Answers:

a. 

the Indian inhabitants

b. 

Mexican cattle ranchers

c. 

American merchants

d. 

any individual

e. 

U.S.-born immigrants

Answers:

a. 

Davis gained the most essential fort in the South.

b. 

Davis was able to prevent a northern invasion of the Confederacy for two years.

c. 

Lincoln failed to walk the tightrope.

d. 

Lincoln made the South look like the aggressor.

e. 

Lincoln was too weak-willed to be president.

Answers:

a. 

Obtaining Oregon.

b. 

Bringing California into the Union.

c. 

Reestablishing the Independent Treasury system.

d. 

Reducing the tariff.

e. 

Settling the slavery dispute.

Answers:

a. 

Anglos encouraged Tejanos to keep their Mexican customs.

b. 

Most Tejanos converted to Protestant faiths.

c. 

Anglos welcomed Juan Seguín, Tejano supporter of Texas independence, as mayor of San Antonio.

d. 

All Tejanos refused to send their children to English-speaking schools.

e. 

The Catholic Church lost power in Texas.

Answers:

a. 

He bribed a Republican senator to support his Reconstruction policies.

b. 

He allegedly violated the Tenure of Office Act.

c. 

He vetoed a bill to extend the life of the Freedmen’s Bureau.

d. 

He defiantly released a letter showing he had given support to the Confederacy in 1863.

e. 

He fired Secretary of State William Seward, an ally of Radical Republicans.

Answers:

a. 

was preferred by African-Americans to gang labor (because they were less subject to supervision).

b. 

became more popular because of rising farm prices that brought increased prosperity.

c. 

meant that African-Americans were paid their share daily for doing specific tasks.

d. 

was most popular in the old rice-plantation areas of South Carolina and Georgia.

e. 

was a compromise between African-Americans’ desire for discipline and planters’ desire to learn to do physical labor.

Answers:

a. 

the bulk of the fighting occurred in California.

b. 

Mexican troops occupied much of Texas after winning at the Alamo.

c. 

for the first time, U.S. troops occupied a foreign capital.

d. 

Whigs strongly supported Polk’s policies.

e. 

an American revolt in California led briefly to a monarchy.

Answers:

a. 

showed Radical Republicans’ frustration with Lincoln’s Reconstruction plan.

b. 

received strong support from congressional Democrats but not from Republicans.

c. 

was the model for Lincoln’s later Ten-Percent Plan.

d. 

called for at least two-thirds of a southern state’s voters to take a loyalty oath.

e. 

failed to receive sufficient votes in the Senate and therefore died.

Answers:

a. 

Blacks and whites live harmoniously in the same town.

b. 

African-Americans and whites are equals in the court system.

c. 

An African-American man wants the right to vote in Illinois.

d. 

An African-American man trains as an artisan and then starts his own business.

e. 

African-Americans and whites are treated the same in all aspects of the law.

Answers:

a. 

made considerable wealth for average miners because gold mining demanded no real investment of capital.

b. 

actually had only a small impact on California’s population because its rich farmlands already attracted thousands of new settlers each year.

c. 

attracted almost equal numbers of men and women.

d. 

resulted in laws that discriminated against “foreign miners.”

e. 

hurt the development of San Francisco because gold discoveries shifted interest to areas outside of town.

Answers:

a. 

He brought harmony between the races.

b. 

He created the blueprint that rebuilt the South economically.

c. 

Through an executive order, he gave ex-slaves the right to vote.

d. 

He encouraged African-Americans to convert to Christianity.

e. 

He overcame regional differences to build a new nation-state.

Answers:

a. 

He saved lives by limiting the amount of troops used during battles.

b. 

His sizing up of Confederate forces before a battle.

c. 

He led the Union to a major victory at Gettysburg.

d. 

He devised a good strategy to win at Vicksburg.

e. 

He molded the Army of the Potomac into an effective fighting force.

Answers:

a. 

Large revivals of African-Americans, who had recently converted to Christianity, took place in the countryside.

b. 

Some of the drifters organized into terrorists, seeking revenge against their former slave-owners.

c. 

Many slaves were moving around in search of family members who had been sold.

d. 

Many took up crime because of a lack of jobs.

e. 

Many freed blacks drifted aimlessly through the South.

Answers:

a. 

were limited to local offices.

b. 

were entirely carpetbaggers and scalawags.

c. 

were extremely rare.

d. 

helped ensure a degree of fairness in treatment of African-American citizens.

e. 

demonstrated that whites had lost all of their political power in the South.

Answers:

a. 

Houston, Texas,

b. 

Omaha, Nebraska,

c. 

Independence, Missouri,

d. 

New Orleans, Louisiana,

e. 

San Diego, California,

Answers:

a. 

second inaugural address.

b. 

Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation.

c. 

Sanitary Commission speech.

d. 

first inaugural address.

e. 

Gettysburg Address.

Answers:

a. 

defined U.S. citizenship to include African-Americans.

b. 

was strongly supported by Democrats in 1864.

c. 

abolished slavery throughout the United States.

d. 

set up a gradual plan of emancipation.

e. 

specifically gave black men the right to vote.

Answers:

a. 

Republican.

b. 

Free Soil.

c. 

American.

d. 

Whig.

e. 

Democratic.

Answers:

a. 

South Carolina.

b. 

Massachusetts.

c. 

Georgia.

d. 

Ohio.

e. 

Louisiana.

Answers:

a. 

unable to take any territory held by the Confederates.

b. 

more successful in the East than in the West.

c. 

more successful in the West than in the East.

d. 

successful in all regions in which the war took place.

e. 

ill-trained, which changed when General McClellan took over in 1863.

Answers:

a. 

It allowed women the opportunity to apply to men’s colleges.

b. 

It sped up the process of naturalization for immigrants.

c. 

It helped create colleges.

d. 

It gave free land to white settlers.

e. 

It created government funding for railroads.

Answers:

a. 

Fletcher v. Peck.

b. 

McCulloch v. Maryland.

c. 

Dred Scott v. Stanford.

d. 

Marbury v. Madison.

e. 

Gibbons v. Ogden.

Answers:

a. 

public education.

b. 

land reform.

c. 

federal protection of civil rights.

d. 

reunification of the Union.

e. 

black suffrage.

Answers:

a. 

1790s.

b. 

1830s.

c. 

1810s.

d. 

1870s.

e. 

1850s.

Answers:

a. 

Spain.

b. 

Apaches.

c. 

Mexico.

d. 

United States.

e. 

Comanches.

Answers:

a. 

pro-secession constitution of North Carolina.

b. 

antislavery constitution adopted in Nebraska.

c. 

compromise offered in 1861 to end the secession crisis.

d. 

proslavery constitution proposed for Kansas.

e. 

Missouri constitution preferred by Abraham Lincoln.

Answers:

a. 

Stonewall Jackson lost his life here.

b. 

Capturing the city allowed the Union to control the entire Mississippi River.

c. 

Before the Civil War, the port in this city had shipped more cotton than any other.

d. 

It guarded the Gulf of Mexico.

e. 

It served as a gateway to the Appalachian Mountains.

Answers:

a. 

an economically weak South unable to contribute to the national economy.

b. 

an apathetic Congress that has given up on Reconstruction after 1870.

c. 

South Carolina under allegedly corrupt Negro rule during Reconstruction.

d. 

a terrorized black community during the reign of the Ku Klux Klan.

e. 

an ailing slave who is unable to live long enough to see emancipation.

Answers:

a. 

A man from a state that had seceded was now president.

b. 

An illiterate man was president.

c. 

Abraham Lincoln now regretted choosing Andrew Johnson as his vice president.

d. 

A slaveholder had become president.

e. 

A Ku Klux Klan leader ascended to the presidency.

Answers:

a. 

enabled yeoman farmers to continue to function under the same system as before the Civil War.

b. 

became better as farm prices increased in the 1870s.

c. 

applied only to African-American farmers.

d. 

kept many sharecroppers in a state of constant debt and poverty.

e. 

annoyed bankers and merchants who resented how it made them dependent on farmers.

Answers:

a. 

creating a utopian community in northern California.

b. 

breeding the “Tennessee Walker,” a horse prominent in westward expansion.

c. 

seeking to establish himself as ruler of a slaveholding Nicaragua.

d. 

defying fellow whites in his native region and becoming a prominent abolitionist.

e. 

his proslavery novels that heightened sectionalism.

Answers:

a. 

Northern Democrats.

b. 

Northern Whigs.

c. 

Liberty Party members.

d. 

Southern Whigs.

e. 

Southern Democrats.

Answers:

a. 

benefited as rice and tobacco production markedly grew.

b. 

benefited from the building of a transcontinental railroad from Washington, D.C., to Los Angeles.

c. 

enjoyed newfound prosperity as merchants traded more frequently with the North.

d. 

experienced major population losses as blacks trekked north in the Great Migration.

e. 

were as poverty-stricken as rural southern areas.

Answers:

a. 

sit-ins that helped to integrate horse-drawn streetcars in southern cities.

b. 

the creation for the first time of all-black churches.

c. 

protest marches that desegregated public school systems in all the Upper South states.

d. 

violent attacks to intimidate Democratic voters from participating in politics.

e. 

a series of lawsuits that resulted in the U.S. Supreme Court’s declaring segregation unconstitutional.

Answers:

a. 

Russian Jews.

b. 

African-Americans.

c. 

Irish Catholics.

d. 

Africans.

e. 

Asians.

Answers:

a. 

Both men faced impeachment charges.

b. 

 The Republicans trusted Lincoln less than they did Johnson.

c. 

When making decisions, Johnson was more stubborn and less willing to compromise than Lincoln.

d. 

Both men were excellent farmers.

e. 

Lincoln reached out to the South while Johnson emphasized punishing it.

Answers:

a. 

that abolitionists were definitely declining in influence.

b. 

the popularity of the Whig Party in the South.

c. 

the problematic nature of the Dred Scott decision.

d. 

that the gag rule had serious consequences well into the 1850s.

e. 

the unpopularity of the Fugitive Slave Act in parts of the North.

Answers:

a. 

The ex-slave was given an agreement that mutually benefited both parties.

b. 

The ex-slaves were lazy and unwilling to do farm work.

c. 

The contract was a type of economic slavery.

d. 

Ex-slaves were not going to be allowed to go to church.

e. 

This farming system gave African-Americans a good standard of living.

Answers:

a. 

simply continued Lincoln’s Reconstruction policies.

b. 

displayed a great ability to compromise, very much like Lincoln.

c. 

agreed with Lincoln that some African-Americans should be allowed suffrage rights.

d. 

won the Democratic presidential nomination in 1868 but narrowly lost the election.

e. 

lacked Lincoln’s political skills and keen sense of public opinion.

Answers:

a. 

made states responsible for determining all voter qualifications.

b. 

was endorsed by President Andrew Johnson.

c. 

was drafted by Susan B. Anthony.

d. 

sought to guarantee that one could not be denied suffrage rights based on race.

e. 

granted women the right to vote in federal but not state elections.