum Exporting Countries (OPEC):
    1. expelled the United States from membership
    2. flooded the American market with cheap petroleum to drive American oil producers out of business
    3. cut off oil shipments to the United States
    4. nationalized American oil companies in their countries
    5. announced it would deal exclusively with the Soviet Union

33. In 1971, in an effort to curb inflation, President Nixon:
    1. asked American businesses to voluntarily reduce prices
    2. imposed tough new limits on petroleum consumption
    3. returned the country to the gold standard
    4. drastically cut the federal budget
    5. imposed a freeze on wages and prices

ANS: E                    

34. The energy crisis of the early 1970s increased support for:
    1. consumption
    2. travel and tourism
    3. environmentalism
    4. suburbanization
    5. socialism

35. The Nixon Doctrine implied a foreign policy that was shaped more by:
    1. the determination to defeat communism

1. 2. realism and American interests
   3. the effort to reshape the world in our own image
   4. the needs of the domestic economy
   5. the desires of our allies

36. Nixon’s new relationship with China was made possible by:
    1. the discovery of China’s vast oil deposits
    2. China’s growing fear of the Soviet Union
    3. Nixon’s landslide reelection in 1972
    4. the American public’s more favorable attitude toward communism
    5. the removal of Vietnam as a source of division between the United States and China

37. Nixon’s trip to the Soviet Union resulted in:
    1. the end of the cold war
    2. U.S. wheat sales to the Soviets
    3. Soviet withdrawal from Eastern Europe
    4. intensification of the nuclear arms race
    5. the end of the new relationship with China

38. As the 1972 election approached, the biggest threat to Nixon’s reelection seemed to be:
    1. George Wallace’s potential to drain away conservative votes from the Republicans
    2. the massive popularity of Democratic nominee, George McGovern
    3. public disapproval of Nixon’s efforts to ease tensions with the Chinese and the Russians
    4. revelations concerning the Watergate break-in
    5. the continuing appeal of 1960s-style social liberalism

39. The burglars arrested at the Watergate apartment complex:
    1. were trying to obtain Republican campaign files
    2. were spying for the Soviet Union
    3. were common thieves hoping to steal valued items
    4. had connections to the CIA and the Nixon campaign
    5. had been sent there by the FBI

40. Essential to breaking the Watergate case was the testimony before the Ervin committee of White House legal counsel:
    1. Leon Jaworski
    2. John Ehrlichman
    3. Daniel Ellsberg
    4. James McCord
    5. John Dean

ANS: E                    

41. The major motivation behind the Saturday Night Massacre was Nixon’s desire to:
    1. elevate his approval ratings
    2. expose the corruption of the Democrats
    3. avoid handing over the key White House tapes
    4. publicly humiliate special prosecutor Archibald Cox
    5. appoint a loyal attorney general

42. Nixon’s Watergate-related resignation came with the revelation that he had:
    1. burned his tapes of White House conversations
    2. lied to the Senate’s Ervin committee
    3. authorized the use of dirty tricks against Democratic campaigns
    4. ordered a cover-up of the original Watergate break-in
    5. ordered the IRS to harass his political enemies

43. Gerald Ford suffered terrible political damage when he:
    1. continued Nixon’s economic policies
    2. vetoed the War Powers Act
    3. pardoned Nixon
    4. sent Americans back into Vietnam
    5. failed to achieve peace in the Middle East

44. A sad legacy of Watergate was:
    1. lasting damage to the image of the presidency
    2. ongoing limits on press freedom
    3. a renewal of divisive partisan politics
    4. Congress’s inability to pass needed legislation
    5. the weakening of the CIA’s domestic operations

45. During his presidency, Gerald Ford achieved a record for:
    1. tax increases
    2. Supreme Court appointments
    3. press conferences
    4. vetoes
    5. military interventions

46. Jimmy Carter’s victory in the 1976 election was aided by all of the following EXCEPT:
    1. his electoral strength in the South
    2. his non-Washington background in the aftermath of Watergate
    3. a huge voter turnout
    4. his promise to be an honest president
    5. Ford’s less-than-impressive presidential record

47. On the domestic front, Carter’s most notable shortcoming was:
    1. providing amnesty for draft evaders
    2. failing to deal adequately with an energy crisis
    3. not putting a stop to government corruption
    4. opposing new initiatives to protect the environment
    5. trying to slow progress on civil rights

48. The Camp David Accords involved all of the following EXCEPT:
    1. Egypt’s diplomatic recognition of Israel
    2. the creation of a Palestinian state on the West Bank
    3. intense negotiations among Carter, Sadat, and Begin
    4. Israel’s return of the Sinai to Egypt
    5. massive anger resulting toward Sadat in the Arab world

49. Carter’s management of the economy resulted in:
    1. a sharp decline in unemployment
    2. a surplus in the federal budget
    3. a near collapse of the stock market and banking industry
    4. growing public confidence that the nation was recovering from the Nixon-Ford recession
    5. unacceptably high rates of inflation

ANS: E                    

50. A crisis in Iran involved all of the following EXCEPT:
    1. the takeover of Iran’s government by hard-line Communists
    2. Carter’s inability to secure the return of American hostages
    3. the freezing of Iranian assets in the United States
    4. a rescue mission that ended disastrously in the Iranian desert
    5. the overthrow of the shah’s American-backed government

MATCHING

51 Match each description with the item below.

1. 1. was shot and left paralyzed in 1972
   2. was secretary of state in 1975
   3. founded NOW
   4. founded SDS and authored the Port Huron Statement
   5. was convicted for My Lai Massacre
   6. gave testimony before Senate committee that linked Nixon directly to Watergate cover-up
   7. wrote Silent Spring