Homework answers / question archive / Human Behavior I Critical Thinking Assignment #1 10 points APA format   Please review Chapter’s 4 and 9, and all assigned reading material when addressing this assignment

Human Behavior I Critical Thinking Assignment #1 10 points APA format   Please review Chapter’s 4 and 9, and all assigned reading material when addressing this assignment

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Human Behavior I

Critical Thinking Assignment #1

10 points

APA format

 

Please review Chapter’s 4 and 9, and all assigned reading material when addressing this assignment.  The assignment articles are located in module #3.

 

Did you know…

 

“Because children start with knowing nothing about their society, the most awesome socialization occurs during childhood. This is when the fundamental building blocks of their consequent attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors are established.” (Zastrow, Kirst-Ashman and Hessenauer, pg. 161).

 

Did you know…

 

“Infants are treated differently by virtue of their gender from the moment that they are born!” (Pg. 202)

 

Did you know…

 

There are cultural variations in, and controversies about, the way caregivers shape the sleeping and eating behaviors of infants.

The management of sleeping is one of the earliest culturally influenced parenting behaviors.

In some cultures, putting an infant to sleep alone in a room is considered to be neglectful.

Co-sleeping, the child sleeping with the parents, is routine in most of the world’s cultures.

 

Touch plays a very important role in infant development.

Infants are not born with regular patterns of sleeping, eating and eliminating.

With maturation of the central nervous system in the first 3 months, and with lots of help from parents or other caregivers, the infant’s rhythms of sleeping, eating and eliminating become much more regular.

A newborn usually sleeps about 16 hours a day.

(Hutchison, Elizabeth D., 2^nd ed., 2017 Essentials of Human Behavior)

 

 

Think about Cognition and Emotion, and the following definitions…

 

Psychology = Mind and mental process

Cognition = Conscious or preconscious thinking process.

Emotion = A feeling state characterized by our appraisal of a stimulus.

Schema = Defined as an internalized representation of the world or an ingrained and systematic pattern of thought, action, and problem solving.

 

Did you know that the Social Learning Theory suggests….

 

Behavior is shaped by its reinforcing or punishing consequences.

 

And that Theory of Emotion suggests…

 

Emotion is physiologically programmed into the human brain.

When our emotions are activated, they have a pervasive influence on our cognition and behavior.

It is now widely accepted that cultural patterns shape the ways in which environmental input is coded in the brain.

 

The Attachment Theory suggests…

 

“All children seek proximity to their parents, and they develop attachment styles suited to the types of parenting they encounter” (Hutchison, Pg. 105).

 

 

In Regard to the Impact of Early Nurturing on Development…

 

“A large body of research is devoted to studying the links between early life experiences and physical and mental health risks (e.g., Lally,2011). This work demonstrates that negative early life experiences such as child abuse, family strife, poverty, and emotional neglect correlate with later health problems ranging from depression to drug abuse and heart disease. Relational elements of our early environments appear to permanently alter the development of central nervous system structures that govern our autonomic, cognitive, behavioral, and emotional responses to stress (Farmer, 2009). These findings tend to support the lifelong significance of specific relationship interactions.

 

Research indicates that secure attachments play a critical role in shaping the systems that underlie our reactivity to stressful situations. When infants begin to form specific attachments to adults, the presence of warm and responsive caregiving begins to buffer or prevent elevations in stress hormones, even in situations that distress the infant. In contrast, insecure relationships are associated with higher *CRH levels in potentially threatening situations. Secure emotional relationships with adults appear to be at least as critical as individual differences in temperament in determining stress reactivity and regulation” (Hutchison, Pg. 106, Eagle & Wolitzky), 2009).

 

*“Corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) is the main element that drives the body's response to stress. It is also present in diseases that cause inflammation. Too much or too little corticotrophin-releasing hormone can have a range of negative effects.”

http://www.yourhormones.info

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

INTERVIEW PROJECT INFORMATON:

“IMPACT OF EARLY NURTURING ON DEVELOPMENT”

Personal and Cultural Values Shaping Infant Sleeping Arrangements

 

This assignment is associated with the impact of early nurturing and development. It is designed to give you a sense of the degree of variations in infant caretaking practices and of the cultural and personal values supporting them. As professionals, we must maintain a level of respect for diversity, cultural differences and the rituals that accompany them. As you work with this assignment you are to compare and contrast rituals and standards that govern these mothers’ practice of care.

 

HOW TO BEGIN:

 

 

1. Familiarize yourself with the issues and with the interview questions.

 

?Read the Morelli, Rogoff, Oppenheim, and Goldsmith (1992) article to see what the developmental and socialization issues are that relate to infant sleeping arrangements, (Module 3). This information will help you understand the impact of early nurturing on development.

Read through the interview questions to get a sense of what you will ask in the interview. Do not submit the interview questions in your paper. This is not a Q & A type of submission. You are to submit your paper in APA paragraph form with subtitles.

 

2. Interview a mother

 

It can be your own mother or a close relative. Explain that infant care practices differ in different cultures around the world and in the United States, and that you would like to do an interview for a project that will explore infant care practices and the reasons behind them. Because male children are addressed in this assignment, you may want to select a mother of a male.

 

 You will conduct the interview and record the responses.

You will then use the data to complete this APA assignment.

 If the interviewee has more than one child, you should instruct the mother to focus on their practices with one child only.

Assign your interviewee a name (e.g., Sara), to maintain her anonymity. ?

 

You may receive extensive response information. Utilize all information and base your submission on the totality of information and ideas you receive.

 

 

3. Drawing on your analysis of the Morelli et al. (1992) article and your own results, address the following questions in a typed APA paper. This paper should consist of no less than four FULL pages. This does not include the APA cover and reference pages. The paper should be in essay format, with an introduction, followed by a paragraph for each section, as well as a conclusion paragraph. Remember, subtitles are required in this APA assignment.

 

 

4. Review the assignment example that I have provided below regarding how to format your submission. Do not submit the assignment questions that I provided for your interview. Do use subtitles.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Assignment directions are located below this example.

Assignment format example.

Note the required subtitle format.

 

Introduction

 

            For this critical thinking assignment, I interviewed Ms. Sara. Topics that were discussed stemmed from her southern cultural influences, as well as her own independent viewpoint of childrearing. Ms. Sara has two sons, one is 4 and one is 8. Ms. Sara is 40 years old and grew up in Dothan, Alabama. Ms. Sarah is my Aunt. As a southerner, Ms. Sara reported that she was taught to bathe children every night, rub them down with lotion, then splatter them with baby power. ……………………. continue……….

 

 

Mayan vs U.S. Mother

 

Although Ms. Sara had a bedtime routine that was passed down from her southern mother, she also had a routine that resembled Mayan mothers. Ms. Sara’s responses were more like a Mayan mother because she let her children sleep with her until they were about 3 years old. This sleeping arrangement worked well because the children were 4 years apart. Another example that relates to a Mayan mother is how…………………. She also relates to the Mayan mother because she _________ and ______...............

 

Routines/Developmental Goals/Transitional Objects

 

Ms. Sara reported that her practices and ideas regarding her son’s sleeping routine are grounded in achieving developmental goals.  Ms. Sara stated that she “allowed her son to sleep with her because she wanted to ensure” …. or … Ms. Sara reported that she “did not allow her son to sleep with her because she wanted to ensure” …. (you will explain here and provide examples). Make sure you address all that is required in every section.

 

 

*You need to format your APA submission with subtitles as shown above. Be aware that the questions that you are asking the mother will provide the “big picture” for you. It is your responsibility to cover topics in the paper in paragraph form.  Notice that the questions were incorporated in the response and this is correct APA formatting. Do not number or alphabetize your paragraphs, and do not place the questions above the paragraphs. This is incorrect APA formatting.   

 

Critical Thinking #1

          10 points

Instructions

Analysis Assignment

 

A). Introduce the topic and the woman you interviewed. Paragraph format.                                              (e.g., how old is she, describe her cultural background, etc.…). (.50)

 

B). Were her responses more like a typical Mayan mother or more like a typical U.S. mother as described in the article? You are to provide examples in paragraph format.

 (.50)

                                         

C). Explain your interviewee’s practices and ideas concerning infant sleeping by addressing the following in paragraph format:

 

*What is her perspective /thoughts/beliefs regarding developmental and cultural significances of the presence or absence of bedtime routines (.25) and transitional objects (.25). Paragraph response. (.50)

 

 

**Address possible fears or possible developmental goals in regard to the sleeping routine.

 

You are to provide examples from your interviewee that support goals or fears in regard to the infants sleeping routine. Example: Fear of SIDS, fear of kidnapping, to instill security, worried about smothering child, or to nurture independence, etc.…)

 (.50)

 

 

D). What is your own personal perspective regarding developmental and cultural significances of the presence or absence of bedtime routines (.25) and transitional objects (.25)? Paragraph response (.50)

 

E). At what age do you personally think co-sleeping is no longer acceptable?  Explain your perspective in paragraph form. (.50)

 

F). Think about the Guatemalan mother’s belief that having an infant sleep on their own is tantamount to child neglect. Is it?  Explain your response in paragraph form. (.50)

 

Before addressing section “G”, make sure you …

 

• Review chapter 4, Gender-Role Socialization, and read Learning Objective #4 and #5 in Chapter 9 before moving forward. 

 

• Read the article titled: A Very Short Summary of Psychoanalytic Feminist Theory and Practice (Marian). This article is in module #3.

 

• Explain to your selected mother that there are different perspectives in the Psychoanalytic Feminist approach. As a social worker, or case worker, part of your role will be an educator. If you do not educate the mother regarding what the Psychoanalytic Feminist Perspective entails, you will be doing the mother that you are interviewing a disservice. This means she will not be able to address the questions that you are asking in this section without a full understanding of this perspective.

 

 

Do you know the definition of Psychoanalytic theory?

 

The definition of psychoanalytic theory is a theory formed by Sigmund Freud that the things that happen to someone in childhood can contribute to their actions and traits when they are an adult.

https://www.yourdictionary.com/psychoanalytic-theory

 

 

Do you know what the Psychoanalytic Feminist approach is?

 

Psychoanalysis is concerned with analysis of mind i.e. the psyche’s structure and its relation to the body, and use that as the basis for treating certain kinds of sickness. It is popularly known as “talking cure”. Psychoanalytic and gender feminists believe “women’s way of acting is rooted deep in women’s psyche.”

 

 

Feminist theory is the extension of feminism into theoretical, fictional, or philosophical discourse. It aims to understand the nature of gender inequality. It examines women's and men's social roles, experiences, interests, chores, and feminist politics in a variety of fields, such as anthropology and sociology, communication, media studies, psychoanalysis,  home economics, literature, education, and philosophy.

Feminist theory focuses on analyzing gender inequality. Themes explored in feminism include discrimination, objectification (especially sexual objectification), stereotyping,  oppression, patriarchy art history and contemporary art, and aesthetics.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomson_Reuters

 

 

FYI: I typically do not use Wikipedia as a reference because information is not always accurate. I used the information in this assignment because the concept information is accurate. I discourage you to ever use Wikipedia as a reference in your work due to rejection by a professor.

 

 

 

 

Do you know:

 

The meaning of “Capacity”:

 

“The maximum amount that something can contain.

                      The ability or power to do, experience, or understand something.”

 

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/capacity

 

 

Did you know:

 

Often the mother is perceived as fundamentally different as males begin to face social pressures to fulfill male roles.

 

Society has held the view that boys need to wean themselves from their mothers and take on the sturdy man role that awaits them. This is an example of social construction. In doing so, think about if mothers have lost the ability to continue to foster and instill positive relational qualities in the male child while they are still at an impressionable age.  Think about if there is much work left to do before societal pressures and standards scoop him up and construct him into society’s male concept!  Think about if the “mom” role model is cut too short and under-valued!

 

After discussing the topics noted above with the mother…

 

First, make sure YOU understand the meaning of capacity.

Second, think about the importance of “learning capacity” regarding males, intimacy, and relationships. Think about if the male has the capacity to learn more from the mother if society would accept, acknowledge or promote the importance of a good-healthy mother’s role as equal in society, rather than as socially subordinate to males.

 

Just wondering…Do you know what Gender Intensification means?

 

“Gender-Intensification Hypothesis (Hill and Lynch)

Psychological and behavioral differences between males and females become more pronounced at adolescence because of intensified socialization pressures to conform to culturally prescribed gender roles”.

 

https://www.coursehero.com/file/p50vs82o/Gender-Intensification-Gender-Intensification-Hypothesis-Hill-and-Lynch/

 

 

 

 

G).  Did you know that Feminist Nancy Chodorow has a theory in regard to differential experiences? Her theory suggests the following:

 

 “Girls and boys [are oriented] toward different developmental paths, with boys definitively separating from their mothers to identify with the father’s social power, and girls developing a more symbiotic/continuous sense of self in relation to the mother.

 

These relational dynamics that emphasize autonomy and separation for boy’s [sic] render men emotionally stunted and less capable of intimate personal relationships, but better prepared for public life and the world of work” (Marian).

 

 

 

 

 

 

G -Question:

 

Does the mother that you interviewed agree or disagree that “these dynamics that emphasize autonomy and separation for boy’s …

 

• render men emotionally stunted and
• less capable of intimate personal relationships, but
• better prepared for public life and the world of work”? (Marian)

 

 Brit Answer-This is a hard one to explain so bare with me. How I nurture and love him 100% influences how he deals with things. You have to walk a fine line between nurture and love and teaching him how to properly handle his emotions. Lincoln is a very dramatic child. You have to pay attention to their cries and how the behave to know how you handle it. Sometimes you are so frustrated with the constant whining and crying it’s hard to not just be like you are fine get over it. I know his dramatic cries and behaviors versus his actual hurt cries. When he’s acting for attention we have him a take few breaths calm down and explain to us what’s going on. Other times if he fell and kind hurt himself we stand up and shake it off. You also have to learn how to control the temper tantrum while allowing himself to express himself. If he’s throwing a fit because he’s angry we give him a chance to correct him behavior if not he will be disciplined. If he’s actually hurt we will stop and comfort him and make him sit down and take a break until he’s feeling better. We base our reactions and the love and nurture needed off him and how he’s acting. I will say we always try to give Lincoln the chance to express his feeling while also keeping them in control. Does that make sense? Everyone needs to be able to feel that they can express their feeling and talk about what’s wrong but you can’t do it by tearing down the people around you or blowing up. We are trying to teach him how to not become a toxic adult but rather how to communicate

 

Explain response in paragraph form. (1.25)

 

Remember… “According to the nurture perspective, people are the product of their environment” (Zastrow-Kirst-Ashman, Hessenauer, Pg.202).

 

Also remember… “Even very little boys are often encouraged to be strong, brave, and bereft of outward emotion. A tragic result of this is that as adults, males often maintain this facade. This sometimes creates problems in adult love and sexual relationships in which men are expected to express their feelings and communicate openly” (Zastrow-Kirst-Ashman, Hessenauer, pg. 418).

 

H). Question - Do you agree or disagree that “these dynamics that emphasize autonomy and separation for boy’s …

 

• render men emotionally stunted and
• less capable of intimate personal relationships, but
• better prepared for public life and the world of work”? (Marian)

 

 

Explain response in paragraph form. (1.25)

 

 

I). You are to research 2 more cultures that are different from the cultures that were addressed in this assignment. (U.S and Mayan cultures). In paragraph form address the following:

 

*Within your paragraph, you are to provide at least one quote from EACH researched article that explains how these two new cultures address sleeping arrangements with their children. Did they align more with the US mothers or the Mayan mothers?

 Remember, a quote must be in quotation marks followed by the author or the title. This researched information must be documented APA on the reference page.  (3 points)

 

J). In conclusion, which culture did you align with the most and why?  Childless or not, would you be open to integrating any of the varying customs in your own parenting routine? Explain!

 (1 point)

 

______________________________________________________________________________

 

DO NOT INCLUDE THESE QUESTIONS IN YOUR SUBMISSION.

They are for guidance purposes only.

 

Interviewed MRS. Brittany Curry: Ethnicity/race- caucasian Socioeconomical status-lower income Language- English Religion- none Sexual orientation- heterosexual Geographical area- Midwest, more specific Missouri

 

 

1. Where did your infant sleep at birth?

            Did anybody share the same bed or room?

            What were your reasons for these arrangements?

Did your reasons have anything to do with your goals for your baby’s development, or with the baby’s physical well-being? (Think about Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development – page 118).

Were you following more of your gut instinct, your sense of what other moms do, what you have read in books, or what your own mother said?

 

Britt Answer-We co slept with Lincoln until he was 5-6 months old. At first he was in a bassinet then he slept between us. We co slept with him for a couple of reasons. First was nursing and it was way easier on myself if he was already in bed with me. I could easily pick him up nurse and snuggle back to sleep with him. Second was I was extremely paranoid he would stop breathing in the middle of the night and die So I thought if he was in bed with me that wouldn’t happen. Westley slept in our room for about a month but he didn’t sleep well and made a lot of weird grunting noises keeping us awake so we decided to move him into his own room. I just followed my gut instinct and what I thought would work best for myself and the boys. The few things I read said no co sleeping or having the baby in the same room. That just wasn’t going to work for me. I didn’t ask advice from my mom.

 

2.  Were there any changes in these arrangements through the first year of life?

What were they?

When did they occur?

Why did you make these changes?

Did your reasons have anything to do with your goals for your baby’s development or with the baby’s physical well-being? (Think about Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development – page 118).

 

Brit Answer-We moved Lincoln to his own bed around 5-6 months. At that point he was rolling around and Josh didn’t feel that it was safe it have him in the bed anymore. At that point we eased him and ourselves into a new routine. It has nothing to with his growth or goals he was hitting all of those. We were concerned he would get tangled in the blankets rolling around at night and suffocate

 

3.         For babies who shared the same bed with other family members, what was the baby’s reaction when this changed?

           

            Britt Answer-Lincoln didn’t seem to care that he wasn’t sleeping with josh anymore. He was not attached to me. I tried to make his transition easy and would nurse then rock him to sleep and gently try to lay him down in his crib. He was more attached to me.

 

4.         Did you see any connection between a baby’s sleeping location and arrangements and the baby’s development when your children were infants?

            Brit Answer-Nope they both hit the same milestones around the same time

 

5.         Has your view changed in any way?

 

6.         Did you see any connection between a baby’s sleeping location and arrangements and the baby’s health and safety when your children were infants?

 

Answer- I felt that both ways were perfectly healthy and safe but could have their downfalls. When Westley was very sick and struggling to breath I co slept with him so that I could be next time him if anything were to happen at night.

 

7.         Has your view changed in any way?

 

 

8.         How do you feel about the practice of a baby sleeping in the same bed with another family member?

Brit Answer- No. That would never happen. I don’t trust people first idk how light another person sleeps and their ability to wake up easily and second most sexual offenders are family member or people close to the family. I know if I’m sleeping in bed with my baby they will be safe. I can’t say that for anyone else

 

9.         How do you feel about the practice of a baby sleeping alone in a separate room?

 

10.       Did your baby fall asleep alone or in someone’s company?

Whose? Did this change over the first year of life? When and how? What were your reasons for choosing to do it this way?

 

 

11.       Did your baby fall asleep at the same time as you or separately?

 What were your reasons for choosing to do it this way?

Brit Answer- We would lay him in bed when he was tired around 7 ish and watch him over the baby monitor until we were ready to go to sleep. We tried keeping him awake until we were ready for bed but he was so crabby and tired it wasn’t fair to him. He was use to us and noises so he would sleep through us coming to bed or josh getting up for work in the mornings.

 

12.       Did your infant receive special bedtime activities (e.g., bedtime story, lullaby, bathing routine)? Why or why not?

Britt Answer- We did have a schedule for his entire day/bedtime. Babies do better on a schedule than when not on a schedule. We tried singing him songs and reading him a book but he didn’t like it. He would much rather snuggle and be rocked so we would do that until he fell asleep. Bedtime Routine was usually bath, snuggles, nursing, snuggles while rocking him to sleep.

 

13.       Did your baby use a security/transitional object (e.g., blanket, stuffed toy) when falling asleep? Why or why not?

 

Brit Answer- Lincoln did not like anything other than boob. We tried pacifiers but he never wanted one. Blankets weren’t a option because they aren’t safe in a crib until the child is over the age of one. When josh deployed the first time Lincoln really struggled with sleeping and I tried a pacifier to soothe him and it worked so he had that for about a year only a nap and bedtime.

 

 

Deductions

 

.50-point deduction if Title page is not APA.

.50-point deduction if Reference page is not APA.

 

Be mindful that you will need to reference the cultures that you introduced in this assignment on your reference page.

 

.50-point deduction if subtitles are not in the body of this APA submission.

 

.50 deduction for every 3 grammatical errors. (Incorrect = don’t, can’t, etc. Correct = do not, cannot, etc.…. Spell your words!) Contractions are grammatical errors in this course.

 

FAQ: How do I cite a source with no author in APA style (in-text)?

 

 

 

Identifying Authorship

Per the APA Style Blog, to determine authorship, ask "who is responsible for this content?"  Sometimes it isn't a person or persons who wrote or edited the material but rather an entity (government, associations, agencies, companies, etc).  Therefore, the entity will be the author.  For example, if you are referencing the CDC brief on the h1n1 flu outbreak, your author would be the Centers for Disease Control:

The CDC recommended that anyone with flu-like symptoms remain home until they are fever-free for 24 hours (Centers for Disease Control, 2009).

 

 

Citing Sources with No Author

 

 

When there is no author identified, use the first few words from the title of the source used. When you are using the name of articles, book chapters, and web pages in the body of your paper, put the title in quotes and capitalize the important words. For journal, book, report, or brochure titles, italicize the title and capitalize the important words. See APA (6th ed.), 6.15, pp.176-177 for additional information.

The report condemned the practice ("Will returning to its founder's vision?", 2011).

The government was at fault for the results (Anonymous, 2016).

Examples of Citing Articles, Book Chapters, Web Pages, and Special Issue of Journal with No Author

The oil spill affected the entire Gulf Coast ("11 Facts," n.d.).

"11 Facts" (n.d) discussed how the oil spill affected animals.

 

General Rules:

• Use double quotes around the title or the first few words in the title.
• The comma goes inside the double quotes.
• You can use the first few words of the title if the entire is too long. For example:  ("Rewriting the long 18th century," 2008)
• The important words in the article title are capitalized in the text of the paper, but only the first word is capitalized in the reference citation at the end of the paper.

Examples of Citing Periodicals, Books, Reports, or Brochure Titles with No Author

The research findings (Do Drug Courts Work?, 2008) were...

Do Drug Courts Work?, (2008) stated

In 2008, Do Drug Courts Work? argued

General Rules:

• Italicize the title
• If the entire title is too long, use the first few words in the title.
• The important words in the title of the report are capitalized in the text of the paper, but only the first word is capitalized in the reference citation at the end of the paper.

 

 

How do you reference a web page that lists no author?

 

When there is no author for a web page, the title moves to the first position of the reference entry:

 

 

Example: 

All 33 Chile miners freed in flawless rescue. (2010, October 13). Retrieved from

http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/39625809/ns/world_news-americas/

 

 

Cite in text the first few words of the reference list entry (usually the title) and the year. Use double quotation marks around the title or abbreviated title.: ("All 33 Chile Miners," 2010).

 

 

 

Please notice that the second line is indented in the example. This is correct APA formatting! Information following the first line of a reference is always indented!

http://libanswers.snhu.edu/faq/10291