a.

more than doubled, and wages increased.

b.

declined as wages stagnated.

c.

stayed about the same.

d.

returned to prewar levels.

e.

increased so dramatically that poverty was completely eliminated.

a.

The American GNP more than doubled.

b.

The United States maintained a trade surplus.

c.

Prices remained stable.

d.

Most monetary gains reached ordinary citizens through rising wages.

e.

The economy operated on the gold standard, which made it safe from recessions.

a.

the federal government bypassed the South as a location for new military bases and shipyards.

b.

more efficient machinery and fertilization techniques helped the shift toward larger farms with fewer people working on them, particularly in the West.

c.

agricultural production in the West rapidly declined in the face of rising competition from world markets.

d.

the Cold War stimulated western manufacturing in defense industries such as guided missiles.

e.

B and D

a.

get an education.

d.

buy a car.

b.

buy a home.

e.

advance within the military.

c.

buy a gray flannel suit.

a.

Unlike in previous migrations, people flowed into the region from all parts of the country.

b.

Washington and Oregon eclipsed California’s population, due to unprecedented employment opportunities in the defense industry.

c.

Most western growth took place in urban, rather than rural areas.

d.

Oil production led to explosive population growth in Dallas and Houston.

a.

effectively spread images of working-class life to a growing number of Americans.

b.

tried to replace newspapers as the most common source of information but failed.

c.

became the nation’s least favorite form of leisure activity.

d.

became an effective advertising medium.

e.

presented shows that were controversial.

a.

It appeared in color.

b.

It was the first live broadcast.

c.

It was the first broadcast via satellite.

d.

It was deeply political and controversial.

e.

It included explicit sexual revelations.

a.

tended to marry later in life than did previous generations.

b.

experienced a declining birth rate.

c.

stressed the importance of a college education, especially for women.

d.

on average married younger and had more children than previous generations.

e.

encouraged women to choose careers over marriage.

a.

experienced little, if any, discrimination, especially in the North.

b.

were encouraged to move into communities like Levittown, New York.

c.

were discriminated against only in the South.

d.

received special treatment if they were veterans.

e.

were often unable to receive financing for housing.

a.

African-Americans preferred to live in the inner cities.

b.

Neighborhoods formed around churches, and as long as churches were segregated, suburbs would remain so as well.

c.

All states had laws in place mandating the segregation of residential districts.

d.

Residents, brokers, and realtors dealt in contracts and mortgages that barred the sale to non-white residents.

e.

The federal government required segregated residential neighborhoods.

a.

eased racial tensions in American cities.

b.

encouraged a revitalization of American cities.

c.

hardened racial divisions in American life.

d.

encouraged Puerto Rican immigration.

e.

was the theme of the Broadway musical West Side Story.

a.

They were looking for cheaper labor to replace expensive union contracts.

b.

They recruited Puerto Ricans primarily for construction jobs in Florida and in the fishing industry.

c.

The end of the bracero program in 1954 prompted American agro-business to look for new cheap labor in Puerto Rico.

d.

The increasing control of land by U.S. sugar companies on the island pushed small tobacco and coffee farmers off the land and into a search for jobs on the mainland.

e.

The dramatic environmental destruction corporations brought to Puerto Rico left residents no choice but to migrate to the mainland.

a.

created much division among Americans.

b.

were heightened by the growth of the suburbs.

c.

were not a factor, as church and synagogue membership declined.

d.

were intensified through the institution of school prayer.

e.

were absorbed within the notion of a common Judeo-Christian heritage.

a.

first and foremost a moral condition.

b.

individual autonomy, limited government, and unregulated capitalism.

c.

using government as a vehicle for social reform, ensuring an equal distribution of wealth.

d.

what it did in the late eighteenth century—the right to own property and to vote.

e.

racial equality and the end of a segregated society.

a.

The massive corporate sponsorships they secured through private fundraising.

b.

The unifying political ideology of Friedrich von Hayek.

c.

The common enemies of the Soviet Union and the federal government.

d.

Their shared religious fundamentals of Protestant Christianity.

e.

Their shared commitment to white supremacy.

a.

regulate the economy.

b.

regulate personal behavior.

c.

protect civil liberties and the toleration of differences.

d.

provide a comprehensive welfare system.

e.

provide a national system of health care.

a.

spoke the language of personal autonomy.

b.

emphasized tradition, community, and moral commitment.

c.

supported a more centralized federal government.

d.

were also known as libertarians.

e.

wanted more federal regulation of business.

a.

pledged to use nuclear weapons in the Korean War.

b.

promised to dismantle the New Deal.

c.

supported civil rights.

d.

manifested a public image of fatherly warmth.

e.

promised to cut highway construction spending.

a.

The “best and brightest,” young intellectuals in their fields.

b.

Former government men who had lots of combined political experience.

c.

Wealthy businessmen to run the government like an efficient business.

d.

A balanced mixture of Republicans and Democrats, since his party did not control Congress.

e.

Weak men with little experience so that he could have complete control over domestic and foreign affairs.

a.

He established the Veterans Administration health-care system.

b.

He presided over the construction of 41,000 miles of interstate highways.

c.

He established the most generous agricultural subsidy programs in the nation’s history.

d.

He signed Medicaid and Medicare into law.

e.

He established the Head Start pre-school program.

a.

employers required the National Association of Manufacturers to accept the right of workers to organize unions.

b.

unions left decisions regarding capital investment in management’s hands.

c.

unions left decisions regarding plant location in management’s hands.

d.

employers granted wage increases.

e.

employers extended pensions and health insurance to workers.

a.

describes the new style of cooperation between labor and management that emerged in the 1950s and 60s.

b.

was of great benefit to union and the majority of nonunion workers alike.

c.

did not include wage increases or health insurance.

d.

was accepted by the National Association of Manufacturers as a compromise measure to ease labor disputes eroding industry profits.

a.

was part of the effort to rely more on conventional forces.

b.

eased tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union.

c.

calmed the American public’s fear of nuclear war.

d.

applied only to communist China.

e.

declared that any Soviet attack would be countered by a nuclear attack.

a.

The doctrine provided Eisenhower with the necessary flexibility to fight communism in Central American and Southeast Asia.

b.

The doctrine prevented not only large but small, military conflicts as well.

c.

The constant threat of mutually assured destruction under the doctrine made for more cautious diplomacy.

d.

The doctrine reduced national anxiety over the threat of nuclear annihilation.

e.

As a man with mostly military experience, he did not know how else to address the Cold War crisis.

a.

were made worse with the introduction of the policy of massive retaliation.

b.

improved somewhat after the end of the Korean War and the death of Stalin.

c.

stayed about the same as those experienced during the Truman years.

d.

worsened considerably after the death of Stalin.

e.

improved immensely after the end of the Korean War.

a.

encompassed enormous range of territory, including several tiny western European nations.

b.

was largely left out of the Cold War struggle between the United States and the Soviet Union.

c.

was an invented term describing developing nations not aligned with either the Soviet Union or United States.

d.

included many nations newly created out of former European colonies.

e.

A and B

f.

C and D

a.

Soviets were desperately trying to expand their share in foreign export markets.

b.

They hoped to convince new nations to ally themselves with the eastern bloc against European and American imperialists.

c.

Soviets feared the obvious appeal an alliance with former colonial rulers had for these new nations.

d.

The Soviet Union had made the right to self-determination a principle for all nations around the world.

e.

The Soviet Union was looking to secure reliable export markets for their consumer goods surpluses.

a.

sought to reduce foreign corporations’ control over his country’s economy.

b.

was ousted by the KGB and replaced with a Soviet-friendly dictator.

c.

was a friend and close ally of Soviet premier Josef Stalin before his death.

d.

appealed to President Eisenhower for military support to defeat a growing communist insurgency in Guatemala.

a.

had allied with Ho Chi Minh in the struggle against Japanese occupation of Indochina during World War II.

b.

was backed by the United States in his decision to ignore the Geneva Accords’ plan for elections in Vietnam.

c.

agreed to hold elections in South Vietnam in 1956.

d.

refused American aid intended to bolster his regime.

a.

urging Ngo Dinh Diem not to hold elections.

b.

hosting the 1954 Geneva Accords.

c.

the United States paying four-fifths of the cost of the war between the French and Ho Chi Minh’s nationalist forces.

d.

providing asylum for Vietnamese communist nationalists fleeing the bloodshed in their country.

e.

A and C

a.

White America had alienated black Americans from mainstream society.

b.

Americans were conformists and lacked the inner resources to lead truly independent lives.

c.

Women were unhappy with the role of wife and mother and longed for acceptance in higher education and other intellectual pursuits.

d.

After World War II, Europe was left behind economically and politically with the emergence of the United States and Soviet Union as superpowers.

e.

Unionism in America was doomed to fail if the union leaders did not embrace the fact that their demands and strikes labeled them as communists.

a.

declined in number within the general population.

b.

increased in number and were often perceived to be alienated.

c.

were not viewed as a distinct population group.

d.

voted in significant numbers.

e.

were prohibited from reading any comic books.

a.

He sang songs no one had ever heard before.

b.

He was one of the most gifted vocal performers of his generation.

c.

He brought the rhythms and sexually provocative movements of black musicians to white audiences.

d.

He sang openly about civil rights and equality.

e.

His mixed-race parentage made him popular among black and white.

a.

The movement invigorated white Americans just like black Americans.

b.

The movement grew popular at a time when whites had largely given up on the practice of segregation.

c.

Although well-intentioned, the civil rights movement slowed down progress toward equality.

d.

The movement came as a great surprise and was predicted only by a few.

e.

The movement was centered in student organizations and college protests.

a.

The Court did not have authority to declare segregation instantly unconstitutional.

b.

The plaintiffs in the case themselves had asked for a gradual desegregation of schools.

c.

Some justices on the Court feared the outbreak of widespread violence with such a bold ruling.

d.

The Court wanted to give the defendants in the case the chance to appeal.

e.

Some of the justices had agreed to consent with the ruling only on the provision that it would not be implemented during their lifetime.

a.

was sparked when Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give her seat up to a white man.

b.

did not succeed in desegregating the public buses.

c.

propelled Thurgood Marshall into the national spotlight as a leader in the civil rights movement.

d.

marked the end of the civil rights movement.

e.

lasted less than two weeks.

a.

The concept of black nationalism.

b.

The principles of Zen pacifism.

c.

The notion of subversive obedience.

d.

The idea of peaceful civil disobedience.

e.

The spiritual essence of Buddhism.

a.

rejected massive resistance.

b.

argued that southern states should not fly the Confederate flag over state capitol buildings.

c.

repudiated the Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education.

d.

argued that the Brown v. Board of Education decision reinforced southern customs and traditions.

e.

argued that the Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson was unconstitutional.

a.

In opposition to integration, white southerners often burned down schools.

b.

While the general public was outraged, southern congressional politicians supported the Supreme Court’s decisions.

c.

Southerners worked closely with the NAACP, cooperating when they could to integrate schools.

d.

Some states closed the public schools rather than integrate, and offered white children the choice to opt out of integrated schools.

e.

Southerners took it in stride, recognizing that the time had come for change.

a.

by urging President Eisenhower to send in federal troops.

b.

with defiance, refusing to comply and allowing violence to break out.

c.

by offering his resignation to the people of Arkansas in protest.

d.

by immediately closing Central High School, much like Virginia’s governor had to close public schools in Virginia rather than integrate them.

a.

did not appear to suffer in Asian or African nations, who relied on the U.S. for military and economic aid.

b.

proved to be an unreliable propaganda weapon for the Soviet Union.

c.

could be a source of embarrassment for American diplomats seeking to win the loyalty of people in the non-white world.

d.

was not of major concern to most leaders, given America’s status as an economic superpower.

a.

was broadcast only on the radio.

b.

allowed Nixon to demonstrate his best qualities, thus winning the debate.

c.

showed Kennedy to be an ineffective speaker, and thus he lost.

d.

highlighted the impact of television on political campaigns.

e.

was little noticed at the time.

a.

The French defeat in Vietnam.

b.

The failed coup in Guatemala.

c.

The construction of the Berlin wall.

d.

The launch of the Soviet satellite Sputnik.

e.

The Suez crisis.

a.

the military-industrial complex.

b.

the rise of organized crime.

c.

the increase in juvenile delinquency.

d.

environmental hazards.

e.

the slow pace of the civil rights movement.

a.

The Affluent Society

b.

Checkers speech

c.

chief justice of the Supreme Court

d.

founder of McDonald’s

e.

NAACP lawyer

f.

conservative economist

g.

The Lonely Crowd

h.

Little Rock Central High School

i.

Vietnamese leader

j.

builder of suburbia

k.

Beat writer

l.

Catholic presidential candidate

a.

desegregation of Orange County schools

b.

active agent of social change

c.

coalition of black ministers and activists

d.

denounced Brown decision as an abuse of judicial power

e.

Eisenhower’s term for his policies

f.

defined freedom as a moral condition

g.

American pledge to help Middle Eastern countries

h.

massive retaliation

i.

propelled Martin Luther King Jr. as a national symbol

j.

reversed the separate-but-equal doctrine

k.

agreement between unions and management

l.

consumer capitalism