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Experience with unavoidable negative stimuli can lead to a particular deficit in avoidance learning called _____, in which the organism, exposed to uncontrollable aversive stimuli, learns that it has no control over negative outcomes

Psychology

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Experience with unavoidable negative stimuli can lead to a particular

deficit in avoidance learning called _____, in which the organism, exposed to uncontrollable aversive stimuli, learns that it has no control over negative outcomes.
Select one:
a.
instinctive drift
b.
extinction
c.
generalization
d.
learned helplessness


Which of the following scenarios best depicts negative reinforcement?
Select one:
a.
A student raises her hand to answer a question. The teacher compliments the student for answering the question. The student continues to raise her hand to answer questions.
b.
A student answers a question incorrectly. The teacher criticizes the student for not paying attention. The student begins to pay attention and starts answering questions correctly.
c.
A student answers a question incorrectly. The teacher criticizes the student for not paying attention. The student stops trying to answer questions.
d.
A student raises her hand to answer a question. The teacher stops criticizing the student for not paying attention. The student continues to raise her hand to answer questions.


In operant conditioning, ____________.
Select one:
a.
the consequences of behavior produce change in the probability of the occurence of the behavior
b.
neutral stimuli become associated with unlearned, involuntary responses
c.
which is a form of respondent behavior, behavior occurs in automatic response to a stimulus
d.
behavior is a consequence of the CS.


According to Thorndike's law of effect ________.
Select one:
a.
species-specific biological predispositions favor some learning styles over others
b.
negative behaviors can be easily extinguished through classical conditioning
c.
behaviors followed by desirable outcomes are strengthened and behaviors followed by undesirable outcomes are weakened
d.
an organism will recover a previously conditioned response when placed in a novel context


Which of the following scenarios best depicts positive reinforcement?
Select one:
a.
The student begins to pay attention and starts answering questions correctly.
b.
A student answers a question incorrectly. The teacher criticizes the student for not paying attention.
c.
A student raises her hand to answer a question. The teacher stops criticizing the student for not paying attention. The student continues to raise her hand to answer questions.
d.
A student raises her hand to answer a question. The teacher compliments the student for answering the question. The student continues to raise her hand to answer questions.


The process by which a stimulus or event following a particular behavior increases the probability that the behavior will happen again is called _____.
Select one:
a.
reinforcement
b.
specialization
c.
extinction
d.
generalization


_______ is a consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur.
Select one:
a.
Extinction
b.
Punishment
c.
Discrimination
d.
Generalization
Carol gives her dog, Spike, a chew stick each time Spike gets the ball back, on command. Carol is using a ________ schedule to train her dog to get the ball back on command.
Select one:
a.
variable-interval
b.
continuous reinforcement
c.
fixed-interval
d.
variable-ratio


The removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior is called _______.
Select one:
a.
negative punishment
b.
positive punishment
c.
positive reinforcement
d.
negative reinforcement


In operant conditioning, _____ means performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation.
Select one:
a.
generalization
b.
extinction
c.
rationalization
d.
discrimination