a.

gave freed slaves the right to find family members who had been sold.

b.

set aside the Sea Islands and forty-acre tracts of land in South Carolina and Georgia for black families.

c.

gave forty acres and a mule to blacks who wished to move to the unsettled American Southwest.

d.

gave his men instructions to burn their way through the southern interior to the Atlantic coast.

e.

established the Freedmen’s Bureau to help blacks make the transition from slavery to freedom.

a.

Sensing the continued hatred of whites toward them, most blacks wished to move back to Africa.

b.

Most blacks stayed with their old masters because they were not familiar with any other opportunities.

c.

Blacks adopted different ways of testing their freedom, including moving about, seeking kin, and rejecting older forms of deferential behavior.

d.

Desiring better wages, most blacks moved to the northern cities to seek factory work.

e.

Most blacks were content working for wages and not owning their own land because they believed they had not earned the right to just receive land from the government.

a.

Many took up crime because of a lack of jobs.

b.

Some of the drifters organized into terrorists, seeking revenge against their former slaveowners.

c.

The recently freed slaves were looking for their former owners.

d.

Large revivals of African-Americans, who had recently converted to Christianity, took place in the countryside.

e.

Many slaves were moving around in search of family members who had been sold.

a.

Men and women maintained equality within the household, making black families far more matrilineal than white families.

b.

Men often remained at home while women went out and labored—a major shift from their roles while in slavery.

c.

Black women adopted the domestic roles that white women had long had, but retained their duties in the fields and in the workplace.

d.

The black family became more like the typical white family, with men as the breadwinners and women as the homemakers.

e.

Emancipation did not lead to any changes in the black family’s structure.

a.

In the twentieth century, former slaves became the majority owners of big plantations.

b.

As time moved into the twentieth century, a higher percentage of African-Americans voted than whites.

c.

By 1900 in the South, whites focused on creating harmony between the races.

d.

The nation’s first African-American colleges were established.

e.

Within fifty years of Reconstruction, a majority of African-American families owned land.

a.

declined because ex-slaves realized they owed their freedom to fellow human beings, not to God.

b.

changed as African-Americans joined white churches rather than worshipping separately.

c.

declined as other black-run institutions became more central in African-American life.

d.

was central, as African-Americans formed their own churches.

e.

became less important, as northern white churches moved into the South and took in most blacks.

a.

the first medical school to admit women.

b.

the first black university in Mississippi.

c.

the oldest university in New England.

d.

a black university in Washington, D.C.

e.

the law school where Abraham Lincoln earned his degree.

a.

He was satisfied that slavery had ended and was ready to take a break.

b.

He worked tirelessly to prevent slavery from being reinstituted.

c.

He encouraged African-Americans to leave the South and go to Canada.

d.

He saw the government land policies as sufficient.

e.

Douglass wanted to ensure that the ideals of the Declaration of Independence became a reality for black men, too.

a.

new southern railroads

d.

farming jobs

b.

full citizenship

e.

due process

c.

woman suffrage

a.

railroad building.

d.

voting.

b.

jobs.

e.

jury duty.

c.

land ownership.

a.

For the first time, some of them had to do physical labor.

b.

They lost their slaves but were otherwise unaffected.

c.

Few lost loved ones because they were able to avoid military service.

d.

They endured immediate problems, but their economic revival was quick.

e.

Since they defined freedom broadly, they got along well with their ex-slaves.

a.

Emancipated African-Americans would have the same opportunities for advancement as northern whites.

b.

Reduce northern investments in the South.

c.

Abolish the Freedmen’s Bureau.

d.

Use sharecropping as the labor system would.

e.

Make the South’s economy surpass the North’s.

a.

was badly administered because director O. O. Howard lacked military experience.

b.

won much southern white support because it consistently supported the planters in disputes with former slaves.

c.

made notable achievements in improving African-American education and health care.

d.

carried out a successful program of distributing land to every former slave family.

e.

enjoyed the strong support of President Andrew Johnson in its work on behalf of civil rights.

a.

Getting a steady job.

b.

Receiving help from white northerners.

c.

Getting an education.

d.

Leasing land.

e.

Receiving free land.

a.

He ordered it dispersed among the ex-slaves.

b.

He returned it to the original owners.

c.

The federal government retained control of most of the land.

d.

He suggested that communes be started so that all southerners had access to the land.

e.

The first national parks were established on the seized property.

a.

meant that African-Americans were paid their share daily for doing specific tasks.

b.

was a compromise between African-Americans’ desire for discipline and planters’ desire to learn to do physical labor.

c.

was most popular in the old rice-plantation areas of South Carolina and Georgia.

d.

became more popular because of rising farm prices that brought increased prosperity.

e.

was preferred by African-Americans to gang labor (because they were less subject to supervision).

a.

applied only to African-American farmers.

b.

became better as farm prices increased in the 1870s.

c.

enabled yeoman farmers to continue to function under the same system as before the Civil War.

d.

annoyed bankers and merchants who resented how it made them dependent on farmers.

e.

kept many sharecroppers in a state of constant debt and poverty.

a.

by and large owned their own land.

b.

included many sharecroppers involved in the crop-lien system.

c.

refused to grow cotton because it had been a “slave crop.”

d.

were all enormously prosperous following the end of the Civil War.

e.

saw their debts decrease as crop prices went up from 1870 to 1900.

a.

enjoyed newfound prosperity as merchants traded more frequently with the North.

b.

were as poverty-stricken as rural southern areas.

c.

benefited from the building of a transcontinental railroad from Washington, D.C., to Los Angeles.

d.

benefited as rice and tobacco production markedly grew.

e.

experienced major population losses as blacks trekked north in the Great Migration.

a.

The right to purchase a homestead.

b.

An opportunity to attend a black college.

c.

The purchase of some mules.

d.

Help reuniting their family that had been sold.

e.

The right to vote.

a.

They tried to ban African-Americans from voting.

b.

They tried to limit economic opportunity.

c.

They tried to curb African-American migrations.

d.

They wanted to prevent African-American marriages.

e.

They hoped to jail African-American leaders.

a.

The ex-slave was given an agreement that mutually benefited both parties.

b.

Ex-slaves were not going to be allowed to go to church.

c.

The ex-slaves were lazy and unwilling to do farm work.

d.

The contract was a type of economic slavery.

e.

This farming system gave African-Americans a good standard of living.

a.

He was an inspiration to working-class people in poverty.

b.

As a former slaveholder, he demonstrated that one could live without slaves.

c.

He was one of many southern senators from a state that seceded who refused to leave the U.S. Senate.

d.

Lincoln’s party hoped to build a Republican base in the South.

e.

Tennessee was Lincoln’s favorite southern state, since he was born there.

a.

simply continued Lincoln’s Reconstruction policies.

b.

agreed with Lincoln that some African-Americans should be allowed suffrage rights.

c.

won the Democratic presidential nomination in 1868 but narrowly lost the election.

d.

lacked Lincoln’s political skills and keen sense of public opinion.

e.

displayed a great ability to compromise, very much like Lincoln.

a.

A slaveholder had become president.

b.

A man from a state that had seceded was now president.

c.

An illiterate man was president.

d.

A Ku Klux Klan leader ascended to the presidency.

e.

Abraham Lincoln now regretted choosing Andrew Johnson as his vice president.

a.

Both men faced impeachment charges.

b.

The Republicans trusted Lincoln less than they did Johnson.

c.

Both men were excellent farmers.

d.

Lincoln reached out to the South while Johnson emphasized punishing it.

e.

When making decisions, Johnson was more stubborn and less willing to compromise than Lincoln.

a.

Presidential pardons for white southerners.

b.

Building railroads in the South.

c.

The individual rights of African-Americans.

d.

Creating a biracial government.

e.

Limiting immigration.

a.

The South remained poor.

b.

Black southerners were apathetic to equal rights.

c.

Prominent ex-Confederates and pre-Civil War elite came into power.

d.

Blacks refused to work with white politicians in the South.

e.

From the beginning, no northerners supported his plan.

a.

allowed the arrest on vagrancy charges of former slaves who failed to sign yearly labor contracts.

b.

allowed former slaves to testify in court against whites and to serve on juries.

c.

were some of the first laws adopted as part of Radical Reconstruction in 1867.

d.

were denounced by President Johnson and declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.

e.

pleased northerners because they saw that the rule of law was returning to the South.

a.

land reform.

d.

public education.

b.

black suffrage.

e.

reunification of the Union.

c.

federal protection of civil rights.

a.

was proposed by border-state Democrats.

b.

provided African-Americans with the right to vote.

c.

defined the rights of American citizens without regard to race.

d.

allowed states to determine essential citizenship standards.

e.

won the support of President Andrew Johnson.

a.

signed it, creating an irreparable breach between himself and the Republicans.

b.

vetoed it saying blacks did not deserve citizenship.

c.

contended that it gave too much authority to the states.

d.

won widespread public approval for his response.

e.

suggested that it did not go far enough to secure racial equality.

a.

passed despite the opposition of Charles Sumner.

b.

specifically defined suffrage as one of the civil rights to which free people were entitled.

c.

represented a compromise between the moderate and conservative positions on race.

d.

marked the most important change in the U.S. Constitution since the Bill of Rights.

e.

placed into the U.S. Constitution an essential holding of the Dred Scott decision.

a.

It brought suffrage for women.

b.

It resulted in land being given to former slaves across the South.

c.

It resulted in fair elections by the late 1870s in the South.

d.

It established an amendment promising equal protection for all.

e.

It industrialized the South on the same level as the North.

a.

Fourteenth Amendment

d.

Sumner-Stevens Act

b.

Fifteenth Amendment

e.

Reconstruction Act

c.

Civil Rights Act of 1867

a.

He fired Secretary of State William Seward, an ally of Radical Republicans.

b.

He vetoed a bill to extend the life of the Freedmen’s Bureau.

c.

He bribed a Republican senator to support his Reconstruction policies.

d.

He defiantly released a letter showing he had given support to the Confederacy in 1863.

e.

He allegedly violated the Tenure of Office Act.

a.

Both Congress and the president accused the other of unconstitutional acts.

b.

Johnson was willing to compromise, but Congress was unwilling to listen.

c.

The moderate Republicans hoped in general terms to weaken the office of president.

d.

Johnson had little support from white southerners.

e.

Johnson survived being removed from office due to overwhelming support from his cabinet.

a.

Johnson’s lawyers assured moderate Republicans that he would behave for the rest of his term, so several voted to acquit him.

b.

No one would testify against him.

c.

Leading Radical Republican Benjamin Wade brilliantly managed the president’s defense.

d.

Ulysses Grant urged Republicans to acquit Johnson because convicting him might hurt Grant’s chances in the presidential election.

e.

Many feared a constitutional crisis because, without a vice president in office, no one knew who would succeed Johnson as president.

a.

sought to guarantee that one could not be denied suffrage rights based on race.

b.

made states responsible for determining all voter qualifications.

c.

granted women the right to vote in federal but not state elections.

d.

was endorsed by President Andrew Johnson.

e.

was drafted by Susan B. Anthony.

a.

Abraham Lincoln.

d.

Carl Schurz.

b.

Anson Burlingame.

e.

Charles Sumner.

c.

Mark Twain.

a.

Gibbons v. Ogden.

d.

Marbury v. Madison.

b.

Dred Scott v. Stanford.

e.

McCulloch v. Maryland.

c.

Fletcher v. Peck.

a.

The presidents who immediately followed Lincoln became even more powerful and active than he had been during the Civil War.

b.

The state governments became the only entity that could award citizenship.

c.

It set the stage for the federal government to be the protector of individual freedoms.

d.

The Supreme Court’s role would be diminished.

e.

The states gained protection from an overbearing national government.

a.

After the Civil War, most slaves had to wait a long time to escape their masters.

b.

Women were excluded from the suffrage amendment.

c.

African-Americans were denied membership in churches.

d.

African-Americans did not get elected to political offices.

e.

African-Americans had no interest in having their own businesses.

a.

all endorsed the Fifteenth Amendment even though it did not guarantee female suffrage.

b.

all opposed the Fifteenth Amendment because it did not guarantee female suffrage.

c.

found themselves divided over whether to support the Fifteenth Amendment.

d.

strongly supported the Fifteenth Amendment because it did guarantee female suffrage.

e.

refused to take a position on the Fifteenth Amendment because it did not define citizenship.

a.

was the first time the Court interpreted the Fourteenth Amendment as establishing gender equality.

b.

was a severe blow to the idea of “separate spheres” for men and women.

c.

resulted the following year in congressional passage of the groundbreaking Legal Practice Act.

d.

demonstrated that, while racial definitions of freedom were changing, gendered ones still existed.

e.

was praised by Bradwell, who went on to become the first woman on the Illinois Supreme Court.

a.

mass political meetings, staking their claim to equal citizenship.

b.

protest marches that desegregated public school systems in all the Upper South states.

c.

violent attacks to intimidate Democratic voters from participating in politics.

d.

the creation for the first time of all-black churches.

e.

a series of lawsuits that resulted in the U.S. Supreme Court’s declaring segregation unconstitutional.

a.

members of the U.S. House of Representatives.

b.

governors.

c.

mayors of southern towns.

d.

U.S. senators.

e.

federal judges.

a.

were extremely rare.

b.

were entirely carpetbaggers and scalawags.

c.

helped ensure a degree of fairness in treatment of African-American citizens.

d.

were limited to local offices.

e.

demonstrated that whites had lost all their political power in the South.

a.

A scalawag.

d.

A carpetbagger.

b.

A teacher.

e.

An angel of mercy.

c.

A Liberal Republican.

a.

owners of large southern plantations before the Civil War.

b.

non-slaveholding white farmers from the southern upcountry prior to the Civil War.

c.

enslaved African-Americans before emancipation.

d.

Union soldiers during the war, but then they decided to stay in the South.

e.

Confederate officers and Confederate government officials during the Civil War.

a.

excluded former Confederates from their ranks.

b.

established the South’s first state-supported schools.

c.

redistributed most former plantation lands to freedmen and poor whites.

d.

helped elect African-American governors in four states.

e.

ran the most corrupt governments in American history.

a.

Abraham Lincoln.

d.

Rutherford Hayes.

b.

Andrew Johnson.

e.

Chester Arthur.

c.

Ulysses Grant.

a.

York County, South Carolina,

d.

Colfax, Louisiana,

b.

Marietta, Georgia,

e.

Guilford County, North Carolina,

c.

Lynchburg, Virginia,

a.

end Reconstruction by allowing state governments to oversee citizenship rights.

b.

stop the activities of terrorist groups such as the Ku Klux Klan.

c.

enforce the Emancipation Proclamation in the Confederate states.

d.

increase the authority of the Freedmen’s Bureau.

e.

eliminate racial discrimination in public spaces such as hotels and theaters.

a.

sought stronger action to assure the political and social rights of African-Americans in the South.

b.

was led by President Grant as a way of countering a Democratic resurgence in the southern states.

c.

was successful in electing Rutherford B. Hayes president of the United States that year.

d.

initially had little to do with Reconstruction but encouraged opposition to Grant’s policies in the South.

e.

drew most of its strength from southern black leaders such as James S. Pike and Albion Tourgée.

a.

an ailing slave who is unable to live long enough to see emancipation.

b.

South Carolina under allegedly corrupt black rule during Reconstruction.

c.

an economically weak South unable to contribute to the national economy.

d.

a terrorized black community during the reign of the Ku Klux Klan.

e.

an apathetic Congress that has given up on Reconstruction after 1870.

a.

most rights of citizens were under the control of state governments rather than the federal government.

b.

states could not interfere with vigorous federal enforcement of a broad array of civil rights guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment.

c.

the federal government had sole authority under the Commerce Clause to regulate the meatpacking industry.

d.

voting rights of African-Americans under the Fifteenth Amendment could not be abridged or denied by any state.

e.

Reconstruction had progressed too far and was now officially ended.

a.

Republicans.

d.

Scalawags.

b.

Carpetbaggers.

e.

Ulysses Grant.

c.

Redeemers.

a.

was won by Rutherford B. Hayes by a landslide.

b.

was finally decided by the Supreme Court.

c.

marked the final stage of Reconstruction, which ended in 1880.

d.

had both parties claiming they won Florida, South Carolina, and Louisiana.

e.

was won by Ulysses S. Grant by a narrow count.

a.

allowed Samuel Tilden to become president.

b.

recognized Democratic control of the South.

c.

marked a compromise between Radical and Liberal Republicans.

d.

called for the passage of the Fifteenth Amendment.

e.

was made by Grant to prevent his impeachment over the Whiskey Ring.

a.

Rutherford Hayes did poorly in the western states.

b.

The Republican Party did a good job protecting the voting rights of African-Americans in Mississippi.

c.

A majority of northerners wanted to enforce Reconstruction policies more stringently.

d.

The Republican Party had increased its support in the South.

e.

If Tilden had won just one of the electoral votes from Louisiana, Florida, or South Carolina, he would have been elected president.

a.

Equality Era.

d.

Information Age.

b.

Gilded Age.

e.

Second Reconstruction.

c.

Socialist Era.

a.

It remade the South economically.

b.

Equal rights for African-Americans continued to increase after 1877.

c.

With three different government plans, it was one of the most complex time periods in American history.

d.

It was a total failure and left no blueprint for the future.

e.

The United States had become a declining world power in regard to trade.

a.

second black U.S. senator

b.

proposed the Civil Rights Bill of 1866

c.

Presidential Reconstruction

d.

Liberal Republican’s presidential candidate

e.

Freedmen’s Bureau

f.

Radical Republican congressman from Pennsylvania

g.

Whiskey Ring

h.

ended Reconstruction

i.

feminist

j.

Radical Republican senator from Massachusetts

k.

first black U.S. senator

l.

secretary of war

a.

restrictions placed on freed blacks in the South

b.

scandal in the Grant administration

c.

origin of “forty acres and a mule”

d.

northern-born Republicans in the South during Reconstruction

e.

ended Reconstruction

f.

government agency that helped blacks in the South

g.

black school in Washington, D.C.

h.

public official charged with wrongdoing

i.

southern-born white Republican

j.

targeted the Ku Klux Klan

k.

Democrats who took control in the South during the 1870s

l.

terrorist organization