a.

Protests erupted in a number of cities over the required recitation of the Freedom Pledge and signing of the Freedom Scroll for access to the exhibit.

b.

American Heritage Foundation members were unhappy the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments were withdrawn from the documents to be displayed.

c.

The Wagner Act, the law guaranteeing workers’ right to form unions, was removed from inclusion in the documents display.

d.

The international press criticized the spectacle accompanying the American train when millions of people were suffering amid the ruins of World War II.

a.

the Soviet Union.

d.

Great Britain.

b.

Germany.

e.

France.

c.

Japan.

a.

The communist nation had suffered more than 20 million casualties, along with immense devastation.

b.

Stalin was eager to demonstrate to eastern Europeans the pacifist credentials of his communist regime.

c.

The Soviet Union had made enormous territorial gains during the war and had every interest in securing them first.

d.

Stalin was shocked and appalled by the American use of the nuclear bomb in Japan and vowed to his people never to sink to that level.

e.

The Soviet politburo had replaced the warmongering Josef Stalin with the decidedly pacifist Nikola Khrushchev.

a.

FDR had privately urged his advisors that the wartime friendly relationship between both nations could never last.

b.

Historically, both nations had never shared long-term interests or values.

c.

It was clear as early as the Tehran conference that Stalin had never intended to follow through on any of the Grand Alliance agreements.

d.

Exploitation of Iran’s northern oil fields suggested the Soviet Union was already ahead of the United States in postwar economic development.

a.

preventing the expansion of U.S. economic interests in Latin America to appease growing unrest in impoverished regions.

b.

a focus on the containment of further military conflict in the postwar world.

c.

preventing the spread of communism worldwide.

d.

George Kennan’s theory that the United States must pursue normal relations with the Soviet Union, or fail to contain Chinese postwar aggression.

e.

C and D

a.

separated the free West from the communist East.

b.

divided East and West Germany.

c.

separated the United States from the Soviet Union.

d.

separated Japan from the rest of Asia.

e.

divided North and South Korea.

a.

advocated a return to isolationism.

b.

was an alliance between the United States and Great Britain.

c.

called for more cordial relations with the Soviet Union.

d.

committed the United States to fighting communism only in Asia.

e.

committed the United States to fighting communism anywhere.

a.

Roosevelt’s popularity made it difficult for Truman to win the respect of Congress and the people.

b.

At this time in the war, Americans were looking for a president with a military background, something Truman could not offer.

c.

Truman had been such an aggressive power player in Congress that he was likely to face stiff opposition there.

d.

Harry Truman had absolutely no experience in foreign policy, the most important qualification at this point in American history.

e.

Roosevelt had become so unpopular with the American people that his vice-president was likely to have to pay for the sins of his predecessor.

a.

A precedent was established for the United States to support “freedom-loving peoples” everywhere in their struggles against communism.

b.

Congress approved $400 million in U.S. military aid to Greece and Turkey.

c.

Truman received only immediate, short-term Republican support for his containment policies.

d.

The Central Intelligence Agency and the Atomic Energy Commission were set up without democratic oversight.

a.

They hoped to provoke the Soviet Union with this program.

b.

They were trying to further solidify the division between the East and the West on the continent.

c.

They were happy to provide their own constituents with profitable defense contracts.

d.

They were afraid that if they did not help with the recovery, western European nations might fall into the Soviet sphere of influence.

e.

Most Americans still had immediate family in Europe and felt a strong personal connection.

a.

was aided by the United States in rebuilding its postwar industrial base to establish a strong economic counter to communism in the Far East.

b.

was under the control of the supreme commander Douglas MacArthur from the end of the war until 1948.

c.

was aided economically by the United States after the war, but saw very little interference with its political structure.

d.

A and B

e.

A and C

a.

a written constitution.

d.

procedural due process.

b.

freedom of speech.

e.

freedom of assembly.

c.

women’s suffrage.

a.

Truman ordered that supplies be brought to Berlin via an airlift.

b.

Truman put American forces on high alert and threatened atomic war if Stalin did not lift the blockade.

c.

Truman ignored it.

d.

Truman asked the United Nations to place an embargo on all goods going to the Soviet Union.

e.

American forces forced their way through the road blockade with a caravan of armored tanks.

a.

a barrier erected by Allied forces in postwar Berlin to shield them from angry protests of starving residents.

b.

a means for the United States to justify its threat to mobilize Allied forces stationed in Turkey.

c.

because the United States threatened to invade the Soviet Union.

d.

the reaction by the Soviet Union to the establishment of a separate currency in western Berlin’s occupied zones.

a.

East Germany had positioned nuclear missiles along the border to the West.

b.

The United States depended heavily on the expertise of German rocket scientists.

c.

The United States made this concession in order to win access to lucrative German consumer markets.

d.

The successful Soviet detonation of a nuclear bomb underlined the importance of a militarily united West.

e.

The United States had thoroughly “de-nazified” the country.

a.

represented the Chinese at the United Nations.

b.

led a successful communist revolution in China.

c.

led a successful communist revolution in Taiwan.

d.

was an ally of the United States.

e.

cooperated with the Chinese nationalists.

a.

Patience on the part of the United States in dealing with the Soviet Union.

b.

A permanent military buildup and a global application of containment.

c.

Limited strategic goals, confronting the Soviets only at key industrial areas.

d.

A sole reliance on nuclear weapons in order to spare conventional forces.

e.

Limited strategic goals, confronting the Chinese only at key industrial areas.

a.

The United Nations authorized the use of forces to repel the North Koreans.

b.

Chinese troops threatened to enter the conflict, but never did.

c.

General MacArthur argued for an invasion of China and for the use of nuclear weapons.

d.

Truman removed General MacArthur from his command when he publicly criticized Truman.

e.

The war ended in a cease-fire, not with a formal peace treaty.

a.

American diplomats valued nations like France more highly for their alliance in the European Cold War.

b.

Since the United States was expanding its own empire, it was losing the moral high ground against European colonial powers.

c.

American strategists reasoned that national independence in Asia and Africa was likely to benefit the Soviet Union more than the United States.

d.

Southern Democrats in Congress did not want to inspire civil rights campaigns at home by supporting national independence in Asia or Africa.

e.

The United States depended on European nations to wage war against communists in the developing world.

a.

especially evident in the movies.

b.

limited in scope.

c.

discouraged in the public schools.

d.

widely criticized by the news media.

e.

felt mostly in the cities.

a.

promoted the work of artist Norman Rockwell.

b.

censored the work of modern artists.

c.

funded artistic publications, concerts, performances, and exhibits.

d.

sought to censor the work of painter Jackson Pollock.

e.

imposed artistic conformity.

a.

Fascism and national socialism.

b.

Socialism and communism.

c.

Social democracy and the New Deal.

d.

Fascism, Nazism, and communism.

e.

Capitalism and conservatism.

a.

She acted as the U.S. representative in attendance at the Nuremburg Trials.

b.

She chaired the committee which drafted the United Nation’s “Universal Declaration of Human Rights.”

c.

She became an outspoken critic of Communist independence movements around the world.

d.

She traveled to China in an attempt to broker an end to the bitter civil war.

a.

was immediately ratified by Congress.

b.

was honored by both the United States and the Soviets.

c.

included freedom of speech and religion.

d.

was drafted by President Truman.

e.

did not address economic rights.

a.

It caused millions of Americans to be jealous and get curious about the Soviet Union.

b.

It inspired American politicians to invoke the example of the Soviet Union in order to push for bolder reincarnations of the New Deal.

c.

In the climate of anti communist hysteria, it prompted many Americans to condemn these rights as a first step to socialism.

d.

It gave Americans comfort to know that their own emphasis on social and economic rights placed them far ahead of the Soviet Union.

e.

It secured voting rights for women along with a quota system for political leadership positions.

a.

the Fair Deal included a provision to expand public housing.

b.

Congress passed Truman’s Fair Deal to raise the standard of living for Americans.

c.

the Fair Deal included a provision to increase the minimum wage.

d.

the Fair Deal included a provision to create a national health insurance program.

e.

the Fair Deal included a provision to expand Social Security coverage.

a.

very few women lost their wartime jobs to returning veterans.

b.

the majority of returning G.I.s went back to work.

c.

the United States experienced difficulty demobilizing, prompting Congress to keep in place most wartime economic measures.

d.

Americans paid more for consumer goods.

e.

B and D

a.

a postwar strike wave.

b.

the postwar union campaign in the South.

c.

an effort to increase black suffrage.

d.

the congressional effort to outlaw lynching.

e.

the mass return of African-Americans to the South after World War II.

a.

Returning veterans had been given preferential treatment in hiring and promotion.

b.

The millions of women who had worked in defense industries were refusing to leave their jobs.

c.

The postwar wave of deflation was dramatically reducing the value of worker’s wages.

d.

The removal of price controls resulted in a drop in workers’ real income.

e.

American workers had accumulated months of vacation and overtime during the war years.

a.

outlawed the closed shop.

b.

legalized sympathy strikes.

c.

strengthened the rights of organized labor.

d.

banned right-to-work laws.

e.

was supported by President Truman.

a.

The mass exodus of African-Americans for the West Coast and Northeast left the region almost exclusively white.

b.

The high concentration of prisoner-of-war camps in the region had made these southerners savvy in foreign affairs.

c.

The number of African-Americans in the region that were registered to vote increased sevenfold.

d.

In light of the fight against an enemy with a racial ideology, the states of the upper South abolished segregation and Jim Crow rule.

e.

The region’s central role in the development of the atom bomb made it the capital of militant Cold War politics.

a.

a permanent federal civil rights commission.

b.

national laws against lynching and the poll tax.

c.

equal access to jobs.

d.

reparations.

e.

equal access to education.

a.

Members of the national press corps who covered the story of Strom Thurmond’s breakaway from the Democratic Party.

b.

Southern Democrats who walked out of the 1948 convention to form the “States’ Rights Democratic Party.”

c.

Southern labor organizers who campaigned against passage of the Taft-Hartley Act.

d.

Republicans who favored maintaining segregation in the South in support of the principle of states’ rights.

a.

advocated expanded social welfare programs.

b.

supported segregation.

c.

supported Truman’s civil rights proposals.

d.

agreed with Truman’s Cold War policies.

e.

did not allow socialists or communists to join.

a.

the Cold War reshaped immigration policy.

b.

the Cold War promoted the rapid expansion of higher education.

c.

Cold War policy supported scientific research in medicine and computers.

d.

the Cold War contributed to the dismantling of segregation.

e.

Cold War military spending weakened the economy.

a.

They were all communists and did want to indict themselves.

b.

Ronald Reagan had threatened that they would lose their jobs if they cooperated.

c.

They were all busy making movies and did not have time to attend the hearings.

d.

They felt the hearings were a violation of the First Amendment.

e.

As Republicans, they were insulted that their loyalty was being questioned.

a.

The president was an outspoken homophobe.

b.

Joseph McCarthy’s announcement that there were over fifty homosexuals in the State Department had forced Truman’s hand.

c.

Homosexuals were legally prohibited from working for the government.

d.

Homosexuals were considered susceptible to blackmail and thought to be lacking the manly qualities necessary to fight communism.

e.

Truman was alleged to be gay himself and sought to deflect any suspicions.

a.

had the full support of the Senate during his anticommunist crusade.

b.

successfully uncovered the communist infiltration of the federal government.

c.

successfully uncovered the communist infiltration of the U.S. army.

d.

was hailed as an American hero for his fight against communism.

e.

was an embarrassment to his party by 1954.

a.

The Defense Department.

d.

The Army.

b.

The Voice of America.

e.

The Communist Party.

c.

The State Department.

a.

formed anticommunist groups who pressured public libraries to remove ““un-American” books from their shelves.

b.

were united in their outrage over the jailing of Communist Party leaders.

c.

fired teachers who refused to sign loyalty oaths.

d.

remained generally unconcerned over the prospect of communists living in America.

e.

A and C

a.

removed immigration quotas based on nationality.

b.

made immigration law much more flexible for Asians and Latinos.

c.

recognized the need for political asylum for refugees from South Africa.

d.

authorized the deportation of communists, including naturalized citizens.

e.

was supported by President Truman.

a.

The anticommunist measures targeting immigrants did not go far enough for Truman.

b.

The McCarran-Walter Act closely mirrored the Committee on Immigration’s report, Whom Shall We Welcome, an investigative body commissioned by Truman’s political enemies.

c.

Truman had become alarmed at the excesses of the anticommunist crusade.

d.

Truman did not actually veto the act, preferring to propose an alternative bill.

a.

was the code name for a CIA operation conducted on the border between Texas and Mexico.

b.

was how leftist news organizations described the McCarran-Walter Act.

c.

was a military operation that rounded up illegal aliens found in Mexican-American neighborhoods for deportation.

d.

was opposed by President Truman.

a.

a vocal critic of McCarthyism.

b.

a major supporter of the foreign policy of the Cold War.

c.

a radical wing of the Communist Party.

d.

a militant group willing to fight the Red Scare.

e.

the best informants for the FBI and HUAC.

a.

was quite limited at the time.

b.

was beneficial because the Urban League accepted communists into its ranks.

c.

included government action against black leaders.

d.

caused the NAACP to enlist the aid of the Soviets.

e.

brought wider support for civil rights from southern Democrats who wanted to fight communism.

a.

Most black activists shied away from any nod to Cold War language for fear of government reprisals.

b.

Organizations such as the NAACP used phrases such as “freedom v. slavery” to rally support for desegregation.

c.

They noted how the Russians could use racism to damage America’s image abroad, given its hypocrisy about the meaning of “freedom” at home.

d.

The NAACP in particular copied the tactics of communist strategists in labor organizations such as the Southern Conference for Human Welfare.

a.

Acheson praised the president’s defense of democratic institutions in the place that did not know democracy.

b.

Acheson was urging the gathering of cotton planters to automate production, while the Democrats were pushing for fair wages for black farmworkers.

c.

Acheson was delivering a speech meant for new African-American Democrats in Mississippi to a gathering of white supremacists.

d.

The Under Secretary of State was warning the same audience against the Cold War that had already heard Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” speech a month prior.

e.

Acheson had delivered the same speech to the Council the year before.

a.

accused Alger Hiss of being a spy

b.

Korean War commander

c.

1948 Progressive Party candidate

d.

critic of the Cold War

e.

prosecuted by HUAC

f.

“Who Is Loyal to America?”

g.

author of containment doctrine

h.

black baseball star

i.

Fair Deal

j.

senator from Wisconsin

k.

chaired committee on human rights

l.

convicted of spying

a.

attempted to unionize the South

b.

deported illegal aliens

c.

Greece and Turkey

d.

Dixiecrats

e.

outlined containment policy

f.

“slave labor” bill

g.

recommended increased spending on defense

h.

first peacetime alliance for the United States

i.

Truman’s domestic program

j.

economic aid to Europe

k.

Harry Truman

l.

set quotas on immigrants

m.

downfall of McCarthy