a.

There was not enough land.

b.

There were not enough slaves.

c.

There were too many contagious diseases transmitted back to Europe.

d.

Colonies had done more harm than good for western Europe.

e.

Indians had suffered great misfortunes.

a.

the need to spread religion.

b.

the desire to conquer new peoples.

c.

the search for food items.

d.

that neither was willing to take risks.

e.

that both brought slaves from Africa.

a.

Iceland.

d.

Asia.

b.

Greenland.

e.

Europe.

c.

Africa.

a.

the Mississippi Valley.

d.

Chesapeake Bay.

b.

Mexico and Peru.

e.

Brazil.

c.

the Yucatan Peninsula.

a.

because no metal deposits existed in the Americas.

b.

so Europeans felt they were superior.

c.

resulting in no dams or irrigation.

d.

because they saw these tools as contradicting their religion.

e.

so they could not build large structures.

a.

rural and poor.

b.

small in population but sophisticated in infrastructure.

c.

large, wealthy, and sophisticated.

d.

large in geographic size but sparsely populated.

e.

rural, with few impressive buildings.

a.

Near the Atlantic Ocean.

d.

In present-day south Florida.

b.

In the Ohio River Valley.

e.

Near the Hudson River.

c.

In present-day New Mexico.

a.

the eastern United States.

d.

the northeastern United States.

b.

the southwestern United States.

e.

Central America.

c.

Mexico.

a.

had engaged in settled village life only briefly before the Spanish arrived.

b.

had been almost completely isolated from any other people before the Spanish arrived.

c.

used irrigation systems to aid their agricultural production.

d.

were called mound builders because of the burial mounds they created.

e.

created a vast empire that included control of the Incas.

a.

Choctaws.

d.

Chickasaws.

b.

Iroquois.

e.

Cherokees.

c.

Hurons.

a.

tried to use them to enhance their standing with other Native Americans.

b.

immediately opened treaty negotiations.

c.

learned their languages.

d.

hid in nearby cave dwellings.

e.

simply attacked them.

a.

had nothing to do with farming or hunting.

b.

were related to the Native American belief that sacred spirits could be found in living and inanimate things.

c.

were designed to show that supernatural forces must control man.

d.

were the same in every community.

e.

did not exist until arriving Europeans insisted on knowing about Native American customs.

a.

Native Americans believed that land should be permanently preserved.

b.

Individuals could own land outright.

c.

Families had the right to use land, but they did not actually own the land.

d.

Native Americans emphasized the dollar value of land.

e.

A family could claim land for its descendants, but an individual could not.

a.

Most Native Americans did not have any religion to compare with Christianity.

b.

No Native American religions believed in creation myths.

c.

Most Native Americans compared the Bible with their own written version of the Old Testament.

d.

Some Native Americans stated that they were a lost tribe of Israel.

e.

Many Native Americans concurred with the idea of a single supreme being creating the world.

a.

Chiefs were expected to share some of their goods rather than hoard them.

b.

Eastern Native Americans were more materialistic than those who lived west of the Mississippi.

c.

Wealth mattered less to them than to Europeans, but inherited social status was equally important to both peoples.

d.

Native Americans actually suffered more social inequality than Europeans did.

e.

Native Americans had no material wealth.

a.

European women had more individual rights than their Indian counterparts.

b.

Indian women sometimes selected tribal leaders.

c.

European women were more likely to be granted a divorce.

d.

Most, but not all, Indian societies were matrilineal.

e.

Neither European nor Indian women engaged in premarital sex.

a.

The land was beautiful.

b.

It would take the expedition too much effort to build a settlement.

c.

The Native Americans had protected the land.

d.

The Native Americans never used this area, so the land now belonged to the English.

e.

The Native Americans were actually hiding in tree forts.

a.

the opportunity for the chief to sell land to a European.

b.

an economic freedom that would lead to a Native Americans becoming the wealthiest member of the tribe.

c.

the chance to work with other tribe members to build a house.

d.

the right of free speech.

e.

the opportunity for some families to dominate others in the tribe.

a.

was a set of ideas today known as “religious toleration.”

b.

mingled ideas of freedom with servitude to Jesus Christ—concepts that were seen as mutually reinforcing.

c.

found expression in countries dominated by Catholics but not in primarily Protestant ones.

d.

argued that all Christians should have equal political rights.

e.

referred to the policy of trying to overthrow any non-Christian regime around the world.

a.

a woman’s responsibility to wear a scarf covering her head when in public.

b.

knowing your place in society, especially at church when sitting in the pews.

c.

a tax one pays on one’s property that is assessed quarterly.

d.

a woman surrendering her legal identity when she marries.

e.

a binding legal agreement between an indentured servant and his or her master.

a.

a sea route to Asia to obtain luxury goods.

b.

gold in China.

c.

religious relics in India.

d.

obtaining the compass from Asia.

e.

spreading African slavery to the Americas.

a.

The Chinese were not looking to discover new places.

b.

The Chinese wanted to spread their religion.

c.

The Portuguese had no interest in establishing trade ports.

d.

The Portuguese did not want to spread Christianity and hoped to learn from other world religions.

e.

The Portuguese naval fleet consisted of more ships that were much larger than Chinese vessels.

a.

the merchants were known as factors.

b.

the trading posts made the goods there in makeshift factories.

c.

the African slaves built factories along the coast to manufacture guns.

d.

the slave traders called their system a labor factory.

e.

that is how the Africans translated “trading post.”

a.

resulted from the arrival of Europeans.

b.

included no form of rights for the slaves.

c.

was the only kind of labor on that continent.

d.

involved the enslavement of criminals, debtors, and war captives.

e.

accelerated with the arrival of the French in the 1520s.

a.

Their voyages contributed to Christianity reaching Africa for the first time.

b.

Their voyages opened up much more direct trade with Asia.

c.

Their voyages led to numerous Portuguese colonies starting in sub-Saharan Africa.

d.

Their voyages increased the wealth of the Italian city-states.

e.

Their voyages had the endorsement of Christopher Columbus.

a.

They required Jews and Muslims to convert to Catholicism.

b.

They refused to sponsor voyages of exploration.

c.

They banned the Protestant faith in Spain.

d.

They joined with the Moor leadership to bring about harmony.

e.

They returned gold to Indians in the Western Hemisphere.

a.

He grossly underestimated the size of the earth.

b.

He thought the earth was not round but flat.

c.

He was certain that India was east of the Americas.

d.

He expected the weather in India to be the same as in North Atlantic.

e.

He confused the Atlantic Ocean with the Indian Ocean.

a.

None whatsoever.

b.

Columbus was determined to convert Native Americans to Christianity.

c.

Catholics in Spain and Italy supported his expeditions because they wanted to end Muslim control of the eastern trade.

d.

Columbus benefited from Ferdinand and Isabella’s efforts to promote tolerance in Spain.

e.

Spain wanted Columbus to find a refuge for the Jews that the king was driving out of the country.

a.

trade was not of consequence to the Vikings.

b.

Columbus received much more publicity for his voyages.

c.

Columbus and other explorers for Spain did not use violence.

d.

the Vikings did not use sails.

e.

Columbus was an atheist.

a.

He was the first European to see the Pacific Ocean.

b.

He died in the Caribbean islands.

c.

He led the conquering of the Aztecs.

d.

His voyages showed that the circumference of the earth was longer than what Columbus had estimated.

e.

He and his men were the first Europeans to encounter bison.

a.

occurred one at a time and therefore were minimal.

b.

prompted most Aztecs to oppose their leaders, who opposed the sacrifices.

c.

disgusted Europeans despite their own practices of publicly executing criminals and burning witches at the stake.

d.

were always held at an arena in Tenochtitlán that resembled the Roman Colosseum.

e.

cost the Spanish several hundred men before Cortés conquered the Aztecs.

a.

the agreement that documented what Christopher Columbus would give to Spanish leaders in return for their sponsorship of his travel to the New World.

b.

the transatlantic flow of plants, animals, and germs that began after Christopher Columbus reached the New World.

c.

John Cabot’s exploration of the New World, which brought more of the goods that Columbus had found back to the Old World.

d.

responsible for introducing corn, tomatoes, and potatoes to the Americas.

e.

the first store in the New World, named for the man who founded it.

a.

was at least 100 million.

b.

lived exclusively in villages of no more than 1,000 individuals.

c.

declined catastrophically due to exposure to the Black Plague.

d.

lived mostly in what is today the United States.

e.

lived mostly in Central and South America.

a.

Native Americans had been struggling with basic survival.

b.

The diet of most Native Americans lacked meat, so they had no consistent amounts of protein.

c.

Most Europeans spread the diseases on purpose.

d.

The Native Americans had no tribal doctors or healers.

e.

Centuries of continental isolation meant the Native Americans had no immunity.

a.

included most of the populated part of the New World but few of its natural resources, making the empire rich in people but poor economically.

b.

paled in comparison with the ancient Roman Empire.

c.

was, unlike the French and English New World empires, a mostly urban civilization.

d.

was centered in Lima, Peru.

e.

allowed religious freedom and therefore attracted colonists from throughout Europe.

a.

Santa Fe was settled first.

b.

Mexico had few Native Americans.

c.

Santa Fe did not concern itself with conversions.

d.

Mexico had more Spanish settlers because of gold.

e.

Mexico did not need to be conquered.

a.

A Native American chief.

b.

A Catholic priest.

c.

A locally born wealthy landowner.

d.

An administrative official from Spain.

e.

A criollo.

a.

Many of the early arrivals came to direct Native American labor.

b.

From the beginning, they arrived as families.

c.

They were all at the bottom of the social hierarchy.

d.

They soon outnumbered Native Americans.

e.

Only the residents of the Malaga province migrated.

a.

Mestizos.

d.

Conquistadores.

b.

Criollos.

e.

Aztec chiefs.

c.

Peninsulares.

a.

Over time, Spanish America evolved into a hybrid culture—part Spanish, part Indian, and, in some areas, part African.

b.

Mestizos enjoyed much political freedom and held most of the high government positions.

c.

Spaniards outnumbered the Indian inhabitants after fifty years of settlement.

d.

The Catholic Church played only a minor role in Spanish America.

e.

Spanish America was very rural and had few urban centers.

a.

Martin Buber

d.

Reinhold Niebuhr

b.

Ulrich Zwingli

e.

Johannes Gutenberg

c.

Martin Luther

a.

Spain needed to institute a more humane system of Native American slavery in order to avoid offending Pope Paul III.

b.

Spain had caused the deaths of millions of innocent people in the New World.

c.

despite his opposition to slavery, he needed to keep his slaves so that he would have time to devote to working for abolition and emancipation.

d.

slavery needed to be eliminated entirely from the Earth.

e.

converting Native Americans to anything but Catholicism would lead to their death.

a.

whistleblower.

d.

curious intellectual.

b.

irrational man.

e.

greedy businessman.

c.

religious zealot.

a.

led Protestant Europeans to create the Black Legend about Spanish rule in the Americas.

b.

introduced the encomienda system.

c.

were adopted at the urging of Gonzalo Pizzaro, brother of Peru’s conqueror.

d.

stated that Indians would no longer be enslaved in Spanish possessions.

e.

forbade the enslavement of Africans in New Spain.

a.

the Aztecs’ view of Cortés.

b.

English pirates along the African coast.

c.

Spain as a uniquely brutal colonizer.

d.

Portugal as a vast trading empire.

e.

Indians as savages.

a.

Francisco Vásquez de Coronado

d.

Juan Ponce de León

b.

Hernando de Soto

e.

Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo

c.

Jacques Marquette

a.

It was where the Indians revolted and booted out the Spanish.

b.

It was a rare colony that had gold.

c.

It later on broke away from Spain and became an independent nation.

d.

Under the Spanish, it did not allow slavery.

e.

Natives were immune to disease.

a.

Florida.

d.

Virginia.

b.

Texas.

e.

South Carolina.

c.

New Mexico.

a.

Individual conquistadores always traveled alone.

b.

Members of the Spanish parties suffered greatly from disease.

c.

Florida was the first region in the present-day continental United States that Spain colonized.

d.

Spain sought to forestall Portuguese incursions into the New World.

e.

Spain’s explorations had no impact on the size of the Native American population.

a.

New Mexico

d.

California

b.

Florida

e.

Puerto Rico

c.

Cuba

a.

Tucson.

d.

San Diego.

b.

Albuquerque.

e.

Santa Fe.

c.

El Paso.

a.

not being interested in religion.

d.

being lazy and unwilling to work.

b.

being docile.

e.

being assertive.

c.

accepting of new cultures.

a.

brought great riches to France.

b.

were intended to locate the Northwest Passage.

c.

led to successful colonies in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia.

d.

were in response to an intense rivalry with the Netherlands.

e.

created no permanent settlements until the eighteenth century.

a.

He described how Pueblos lived harmoniously with the Spanish.

b.

He discussed the importance of the Catholic faith to his tribe.

c.

He asserted how his tribe had rejected Christianity from the beginning.

d.

He described how his attempt to convert other tribes had failed.

e.

He declared that the Spanish God was dead.

a.

Native Americans were needed to mine for gold.

b.

tobacco was the cash crop for the French.

c.

very few French came to North America.

d.

Native Americans rejected Christianity.

e.

the Spanish had much better relations with Native Americans in North America.

a.

Montreal.

d.

Quebec.

b.

New York.

e.

Albany.

c.

Champlain.

a.

It was the subject of a great deal of favorable publicity throughout Europe.

b.

Its commitment to religious toleration was a source of great embarrassment for less tolerant powers like England and Spain.

c.

Its population was limited at best, because France feared that a significant emigration would undermine its role as a great European power.

d.

The only women allowed to reside there were nuns, a reflection of the French commitment to spreading Catholicism.

e.

Seigneuries were the only democratic areas in the colony.

a.

England; English

d.

France; French

b.

the Netherlands; Dutch

e.

Spain; Spanish

c.

Portugal; Portuguese

a.

It didn’t; Native Americans were already hunting beaver and buffalo for their skins.

b.

Native Americans benefited economically but were able to avoid getting caught in European conflicts and rivalries.

c.

The French were willing to accept Native Americans into colonial society.

d.

The English and French quests for beaver pelts prompted a surge in the Native American population.

e.

It forced Native Americans to learn new trapping techniques that were far superior to their old ways.

a.

The Jesuits did not suppress traditional Indian religious customs.

b.

They converted Indians to Protestant faiths instead of Catholicism.

c.

They rarely had success with their conversions.

d.

The Jesuit conversion methods went against the directives of Samuel de Champlain.

e.

The Jesuit methods did not help with French and Indian relations.

a.

Pequot

d.

Cherokee

b.

Lenni Lenape

e.

Huron

c.

Iroquois

a.

set sail into the bay that bears his name as a representative of the British empire.

b.

was searching for the Pacific coast.

c.

hoped to find the Northwest Passage to Asia.

d.

set up a Dutch colony based on the idea of consent of the governed.

e.

was the architect of the Dutch overseas empire.

a.

Amsterdam.

d.

London.

b.

Geneva.

e.

Brussels.

c.

Marseilles.

a.

France.

d.

Spain.

b.

The Netherlands.

e.

Portugal.

c.

Britain.

a.

New Amsterdam.

d.

Quebec.

b.

Mexico City.

e.

Santa Fe.

c.

Jamestown.

a.

They supported tolerance in religious matters in their colony.

b.

Their colony was the first in the Americas to have a bill of rights.

c.

They allowed freedom of speech.

d.

They issued the Edict of New Netherland, declaring the Puritans to be heathens because they refused to allow religious freedom.

e.

They gave men ownership of their wives, which gave married men the property ownership and independence they needed to participate in political activities.

a.

The colony’s elected assembly enjoyed greater rights of self-government than any English colonial legislative body.

b.

The Dutch commitment to liberty prompted the colony to ban slavery there.

c.

Religious intolerance led the Dutch to ban all Jewish peoples from the colony.

d.

Of all the colonies in the New World, New Netherland required the longest period of service from indentured servants.

e.

Married women retained a legal identity separate from that of their husbands.

a.

welcomed all religious faiths to the colony.

b.

favored Catholics over Jews in New Amsterdam.

c.

encouraged the Dutch colonists to convert the Indians.

d.

saw women as equals in the Dutch Reformed Church.

e.

refused the open practice of religion by Quakers and Lutherans.

a.

was a great success, bringing thousands of new settlers to the colony.

b.

meant that shareholders received large estates for transporting tenants for agricultural labor.

c.

was like a system of medieval lords.

d.

led to one democratic manor led by Kiliaen van Rensselaer.

e.

involved joint Dutch and Indian control of farmland.

a.

sought to imitate the Spanish.

b.

concentrated more on economics than religious conversion.

c.

tried to drive Native Americans into the Puritan colony.

d.

avoided warfare at all costs.

e.

called them members of a deceitful race.

a.

A defined boundary between nations.

b.

The area around the coastline.

c.

An area with no trade.

d.

A settled area.

e.

An unclear geographical and cultural border.

a.

Cahokia.

d.

The Florida coastline.

b.

The Great Lakes.

e.

Mexico City.

c.

Jamestown.

a.

claimed Brazil for Portugal in 1500

b.

founded Quebec

c.

Italian who sailed for Spain in 1492

d.

Dominican priest who preached against Spanish abuses of Indians

e.

British economist who wrote The Wealth of Nations

f.

Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztecs

g.

sailed around southern Africa and into the Indian Ocean

h.

America was named for him

i.

first European to discover Newfoundland in 1497

j.

explored Florida

k.

led seven large naval expeditions in early 1400s

l.

developed a movable-type printing press

a.

society centered on the mother’s family

b.

Spanish brutality

c.

uprising against Spanish colonists in New Spain

d.

Dutch landowners of large estates

e.

large-scale farm owned by a Spanish landlord

f.

persons of mixed Spanish and Indian origin

g.

Spanish reform measures toward Indians

h.

a married woman surrendering her legal identity

i.

transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between New and Old Worlds

j.

confederation of five Iroquois tribes

k.

person born in the Spanish colonies of European ancestry

l.

ancient residents of the Mississippi Valley region