1. What was the first organism to have its genome sequenced?

Haemophius influenzae

2. What has genomics revealed to us about the nature of the human
   genome?

about 21,000 genes in humans and human genome has significantly more segmental duplications than other mammals

3. What is Proteomics?

branch of genetics that studies full set of proteins encoded by a genome

4. What is the advantage of using reverse transcriptase and cDNA when cloning a eukaryotic gene into a prokaryote?

study genes esponsible for specialized characteristics pf a particular cell type
obtain gene sequences: that are smaller in size, easier to hnadle, and do not have introns

5. What is a plasmid?

small DNA molecule that is physically separate from, and can replicate independently of, chromosomal DNA within a cell

6. Why do we say a plasmid functions as a vector in gene cloning?

Functions as a vector because it transfers genes

7. What are the steps of cloning a gene into a bacterial cell?

1. Plasma DNA is isolated
2. DNA containing the gene of interest is isolated
3. Plasmid DNA is treated with restriction enzyme that cuts in one place, opening the circle
4. DNA with target gene is treated with same enzyme and many fragments are produced
5. Plasmid and target DNA are mixed and associate with each other
6. Recombinant DNA molecules produced when DNA ligase joins plasmid and target segments together
7. Recombinant DNA taken up by a bacterial cell
8. Bacterial cell reproduces to form a clone of cells

8. What are the advantages of say using human insulin produced in a bacterial
   cell vs. using cow, pig, or horse insulin?

It is a perfect match to your body if your own cells are replicated, rather than using animals.You are less likely to have an allergic reaction.

9. What are the advantages of using insulin from cadavers?

...

10. How does a vaccine work?

activates the body's natural defenses