Bureaucratic control

A.

Police work is changing. More and more police departments today are implementing community policing practices: working with the public to create a safer environment for all. For this reason, performance evaluations for police officers are starting to include criteria such as helpfulness and friendliness, which are measures of actions, not outcomes.

Behavior control

B.

Sam writes for a living and loves it. He writes every day—sometimes working on his blog, sometimes on a novel, but always putting something on paper. He learned about perseverance in his college success class, and now he sets aside four hours a day just for writing, regardless of what other activities he may have planned.

Output control

C.

Lifeguards may seem to have an easy life, but the work is really very difficult. All lifeguards have to receive specialized training and be prepared to jump into action at a moment’s notice if an emergency arises. Professional lifeguards use a paramilitary structure (chief, captain, lieutenant, sergeant, and two levels of lifeguards) so that there is only one person giving orders in the event of an emergency.

Normative control

D.

Speed is the name of the game when you are picking apples—the more you pick, the more you get paid. Gustavo receives $13 per box. He and his coworkers know that if they pick fewer than five boxes a day, they will be asked to leave the orchard.

Concertive control

E.

Most students know that class teams have their own distinct personalities. Professors often give class teams a lot of autonomy in completing their projects, and sometimes teams form close bonds around common values. When this happens, teams are a joy to experience. There’s no need for management—everyone just does what it takes to get the job done in the way that matches the team’s values and beliefs.

Self-control

F.

Employees at Rapid Rents, a furniture rental store, all know that the value that binds them together is respect. That means respect for everyone who enters the store and respect for coworkers up and down the organization’s hierarchy. While managers meet with their employees regularly to coordinate schedules, there is really very little formal control needed, since everyone in the organization knows that the most important thing they can do is to treat others with respect.